gynaecology.Vulval and vaginal benign and malignant conditions.(dr.mahabat)
1. Vulval and vaginal benign
and malignant conditions
Dr. Muhabat Salih Saeid- MRCOG- London, UK.
2. Vulval anatomy
The vulva (external genitalia ) includes:
Mons pubis
clitoris
labia majora and minora
Perineum: a less hairy skin & subcutaneous tissue
area lying between the vaginal orifice & the anus &
covering the perineal body. Its length is 2-5 cm or
more. The urethra opens on to it.
Vestibule: a forecourt or a hall next to the
entrance. It is the area of smooth skin lying within
the L. minora & in front of the vaginal orifice.
Hymen.
13. Squamous Cell Hyperplasia
(Atopic Eczema/Neurodermatitis)
Physical Appearance
Benign epithelial thickening and hyperkeratosis
◦ Acute phase with red/moist lesions
◦ Causing pruritus leading to rubbing &
scratching
◦ Circumscribed, single or unifocal
◦ Raised white lesions on vulva or labia
majora and clitoris
Treatment: Sitz baths, lubricants, oral
antihistamines, Medium potency
topical steroid twice daily
14.
15. Lichen Simplex Chronicus
Physical Appearance
◦ Thickened white epithelium on
vulva
◦ Generally unilateral and localized
Treatment: Medium potency
steroid twice daily prn
16.
17. Benign Vulval lumps
Bartholin’s cyst.
Epidermal inclusion cyst.
Skene’s duct cyst.
Congenital mucous cysts: arise from mesonephric ducts
remnants.
Cyst of the canal of Nuck: can give rise to hydrocele in
labia maqjora.
Sebaceous cyst.
Papillomatosis (solid).
Fibroma (solid).
Lipoma (solid).
Condylomata (solid).
Cysts are either congenital or arise from obstructed glands.
Manifestations arise from the cysts (cosmotic) or from
infection.
18. Bartholin glands
Two in number.
Lie posteriolaterally to the
vaginal orifice, one on
either side
Normally not seen nor felt.
If enlarged, can be a
painless cyst or painful
abscess
19. Bartholin Duct Cyst
Most common Vulval cyst.
usually unilateral, on the
posterio-lateral side of the
introitus.
usually about 2 cm &
contains sterile mucus.
Usually asymptomatic.
secondary infections →
Bartholin's abscess.
Rx: excision or
Marsupialization.
22. Skene's Gland
• are found on each side
of urethra
• Normally neither seen
nor felt
23. Skenitis
May become swollen
and tender, particularly
with
GC or chlamydia
Rx: drainage.
Culture for GC, Chlamydia
24. Inclusion Cysts of the Vulva
Contain creamy, yellow
debris & lined with
stratified epithelium.
Found in the perineum,
posterior V. wall & other
parts of the vulva.
Arise from perineal skin
buried at obstetrical
injuries.
Usually symptomless.
Rx: excision.
25. (vulval intraepithelial neoplasia) VIN
Classification
VIN I - mild dysplasia with
hyperplastic vulvar
dystrophy with mild atypia
VIN II - Moderate dysplasia,
hyperplastic vulvar
dystrophy with moderate
atypia
VIN III - Severe dysplasia;
hyperplastic vulvar
dystrophy with severe atypia
(it replaces the term
Carcinoma in situ
carcinoma in situ, Bowen’s
disease).
28. • Introduction
• Vulval cancer is uncommon and accounts
for approximately 1-4% of all gynecological
cancer
y incidence : 1.8 /100.000, It is predominantly
seen in postmenopausal and old women
(mean age 65 years ) ,and only 2% were
less than 30 years.
r In countries such as south Africa where
sexually transmitted diseases are common,
the mean age of presentation is 59 years.
29. AETHIOLOGY:
Little is known
A viral factor has been suggested by
the detection of antigens induced by
Herpes simplex virus type (HSV2)
Type 16/18 human papilloma virus
(HPV) , in vulval intraepithelial
neoplasia.
