This document provides an overview of embedded systems and discusses Arduino. It defines an embedded system as a combination of hardware and software designed for a specific function. Embedded systems are commonly based on microcontrollers and are optimized for their dedicated tasks. Examples of embedded systems include appliances, vehicles, medical devices, and more. The document then discusses the Arduino platform as an example of an embedded system and how it can be programmed using its IDE software.
The document discusses linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. It explains that:
1) The response of an LTI system to any input can be found by convolving the system's impulse response with the input. This is done using a convolution sum in discrete time and a convolution integral in continuous time.
2) Discrete-time signals and continuous-time signals can both be represented as weighted sums or integrals of shifted impulse functions.
3) For LTI systems, the impulse responses are simply time-shifted versions of the same underlying function, allowing the system to be fully characterized by its impulse response.
Effects of poles and zeros affect control systemGopinath S
1. A first order system's step response approaches its final value exponentially, determined by the location of its single pole.
2. Adding an additional pole slows the response, as the system is no longer purely first order. However, if the additional pole is far from the original dominant pole, its effect is negligible and the system remains effectively first order.
3. Adding a zero has the opposite effect of a pole - it speeds up the step response. A zero closer to the origin dominates over a pole farther away, making the system response faster than first order.
This ppt fully explained about ADC module architecture in tms320f2812 and explained all conrol register and once studied this ppt user can abel to work on F2812 adc module.
The document provides information about the electrical engineering lab manual for the third semester, including the index, syllabus, instructions, lab ethics guidelines, and experiments. It outlines 12 experiments focused on writing programs in C and PSPICE to analyze and simulate DC, AC, and transient behavior of circuits. The first experiment involves drawing circuit symbols for common electrical components.
This document discusses different types of noise in communication systems. It defines random variables and random processes that are used to model noise. There are two main types of random variables: discrete and continuous. Noise can be modeled as random processes. Thermal noise arises from the random motion of electrons and is well modeled by a Gaussian process. Other types of noise discussed include shot noise and transit time noise. External noise sources include atmospheric noise, extraterrestrial noise from space, and man-made noise. Internal noise is generated within devices and circuits. White noise is defined as having a constant power spectral density across all frequencies.
The document discusses properties and applications of the Z-transform, which is used to analyze linear discrete-time signals. Some key points:
1) The Z-transform plays an important role in analyzing discrete-time signals and is defined as the sum of the signal samples multiplied by a complex variable z raised to the power of the sample's time index.
2) Important properties of the Z-transform include linearity, time-shifting, frequency-shifting, differentiation in the Z-domain, and the convolution theorem.
3) The Z-transform can be used to find the transform of basic sequences like the unit impulse, unit step, exponentials, polynomials, and derivatives of signals.
The document discusses linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. It explains that:
1) The response of an LTI system to any input can be found by convolving the system's impulse response with the input. This is done using a convolution sum in discrete time and a convolution integral in continuous time.
2) Discrete-time signals and continuous-time signals can both be represented as weighted sums or integrals of shifted impulse functions.
3) For LTI systems, the impulse responses are simply time-shifted versions of the same underlying function, allowing the system to be fully characterized by its impulse response.
Effects of poles and zeros affect control systemGopinath S
1. A first order system's step response approaches its final value exponentially, determined by the location of its single pole.
2. Adding an additional pole slows the response, as the system is no longer purely first order. However, if the additional pole is far from the original dominant pole, its effect is negligible and the system remains effectively first order.
3. Adding a zero has the opposite effect of a pole - it speeds up the step response. A zero closer to the origin dominates over a pole farther away, making the system response faster than first order.
This ppt fully explained about ADC module architecture in tms320f2812 and explained all conrol register and once studied this ppt user can abel to work on F2812 adc module.
The document provides information about the electrical engineering lab manual for the third semester, including the index, syllabus, instructions, lab ethics guidelines, and experiments. It outlines 12 experiments focused on writing programs in C and PSPICE to analyze and simulate DC, AC, and transient behavior of circuits. The first experiment involves drawing circuit symbols for common electrical components.
