The slide provides the comparative analysis of 8086, 8051 and other microprocessors, and why Arduino for embedded system design.

1. Santosh Kumar Verma
Department of Computer Science and Information Technology
Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida

2. Content
1. Introduction of µp and µc
2. Introduction of 8051 µc
3. Introduction of Arduino
4. Atmega328 : Basics and internal Architecture
5. Atmega328 : Instruction Set
6. Arduino programming interface
7. Analog/Digital components and its application
with arduino
8. References

3. Do you know computer organization?
Arithmetic
Logic Unit
Memory
OutputInput Control Unit

4. - How does it work?
- Map it’s units in personal computer –
Input
Output
Memory
ALU
Software – System software & Application software

5. Introduction to Microprocessor
ARITHMATIC LOGIC UNIT
CONTROL UNIT
MEMORY
INPUT OUTPUT
MICROCOMPUTER
MICROPROCESSOR

6. Microprocessor Based System
INPUT µP OUTPUT
MEMORY
INPUT µC OUTPUT
MEMORY
External memory in
addition to internal memory
may be desired
MEMORY

7. Address, Data and Control Bus
• Bus - defined pathway for transfer of digital information
between different units.
• To write data to memory or output device.
- µp needs to send
. Address of memory location or port
address of device.
. Data
. Write control signal
• To read data from memory or Input device
- µp needs to send
. Address and
. Read Control Signal
- Memory/device sends – data.

8. Thus three pathways (buses) for 3 types of digital
information.
Address Bus - From µp to devices
- Unidirectional.
Data Bus - From µp to devices & devices to µp
- Bidirectional
Control - From µp to devices & from devices to µp
[Interrupt, DMA]
- Bidirectional
Now let us redraw the computer organization diagram

9. Address Bus
I/O
Device
I/O
Device
I/O
Device Memory
µp Control Bus
Data Bus

10. Microcontroller
A microcontroller is a complete computer system, including
a CPU, memory, a clock oscillator, and I/O on a single
integrated circuit chip. [1]
ANALOG
INPUTS
http://www.freescale.com/files/microcontrollers/doc/ref_manual/M68HC05TB.pdf, p. 25

11. General Facilities
 8 bit CPU
 On chip clock oscillator
 4 KB of ROM (Program memory)
 128 bytes RAM (Data Memory)
 21 Special Function Registers(SFR)
 32 I/O lines (Ports P0 to P3)
 64 KB address space for external data memory
 64 KB address space for program memory

12.  2- 16 bit timer/counter
 5 source interrupt structure
 Full duplex serial port
 Bit addressability
 Bit processing capability
MCS-51 compatible chips
 8031 – Romless version – 4KB ROM not available
 8751 – EPROM version – 4KB EPROM
 8052- (8 KB ROM + 256 byte Data memory)

14. • The 8051 was one of the very early microcontrollers
(~1980).
• One of the early Arduino-like project was based on
the 8051, in the form of "8052 Basic" board.
• Atmel, Mentor Graphics, Intel, Honeywell, and Maxim
(Dallas Semiconductor), and may more have a variety
of 8051 chips.

15. • Introduced in 2005 as a project for students at the Interaction Design
Institute Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy, Arduino is a single board microcontroller.
• An Arduino board consists of an Atmel 8-bit AVR microcontroller with
complementary components to facilitate programming and incorporation
into other circuits [2].
• Arduino can sense the environment by receiving input from a variety of
sensors and can affect its surroundings by controlling lights, motors, and
other actuators.
• The boards can be assembled or purchased preassembled; the open-source
IDE can be downloaded for free.
• The Arduino programming language is very simple and follows C like
syntax.
• Arduino projects can be stand-alone or they can communicate with
software running on a computer (e.g. Processing).