30. PATHOLOGY
Primary Tumor
90% of lesions are of squamous in origin.
3-5 of lesions are melanoma.
2% of lesions is basal cell carcinoma.
Less than 1% is sarcoma.
Secondary Tumors
It is occasionly found in vulva
Most commonly the primary lesion is from the
cervix or the endometrium .
31. Vulval Carcinoma
Clinical Staging (F.I.G.O.):
Stage I :
1a: confined to vulva with <1mm invasion.
1b: confined to vulva with a diameter < 2 cm & no inguinal
lymph nodes affection.
Stage II : limited to vulva with diameter > 2 cm) & no
inguinal lymph nodes affection.
Stage III : adjacent spread to the lower urethra and/or
vagina and/or anus and/or unilateral lymph nodes affection.
Stage IV :
H. Bilateral inguinal nodes metastases, involvement of mucosa
of rectum, urinary bladder, upper urethra or pelvic bones.
I. Distant metastasis.
32. A new FIGO staging based on surgical
findings in 1988, it is more accurate
as the involvement of groin nodes is
missed on clinical examination in up to
30% of cases and over diagnosis in 5%.
33. NEW FIGO STAGING OF
VULVA CARCINOMA
Stage 1 cm lesion 2 Confined to the vulva or perineum nodes
size Or less .histo-Logically negative
Stage 2 2cm lesion < Confined to the vulva or perineum nodes
size .histo-Logically negative
Stage 3 Tumor of any size spread to lower urethra
vagina anus +/- Unilateral metastasis
Stage 4 A : Involvement of
Upper urethra
Bladder mucosa
Rectal mucosa
Pelvic bone
Bilateral L.N.metastasis
B Distant metastases and / or pelvic nodes
34. SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
Are usually seen in the anterior part of the vulva.
2/3 of cases in the labia majora.
1/3 of cases in the clitoris ,labia minora,fourchitte,
and perineum.
Spread:-
5. LYMPHATIC > 50%
6. Direct spread occurs in 25% to the urethra, vagina
and rectum
7. Hematogenous spread to bone or lung is rare
The lymph nodes are arranged in 5 groups in each
groin:
35. Clinical Features & Diagnosis
Most patients with invasive disease
complain of:
Irritation or purities in 70% of cases
Vulvar mass or ulcer in 55% of cases
Bleeding in 28% of cases
Discharge in 2-3% of cases
36. The major problem in invasive vulvar cancer
is delay between the first appearance of the
symptoms and referral to the gynecological
opinion due to :
1. The doctor fails to recognize the gravity
of the lesion and prescribes topical
therapy.
2. Older women are often embarrassed and
shy.
37. On Examination
2. Lesion can take any form from flat white lesion
to large ulcer.the size of the tumor ,involvement
of the urethra and anus should be noted
3. Inspection of the cervix and cervical cytology.
4. Needle aspiration of any suspicious groin node.
diagnosis is made on histology from full thickness
generous biopsy.
38. Treatment of Vulval Carcinoma
Stage I & II :
Radical local excision with 1cm disease–free margin.
Stage III & IV :
- According to the general health.
- Chemotherapy & radiotherapy to shrink the tumour
to permit surgery which may preserve the urethral &
anal sphincter function.
- radical vulvectomy + inguinal L. nodes dissection.
- reconstructive surgery with skin grafts or
myocutaneous flaps for healing.
44. Treatment for Atrophic Vaginitis
Treated with estrogen replacement (vaginal/oral)
Oral BCP (ethinyl estradiol up to 50ug)
Conjugated estrogen up to 1.25mg in combo
w/medroxyprogesterone acetate to prevent
endometrial hyperplasia
Vaginal cream 1g daily qhs x1m then ½ dose 2X/
week (1g vaginal cream=.625mg conjugated
estrogen)
◦ should give w/ 2.5mg medrxyprogesterone
x14d
Estrogen vaginal ring (change q3m) (Estring)
delivers 6-9ug estrodiol daily
Vagifem 1tab intravaginally x2w then 3x/w for
3-6m
45. Vaginal Carcinoma
Incidence: 1-2% of all gyn. Cancer.