This document discusses different types of noise in communication systems. It defines random variables and random processes that are used to model noise. There are two main types of random variables: discrete and continuous. Noise can be modeled as random processes. Thermal noise arises from the random motion of electrons and is well modeled by a Gaussian process. Other types of noise discussed include shot noise and transit time noise. External noise sources include atmospheric noise, extraterrestrial noise from space, and man-made noise. Internal noise is generated within devices and circuits. White noise is defined as having a constant power spectral density across all frequencies.
The document discusses properties and applications of the Z-transform, which is used to analyze linear discrete-time signals. Some key points:
1) The Z-transform plays an important role in analyzing discrete-time signals and is defined as the sum of the signal samples multiplied by a complex variable z raised to the power of the sample's time index.
2) Important properties of the Z-transform include linearity, time-shifting, frequency-shifting, differentiation in the Z-domain, and the convolution theorem.
3) The Z-transform can be used to find the transform of basic sequences like the unit impulse, unit step, exponentials, polynomials, and derivatives of signals.
This document describes a project to create a digital electronics trainer kit. The kit will allow students to build and test basic digital logic circuits like AND, OR, and NOT gates using transistors. More complex circuits like a 4-bit parallel adder/subtractor and an 8x1 multiplexer will also be constructed using integrated circuit chips. The goal is to help students learn digital electronics concepts practically and verify theoretical knowledge of how circuits work. Components for the kit are readily available and the project is feasible within 2-3 weeks to provide hands-on experience of digital logic.
This document contains solutions to examples related to pulse code modulation (PCM). It begins by solving examples calculating the maximum bandwidth, sampling rate, number of bits, and bit rate for various PCM systems processing different types of signals. It then solves additional examples involving quantization noise power, signal-to-noise ratios, step sizes, and transmission bandwidths for PCM systems. The document provides detailed calculations and reasoning for each example solved.
8051 programming skills using EMBEDDED CAman Sharma
It contains basic programming tips for embedded c for those who are just into it and don't know much about it....have a look in it and u will surely find it easy.
1. Digital modulation techniques are used to modulate digital information so that it can be transmitted via different mediums. Common digital modulation methods include binary amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK).
2. FSK conveys information by changing the instantaneous frequency of a carrier wave. It is less susceptible to errors than ASK but has a larger spectrum bandwidth. PSK varies the phase of the transmitted signal. BPSK uses two phases while QPSK uses four phases.
3. The performance of digital modulation techniques can be compared using the energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio (Eb/N0). Lower Eb/N0 values
1. Stability of a system can be determined by observing its time response curve, with stable systems having oscillations that die out quickly or reach steady state fast.
2. Different types of stability include bounded input bounded output stability, asymptotic stability, absolute stability, and relative stability.
3. A system is stable if all poles are in the left half of the s-plane, marginally stable if poles are on the imaginary axis, and unstable if any poles are in the right half plane.
Sampling is fundamental process to move towards digitalization, which converts analog signal into discrete samples. Sampling theorem gives minimum sampling rate requirement so as to recover original message signal. After sampling original signal can be reconstructed without distortion, only if it is a band limited signal.
The NodeMCU is an open-source IoT development kit that allows users to prototype IoT products using a few lines of Lua script. It contains an ESP8266 WiFi SoC, programmable GPIO pins, 32KB RAM, 80KB DRAM, and 200KB flash memory. The NodeMCU can be programmed via C or Lua and connect to devices via WiFi or by connecting pins to sensors and actuators. It provides a low-cost way to build an interactive and programmable smart device with WiFi connectivity.
The document discusses Fourier analysis techniques. It covers topics like line spectra and Fourier series, including periodic signals and average power. Key aspects covered include phasor representation of sinusoids, convergence conditions of Fourier series, and Parseval's power theorem relating signal power to Fourier coefficients.
Sequential circuits consist of combinational logic and memory elements like latches and flip-flops. There are different types of latches and flip-flops that differ in their trigger mechanisms and outputs, including SR latches, D latches, and edge-triggered flip-flops like SR, D, and JK flip-flops. Asynchronous inputs can directly set or reset flip-flop outputs independent of the clock signal.