16. • Other similar microcontrollers platforms are:
Parallax Basic Stamp, Netmedia's BX-24,
Phidgets, MIT's Handyboard, and many more.
• All these platforms have an easy-to-use
package.
Why Arduino?
Arduino also simplifies the process of working with
microcontrollers, but it offers some advantage:

17. 1. Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive
compared to other microcontroller platforms.
2. Cross-platform - The Arduino software runs on Windows,
Macintosh OSX, and Linux operating systems. Most
microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.
3. Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino
programming environment is easy-to-use.
4. Open source and extensible software- The Arduino software
is published as open source tools. The language can be
expanded through C++ libraries.
5. Open source and extensible hardware -The Arduino is based
on Atmel's ATMEGA8 and ATMEGA168 microcontrollers.

18. Features 8051 Modern
Microcontrollers
Execution Time 12 clock cycles/Instr. 1 clock cycle/Instr.
Architecture Harvard Harvard
Memory Internal + External (may
compromise with security)
Program memory- Internal
Data memory ( Int+Ext)
Instruction Set
Architecture (ISA)
CISC RISC
Port With limited functionality Fully Functional
Timer Simple PWM, Complex features
Intra Communication
Busses
Few Master/Slave SPI Serial
Interface
Byte-oriented 2-wire Serial
Interface (I2C)
Operating Mode Sleep Sleep, Power Down, Active
ADC NIL At least 6-channel 10-bit
ADC
WDT (Watchdog Timer) NIL Present
BOR (Brownout Reset) NIL Present

19. THE GOOGLE TRENDS FOR ARDUINO RELATIVE TO OTHER EMBEDDED TERMS

20. ATmega328 data sheet pp. 2, 5 http://www.adafruit.com/index.php?main_page=popup_image&pID=50

21. Pin number
Pin name
Special
function
Source:http://www.atmel.com/dyn/products/product_card.asp?PN=ATmega328P
Note the
limitations!
p. 316

22. http://www.atmel.com/Images/Atmel-8271-8-bit-AVR-Microcontroller-ATmega48A-48PA-88A-88PA-168A-168PA-328-328P_datasheet.pdf
High Performance, Low Power AVR® 8-Bit Microcontroller
– Advanced RISC Architecture
– 131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single Clock Cycle Execution
– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
– Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20 MHz
High Endurance Non-volatile Memory Segments
– 4/8/16/32K Bytes of In-System Programmable Flash program
memory (ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P)
– 256/512/512/1K Bytes EEPROM
– 512/1K/1K/2K Bytes Internal SRAM
– Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C(1)

23. Peripheral Features
– Two 8-bit Timer/Counters
– One 16-bit Timer/Counter
– Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
– Six PWM Channels
– 6-channel 10-bit ADC
– Programmable Serial USART
– Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
Special Microcontroller Features
– Internal Calibrated Oscillator
– External and Internal Interrupt Sources
– Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-
save, Power-down, Standby, and Extended Standby

24. I/O and Packages
– 23 Programmable I/O Lines
Operating Voltage:
– 1.8 - 5.5V for ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P
Temperature Range:
– -40°C to 85°C
Speed Grade:
– 0 - 20 MHz @ 1.8 - 5.5V
Low Power Consumption at 1 MHz, 1.8V, 25°C for
ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P:
– Active Mode: 0.2 mA
– Power-down Mode: 0.1 μA
– Power-save Mode: 0.75 μA

25. Instruction Set Summary

26. Instruction Set Summary

27. Instruction Set Summary

28. Instruction Set Summary

29. Absolute Maximums
ATmega328 data sheet p. 316

30. Microcontroller Ports and Pins
 The communication channels
through which information flows
into or out of the
microcontroller
 Ex. PORTB
 Pins PB0 – PB7
 May not be contiguous
 Often bi-directional
C
See next slides!

31. Port Pin Data Directionality
• Input
– When you want to take information from the external
world (sensors) into the MCU
• Output
– When you want to change the state of something outside
the MCU (turn a motor on or off, etc.)
• Pins default to input direction on power-up or reset.
• Your program can set or change the directionality of
a pin at any time

32. ATmega328
Block Diagram
Input
Output

33. Setting the Pin Data Direction
• Arduino
– pinMode(pin_no., dir)
• Ex. Make Arduino pin 3 (PD3) an output
– pinMode(3, OUTPUT);
– pinMode(PIN_D3, OUTPUT); // with me106.h
– Note: one pin at a time
• Suppose you wanted Arduino pins 3, 5, and 7 (PD3,
PD5, and PD7) to be outputs?
• Is there a way to make them all outputs at the same
time?