Classification:
1. primary: squamous (common, 85%), adenocarcinoma (17-21
years of age, metastasis to L.Ns), clear cell adenocarcinoma
(DES).
2. secondary: metastasis from the cervix, endometrium,
…..others.
50% in the upper 3rd, 30% in lower 3rd & 19% in middle 3rd.
Posterior V. lesions more common than anterior & the anterior
are more common than lateral lesions.
Spread: direct & lymphatic.
46. Vaginal Carcinoma
Clinical Staging (F.I.G.O.):
Stage I: tumour confined to vagina.
Stage II : tumour invades paravaginal tissue but not
to pelvic sidewall.
Stage III : tumour extends to pelvic sidewall.
Stage IV :
a) tumour invades mucosa of bladder or rectum
and/or beyond the true pelvis.
b) Distant metastasis.
47. TREATMENT
Stage 1:
1. Tumour < 0.5 cm deep:
a. surgery: local excision or total vaginectomy with reconstruction.
b. radiotherapy.
2. Tumour > 0.5 cm deep: (a) wide vaginectomy, pelvic
lymphadenectomy + reconstruction of vagina. (b) radiotherapy
stage 2: (a) radical vaginectomy, lymphadenectomy (b)
radiotherapy
Stage 3: radiotherapy.
Editor's Notes
This condition believed to be an autoimmune disease. This condition affects the Pts are usually treating self for chronic yeast infections SKIN/NAILS/MUCOUS MEMBRANES:MOUTH ESOPHAGUS CUNJUNCTIVAE, BLADDER, NOSE, LARYNX, STOMACH, AND ANUS. Papulosquamous LP are usually intense papules with a violaceous hue. Hypertrophic LP is difficult to diagnose resembling squamous cell carcinoma.
Vulvar psoriasis may be the only site affected. Or may have scalp/extensor surfaces of extremities/ trunck affected Other treatments if severe and involving other sites: emollients, tar, methotrexate, ultraviolet light etc.
Vulvar psoriasis
SSRI’s may help alleviate pruritus Treatment : AVOID causative factors PADS/SOAPS-avoid
Very similar to squamous cell hyperplasia and needs biopsy for diagnosis
Lichenification from lichen simplex chronicus
Marsupializationof Bartholin duct cyst. A vertical incision is made over the center of the cyst to dissect it free of mucosa. The cyst wall is everted and approximated to the edge of the vestibular mucosa with interrupted sutures.
The degree to which these symptoms are present depends upon the extent of inflammation
pH 5-7 d/t reduction in lactic acid production and decrease in lactobacilli decreasing h2o2 Normal vaginal pH 4-4.5 >4.5 BV/contaminant-sperm/lubricants Prepubertal small tear (treat with Vaseline/KY) R/O use of Perfumes, powders, soaps, deodorants, panty liners, spermicides and lubricants often contain irritant compounds. 6 In addition, tight-fitting clothing and long-term use of perineal pads or synthetic materials can worsen atrophic symptoms
External genitalia of a 67-year-old woman who is naturally menopausal for two years and is not on estrogen replacement therapy. Note loss of labial and vulvar fullness, pallor of urethral and vaginal epithelium, and decreased vaginal moisture.
Treatment w/ ½ applicator nightly for 1-2weeks usually resolves symptoms Treat with estrogen if not contraindicated (breast CA/endometrial CA etc…) 1/2g cream given 3x/w x6months had normal ultz, biopsy showed thickening. ESTRING= preferred local delivery. (is 1/10 th the amount of estrogen secreted by premenopausal women. Only 10% absorbed systemically (may still consider opposing progesterone Oral meds may be 25days or more if needed but will reoccur of D/C’d If no uterus then no progesterone is needed ½ the dose for the vaginal cream may be effective Consider progesterone w/any vaginal treatments 1g vag=100ug estrodiol (max 4g) 1g=.625mg conjugated estrogen