This document discusses various input/output devices and communication protocols used for connecting devices in embedded systems. It describes synchronous and asynchronous serial communication, defining characteristics of each. Common internal and external serial interfaces like SPI, UART, and RS-232 are explained. The document also covers parallel ports, handshaking signals, and protocols for device networking like HDLC and TCP/IP. Overall it provides an overview of the devices and communication methods used to connect multiple devices in embedded systems.
The document provides an overview of the ARM instruction set, including data processing, branch, load-store, and program status register instructions. It describes common instruction mnemonics and addressing modes. Key points covered include conditional execution, different instruction types for arithmetic, logical, comparison and multiply operations, and single and multiple register transfer instructions for moving data between registers and memory.
The document discusses various electrical and electronic components. It defines voltage, current, and resistance, and explains Ohm's law. It describes different types of resistors, including variable resistors, and how resistors can be connected in series or parallel. It also discusses semiconductor components like diodes, LEDs, transistors, capacitors, and relays. It provides examples of simple circuits using these components.
Basic electronics Solid State BL therage Numerical Problems MuhammadFarooq486
This document contains examples of circuit analysis problems involving resistors connected in series and parallel configurations. It provides the calculations for determining equivalent resistances, circuit currents, voltage drops across resistors, and potentials at different points in each circuit. The examples demonstrate how to apply Ohm's law and Kirchhoff's laws to analyze current, voltage, resistance, and power in circuits with multiple components.
The document is a chapter from the textbook "The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems: Using Assembly and C" by Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Janice Gillispie Mazidi, and Rolin D. McKinlay. The chapter discusses numbering and coding systems such as binary, decimal, hexadecimal and their conversions. It also covers addition, subtraction and the ASCII code system.
This document provides an analysis of the time response of control systems. It defines time response as the output of a system over time in response to an input that varies over time. The time response analysis is divided into transient response, which decays over time, and steady state response. Different types of input signals are described, including step, ramp, and sinusoidal inputs. Methods for analyzing the first and second order systems are presented, including determining the transient and steady state response. Static error coefficients like position, velocity and acceleration constants are defined for different system types and inputs. Examples are provided to illustrate the analysis of first and second order systems.
This document summarizes an Arduino seminar report. It discusses what Arduino is, different Arduino boards, how the Arduino board works including the controller, power supply, and USB to serial converter. It also summarizes sensors that can interface with Arduino like temperature sensors and hall sensors. Finally, it provides an overview of a home automation project using Arduino and GSM to control devices remotely through SMS messages.
First & second order of the control systemsSatheeshCS2
This document summarizes key concepts about first and second order control systems. It discusses:
- The characteristics of a first order system, which has one pole and is defined by its DC gain (K) and time constant (T).
- Examples of first order systems and how to determine their DC gain and time constant.
- That a second order system can have different responses depending on its parameters, such as damped or undamped oscillations.
- How to determine the undamped natural frequency and damping ratio of a second order system by comparing its transfer function to the general second order transfer function.
The document then provides example problems for determining properties of first and second order systems. It concludes by
This document introduces Arduino by defining what it is, the parts of an Arduino board, and how to program it. An Arduino is a microcontroller board that can be used to develop interactive objects by taking various inputs (e.g. sensors) and controlling physical outputs (e.g. lights, motors). It explains the basic components of an Arduino board and how Arduino code is uploaded and run. A simple example is provided to blink an LED using Arduino code and by changing the delay times, the blinking speed can be adjusted. Keywords like Arduino board, sketch, and LED are also defined.
The document discusses the 8051 microcontroller. It begins by explaining why we need to learn about microprocessors and microcontrollers, noting that many modern devices are controlled by them. It then covers the basic components of a microprocessor/controller including the CPU, I/O, memory, timers, and interrupts. The rest of the document provides details on the 8051 microcontroller, including its architecture, memory structure, registers, ports and other features. It compares microprocessors and microcontrollers, and discusses how to choose between different microcontroller options for embedded systems.