34. Pin Used as an Output
• Turn on an LED, which is connected
to pin Arduino pin 0 (PD0)
– What should the data direction
be for pin 0 (PD0)?
• pinMode(____, ____);
– Turn on the LED
• digitalWrite(0,HIGH);
– Turn off the LED
• digitalWrite(0,LOW);
ATmega328
Arduino
pin 0
(PD0)

35. • Recall the question:
– Is there a way change the data direction for a set of pins all
at the same time?
• All the work of MCU happens through registers
(special memory locations)
– Registers on the Atmega328 are 8-bits wide
• The data direction register (DDRx) handles the data
directions for pins in PORTx
Source:http://www.atmel.com/dyn/products/product_card.asp?PN=ATmega328P p. 93
Pin Used as an Output

36. Data Direction Register
• If the bit is zero -> pin will be an input
– Making a bit to be zero == ‘clearing the bit’
• If the bit is one -> pin will be an output
– Making a bit to be one == ‘setting the bit’
• To change the data direction for a set of pins
belonging to PORTx at the same time:
1. Determine which bits need to be set and cleared in DDRx
2. Store the binary number or its equivalent (in an alternate
base, such as hex) into DDRx

37. Example 1
• Arduino approach • Alternate approach
 Make Arduino pins 3, 5, and 7 (PD3, PD5, and
PD7) to be outputs
pinMode(3, OUTPUT);
pinMode(5, OUTPUT);
pinMode(7, OUTPUT);
DDRD = 0b10101000;
or
DDRD = 0xA8;
Or if me106.h is used:
pinMode(PIN_D3, OUTPUT);
pinMode(PIN_D5, OUTPUT);
pinMode(PIN_D7, OUTPUT);

38. Example 2
• Arduino approach • Alternate approach
 Make pins Arduino pins 0 and 1 (PD0 and PD1)
inputs, and turn on the LEDs connected to it.
pinMode(0, INPUT);
pinMode(1, INPUT);
digitalWrite(0, HIGH);
digitalWrite(1, HIGH);
DDRD = 0; // all PORTD pins inputs
PORTD = 0b00000011;
or
PORTD = 0x03;
Or if me106.h is used:
pinMode(PIN_D0, INPUT);
pinMode(PIN_D1, INPUT);
digitalWrite(PIN_D0, HIGH);
digitalWrite(PIN_D1, HIGH);

39. OFFICIAL BOARDS

40. Arduino Duemilanove
http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardDuemilanove
http://arduino.cc/en/uploads/Main/ArduinoDuemilanove.jpg
Pin 13 LED
USB
connector
Barrel jack
Digital pins header
Reset button
ATmega328 MCU
Analog pins header
Power-ground header
See the handout: Arduino_ATmega328_pin_mapping_and_schematic

41. Arduino Uno R3
http://www.adafruit.com/index.php?main_page=popup_image&pID=50
ATmega16u2 replaces FT232RL for USB-serial comms
See: http://learn.adafruit.com/arduino-tips-tricks-and-techniques/arduino-uno-faq

42. Arduino Due
Atmel SAM3X8E processor (32 bit ARM Cortex M3 architecture, 84MHz)
http://www.adafruit.com/index.php?main_page=popup_image&pID=1076
See: http://arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardDue
Note: 3.3 V !!