This document discusses digital registers and counters. It defines latches and flip flops, which are basic memory elements that can store single bits of data. Registers are groups of flip flops that can store multiple bits and are used to hold information in digital systems. Shift registers can shift data in one or both directions, while cyclic registers can shift in both directions. Parallel-in serial-out registers load data in parallel and output it serially. Counters are registers that sequence through states upon each input pulse and are used to count events. Asynchronous counters have external clocks connected to each flip flop, while synchronous counters receive a common external clock.
Embedded system programming using Arduino microcontrollerArun Kumar
This document summarizes an technical seminar on embedded systems programming using Arduino. It introduces Arduino as an open-source electronic prototyping platform based on an I/O board and development environment. The document outlines Arduino's architecture including its microcontroller, power supply, and I/O pins. It also describes how to program Arduino using its IDE, setting up sketches with setup() and loop() functions, and provides examples of blinking an LED and serial communication. Finally, it discusses applications of Arduino such as home automation, robotics, and scientific equipment.
This document provides an overview of an internship report submitted by Vishal Garg about embedded system development using an Arduino Uno. It includes chapters on introducing the project aims and methodology, a literature review on embedded systems, details about the Arduino Uno board and its programming, examples of programming projects completed, and conclusions from the internship. Tables of contents and figures are provided listing the different chapters, figures, tables, and photographs included in the report.
This document describes a project to create a digital electronics trainer kit. The kit will allow students to build and test basic digital logic circuits like AND, OR, and NOT gates using transistors. More complex circuits like a 4-bit parallel adder/subtractor and an 8x1 multiplexer will also be constructed using integrated circuit chips. The goal is to help students learn digital electronics concepts practically and verify theoretical knowledge of how circuits work. Components for the kit are readily available and the project is feasible within 2-3 weeks to provide hands-on experience of digital logic.
This document contains solutions to examples related to pulse code modulation (PCM). It begins by solving examples calculating the maximum bandwidth, sampling rate, number of bits, and bit rate for various PCM systems processing different types of signals. It then solves additional examples involving quantization noise power, signal-to-noise ratios, step sizes, and transmission bandwidths for PCM systems. The document provides detailed calculations and reasoning for each example solved.
8051 programming skills using EMBEDDED CAman Sharma
It contains basic programming tips for embedded c for those who are just into it and don't know much about it....have a look in it and u will surely find it easy.
1. Digital modulation techniques are used to modulate digital information so that it can be transmitted via different mediums. Common digital modulation methods include binary amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK).
2. FSK conveys information by changing the instantaneous frequency of a carrier wave. It is less susceptible to errors than ASK but has a larger spectrum bandwidth. PSK varies the phase of the transmitted signal. BPSK uses two phases while QPSK uses four phases.
3. The performance of digital modulation techniques can be compared using the energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio (Eb/N0). Lower Eb/N0 values
1. Stability of a system can be determined by observing its time response curve, with stable systems having oscillations that die out quickly or reach steady state fast.
2. Different types of stability include bounded input bounded output stability, asymptotic stability, absolute stability, and relative stability.
3. A system is stable if all poles are in the left half of the s-plane, marginally stable if poles are on the imaginary axis, and unstable if any poles are in the right half plane.
Sampling is fundamental process to move towards digitalization, which converts analog signal into discrete samples. Sampling theorem gives minimum sampling rate requirement so as to recover original message signal. After sampling original signal can be reconstructed without distortion, only if it is a band limited signal.
The NodeMCU is an open-source IoT development kit that allows users to prototype IoT products using a few lines of Lua script. It contains an ESP8266 WiFi SoC, programmable GPIO pins, 32KB RAM, 80KB DRAM, and 200KB flash memory. The NodeMCU can be programmed via C or Lua and connect to devices via WiFi or by connecting pins to sensors and actuators. It provides a low-cost way to build an interactive and programmable smart device with WiFi connectivity.
The document discusses Fourier analysis techniques. It covers topics like line spectra and Fourier series, including periodic signals and average power. Key aspects covered include phasor representation of sinusoids, convergence conditions of Fourier series, and Parseval's power theorem relating signal power to Fourier coefficients.
Sequential circuits consist of combinational logic and memory elements like latches and flip-flops. There are different types of latches and flip-flops that differ in their trigger mechanisms and outputs, including SR latches, D latches, and edge-triggered flip-flops like SR, D, and JK flip-flops. Asynchronous inputs can directly set or reset flip-flop outputs independent of the clock signal.
This document discusses various input/output devices and communication protocols used for connecting devices in embedded systems. It describes synchronous and asynchronous serial communication, defining characteristics of each. Common internal and external serial interfaces like SPI, UART, and RS-232 are explained. The document also covers parallel ports, handshaking signals, and protocols for device networking like HDLC and TCP/IP. Overall it provides an overview of the devices and communication methods used to connect multiple devices in embedded systems.
The document provides an overview of the ARM instruction set, including data processing, branch, load-store, and program status register instructions. It describes common instruction mnemonics and addressing modes. Key points covered include conditional execution, different instruction types for arithmetic, logical, comparison and multiply operations, and single and multiple register transfer instructions for moving data between registers and memory.
The document discusses various electrical and electronic components. It defines voltage, current, and resistance, and explains Ohm's law. It describes different types of resistors, including variable resistors, and how resistors can be connected in series or parallel. It also discusses semiconductor components like diodes, LEDs, transistors, capacitors, and relays. It provides examples of simple circuits using these components.
Basic electronics Solid State BL therage Numerical Problems MuhammadFarooq486
This document contains examples of circuit analysis problems involving resistors connected in series and parallel configurations. It provides the calculations for determining equivalent resistances, circuit currents, voltage drops across resistors, and potentials at different points in each circuit. The examples demonstrate how to apply Ohm's law and Kirchhoff's laws to analyze current, voltage, resistance, and power in circuits with multiple components.
The document is a chapter from the textbook "The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems: Using Assembly and C" by Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Janice Gillispie Mazidi, and Rolin D. McKinlay. The chapter discusses numbering and coding systems such as binary, decimal, hexadecimal and their conversions. It also covers addition, subtraction and the ASCII code system.
This document provides an analysis of the time response of control systems. It defines time response as the output of a system over time in response to an input that varies over time. The time response analysis is divided into transient response, which decays over time, and steady state response. Different types of input signals are described, including step, ramp, and sinusoidal inputs. Methods for analyzing the first and second order systems are presented, including determining the transient and steady state response. Static error coefficients like position, velocity and acceleration constants are defined for different system types and inputs. Examples are provided to illustrate the analysis of first and second order systems.
This document summarizes an Arduino seminar report. It discusses what Arduino is, different Arduino boards, how the Arduino board works including the controller, power supply, and USB to serial converter. It also summarizes sensors that can interface with Arduino like temperature sensors and hall sensors. Finally, it provides an overview of a home automation project using Arduino and GSM to control devices remotely through SMS messages.
First & second order of the control systemsSatheeshCS2
This document summarizes key concepts about first and second order control systems. It discusses:
- The characteristics of a first order system, which has one pole and is defined by its DC gain (K) and time constant (T).
- Examples of first order systems and how to determine their DC gain and time constant.
- That a second order system can have different responses depending on its parameters, such as damped or undamped oscillations.
- How to determine the undamped natural frequency and damping ratio of a second order system by comparing its transfer function to the general second order transfer function.
The document then provides example problems for determining properties of first and second order systems. It concludes by
This document introduces Arduino by defining what it is, the parts of an Arduino board, and how to program it. An Arduino is a microcontroller board that can be used to develop interactive objects by taking various inputs (e.g. sensors) and controlling physical outputs (e.g. lights, motors). It explains the basic components of an Arduino board and how Arduino code is uploaded and run. A simple example is provided to blink an LED using Arduino code and by changing the delay times, the blinking speed can be adjusted. Keywords like Arduino board, sketch, and LED are also defined.