43. Arduino Duemilanove/Uno Features
Microcontroller ATmega168/328
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory
16 KB (ATmega168) or 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 2 KB
used by bootloader
SRAM 1 KB (ATmega168) or 2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM 512 bytes (ATmega168) or 1 KB (ATmega328)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardDuemilanove

44. • The Arduino Duemilanove can be programmed with the
Arduino software.
• The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is
written in Java, and is derived from the IDE for the
Processing programming language.
• It includes a code editor with features such as syntax
highlighting, brace matching, and automatic indentation,
and is also capable of compiling and uploading programs
to the board with a single click. A program or code written
for Arduino is called a "sketch".[3]
• Arduino programs are written in C or C++.
About Arduino Programming

45. Getting Started w/ Arduino on Windows
1. Get an Arduino board and USB cable
2. Download the Arduino environment
3. Connect the board with PC
4. Install the drivers
5. Launch the Arduino application
6. Open the blink example
7. Select your board like UNO etc.
8. Select your serial port
9. Upload the program

46. Arduino Programming Interface

47. Sample Program of LED BLINK
• An arduino program == ‘sketch’
– Must have:
• setup()
• loop()
– setup()
• configures pin modes and
registers
– loop()
• runs the main body of the
program forever
– like while(1) {…}
– Where is main() ?
• Arduino simplifies things
• Does things for you
/* Blink - turns on an LED for DELAY_ON msec, then off for
DELAY_OFF msec, and repeats
BJ Furman rev. 1.1 Last rev: 22JAN2011
*/
#define LED_PIN 13 // LED on digital pin 13
#define DELAY_ON 1000
#define DELAY_OFF 1000
void setup()
{
// initialize the digital pin as an output:
pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT);
}
// loop() method runs forever,
// as long as the Arduino has power
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH); // set the LED on
delay(DELAY_ON); // wait for DELAY_ON msec
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, LOW); // set the LED off
delay(DELAY_OFF); // wait for DELAY_OFF msec
}

48. main()
{
init();
setup();
while (1)
loop();
}
Structure of an Arduino Program
in C language
/* Blink - turns on an LED for DELAY_ON msec, then off for
DELAY_OFF msec, and repeats
BJ Furman rev. 1.1 Last rev: 22JAN2011
*/
#define LED_PIN 13 // LED on digital pin 13
#define DELAY_ON 1000
#define DELAY_OFF 1000
void setup()
{
// initialize the digital pin as an output:
pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT);
}
// loop() method runs forever,
// as long as the Arduino has power
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH); // set the LED on
delay(DELAY_ON); // wait for DELAY_ON msec
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, LOW); // set the LED off
delay(DELAY_OFF); // wait for DELAY_OFF msec
}

49. Various Components

50. Projects Using Arduino
1. Line follower/Path follower
2. Obstacles Avoider
3. Automatic car parking
4. Driverless car
5. Quad copter
6. Water-level detection in soil
7. Surveillance System
8. Dancing/ Funny Robot
9. Smart phone Garage Door Opener
10. Intrusion alarm
11. Thermostat
12. Balance multirotor motor using arduino & acceleromter
13. Email notifier
14. LED Matrix Control
15. Maze Solver Robot

51. 1. http://www.freescale.com/files/microcontrollers/doc/ref_manual/M68HC0
5TB.pdf, p. 25
2. Arduino, “Avalable at http://www.arduino.cc,” 2010.
3. "Programming Arduino Getting Started with Sketches“ :
http://www.amazon.com/Programming-Arduino-Getting-Started-
Sketches/dp/0071784225/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=136449413
8&sr=1-1&keywords=arduino+sketches). McGraw-Hill. Nov 8, 2011.
Retrieved 2013-03-28.
4. C. L. Dym, A. M. Agogino, D. D. Frey, and L. J. Leifer, “Engineering
design thinking, teaching, and learning,” Journal of Engineering
Education, vol. 94, pp. 103–120, 2005. [Online]. Available:
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.72.1593
5. http://www.atmel.com/dyn/products/product_card.asp?PN=ATmega328
6. J. Provost, “Why the arduino won and why it’s here to stay,” Tech.Rep.
7. http://learn.adafruit.com/arduino-tips-tricks-and-techniques/arduino-uno-
faq