The document discusses the 8051 microcontroller. It begins by explaining why we need to learn about microprocessors and microcontrollers, noting that many modern devices are controlled by them. It then covers the basic components of a microprocessor/controller including the CPU, I/O, memory, timers, and interrupts. The rest of the document provides details on the 8051 microcontroller, including its architecture, memory structure, registers, ports and other features. It compares microprocessors and microcontrollers, and discusses how to choose between different microcontroller options for embedded systems.
This document discusses digital registers and counters. It defines latches and flip flops, which are basic memory elements that can store single bits of data. Registers are groups of flip flops that can store multiple bits and are used to hold information in digital systems. Shift registers can shift data in one or both directions, while cyclic registers can shift in both directions. Parallel-in serial-out registers load data in parallel and output it serially. Counters are registers that sequence through states upon each input pulse and are used to count events. Asynchronous counters have external clocks connected to each flip flop, while synchronous counters receive a common external clock.
Embedded system programming using Arduino microcontrollerArun Kumar
This document summarizes an technical seminar on embedded systems programming using Arduino. It introduces Arduino as an open-source electronic prototyping platform based on an I/O board and development environment. The document outlines Arduino's architecture including its microcontroller, power supply, and I/O pins. It also describes how to program Arduino using its IDE, setting up sketches with setup() and loop() functions, and provides examples of blinking an LED and serial communication. Finally, it discusses applications of Arduino such as home automation, robotics, and scientific equipment.
This document provides an overview of an internship report submitted by Vishal Garg about embedded system development using an Arduino Uno. It includes chapters on introducing the project aims and methodology, a literature review on embedded systems, details about the Arduino Uno board and its programming, examples of programming projects completed, and conclusions from the internship. Tables of contents and figures are provided listing the different chapters, figures, tables, and photographs included in the report.
The document discusses Arduino, an open-source electronics prototyping platform. It began in 2005 as a cheaper alternative for students to use in physical computing classes compared to other microcontroller boards. Arduino boards use a microcontroller, such as the Atmega328, and can be programmed and controlled from a computer. The Arduino software and hardware designs are open-source, allowing anyone to build upon and distribute Arduino clones and compatible boards. The Arduino platform and community have grown significantly since 2005.
The document reports on Tong Xu's experience making an Arduino shield in the ECE Lab. The process involved laying out components on a stripboard according to a LED circuit diagram, carefully cutting tracks to prevent cross-circuiting, soldering the components while wearing safety glasses, and fitting the completed shield onto an Arduino board. Tong then wrote code to control an LED using a potentiometer, and was able to successfully light the LED by running the Arduino on a Mac computer.
The document discusses reviewing related literature and studies for research. It describes conceptual literature as non-empirical material from various sources that can provide ideas for research problems and theoretical frameworks. Research literature refers to empirical studies from published and unpublished local and foreign sources that can avoid duplication and guide research design. A thorough review of related literature and studies is important as it helps identify gaps, compare variables, and establish trends to strengthen a study. The document provides examples of sources to review and guidelines for writing the literature review introduction and citing sources.
This memorandum summarizes the design and building process of a home security system created by Team 23 for an Arduino project. It includes sections on the introduction, backstory providing the design criteria, a decision matrix comparing design ideas, an overview of the building process and challenges faced, a flow chart, circuit schematic, and conclusion. The team's final design incorporated a laser tripwire system with mirrors, siren, temperature sensor, and LED indicators to exceed the project requirements with an impressive system. They carefully planned and tested their design to overcome difficulties like component failures and wiring challenges.
This presentation provides an overview of embedded systems and describes a collision avoidance robot project. It introduces embedded systems and gives examples. It then describes the key components of embedded systems like processors and memory. It discusses the software used for the project. It introduces the collision avoidance robot project, describing its sensors, control unit, actuators and working. It provides code snippets to show how the robot's movement is controlled based on sensor input to avoid collisions.
This document provides an introduction to line follower competitions using Arduino microcontrollers. It discusses what a microcontroller is and types of Arduino boards. The coding structure is explained, covering data types, functions, control statements and loop statements. A workshop section describes how to control a DC motor using Arduino to rotate clockwise for 2 seconds and counter-clockwise for 5 seconds in an infinite loop.
This chapter reviews related literature and studies on how the internet impacts communication skills. Foreign literature discusses how the internet allows children to socialize and develop communication through email, chat rooms and messaging. Local literature examines how Filipinos are active online communicators on websites like Facebook and Twitter. A foreign study found the internet improved students' writing skills. A local study validated online learning modules for teaching English and found success depends on schedule compliance and teacher interaction.
This document discusses interfacing a 7-segment display with an AVR microcontroller. It begins by introducing 7-segment displays and their use in common devices. It then explains the fundamentals of how a 7-segment display works, showing the individual segments that combine to display numbers. The document outlines the pin configurations for common anode and cathode displays and shows a block diagram of interfacing the display with a microcontroller port. It includes a table mapping hexadecimal values to the on/off states of the 7 segments needed to display each number and letter. Programming details are provided for initializing the controller and enabling the display output at a set brightness level.
The document provides information about temperature sensors, light dependent resistors (LDRs), infrared (IR) sensor pairs, DC motors, and motor drivers/shields. It discusses how these components work, how to connect them to an Arduino, and examples of coding to read sensor values and control motors. Code snippets are provided for reading a temperature sensor, LDR, and IR sensors and controlling motors with a motor driver shield.
Arduino e-Course Syllabus for BeginnersMadhu Honey
This document outlines an e-course on Arduino consisting of 4 sessions. Session 1 covers configuring the Arduino IDE and testing an Arduino board. Session 2 provides an overview of the Arduino Uno board. Session 3 discusses programming and interfacing LEDs, buttons, analog LEDs, and light dependent resistors. Session 4 covers interfacing a motor driver, LCD display, serial communication, and EEPROM. The course fee is Rs. 3500 including a kit with an Arduino Uno, cables, LEDs, switches, LCD display, and motor driver board. Contact information is provided at the end.
This document describes interfacing an LCD display and 4x4 keypad with a PIC microcontroller. It explains the basics of LCD operation including control lines and data bus. It also explains how a 4x4 matrix keypad works by scanning rows and columns to detect key presses. Programming code is provided to initialize the LCD and keypad interfaces as well as detect and identify keys pressed.
This presentation outlines research on nano-enabled membranes for water and wastewater treatment. It discusses the global water crisis and factors contributing to it. It then introduces membrane technology and how nanomaterials can enhance membranes' performance. Several studies are summarized that developed membranes incorporating nanomaterials like iron-manganese binary oxides, TiO2, and graphene oxide to improve arsenic removal, photocatalytic degradation, and desalination, respectively. Challenges and opportunities for commercializing nano-enabled water treatment are addressed. The presentation concludes by highlighting some commercial products developed by the speaker's research center.
The SIM900 is a quad-band GSM/GPRS module that is 24mm x 24mm x 3mm in size and features low power consumption. It delivers GSM/GPRS performance for voice, SMS, data and fax. The module has a powerful single-chip processor and embedded TCP/IP protocol stack. It supports quad-band frequencies, GPRS class 10, AT commands, SMS, and voice coding standards including AMR, HR and FR.
The document proposes an Arduino workshop to teach participants about the Arduino open-source hardware platform. The 2-day workshop would introduce Arduino hardware and software, teach programming and interfacing skills, and guide participants through hands-on mini-projects. Attendees would learn programming fundamentals and come away with an Arduino board and basic components to continue learning on their own.
IRJET - Home Automation for Physically Challenged and Elder PeopleIRJET Journal
This document describes a home automation system designed to help physically challenged and elderly people control appliances in their homes remotely. The system uses an Arduino board connected to sensors like a passive infrared sensor for motion detection, an IR receiver for remote control, and relays to control electrical devices. An ESP8266 module enables wireless control via an Android app, allowing users to operate appliances from their phones. The system is intended to assist people who have difficulty with mobility or need help with daily tasks by automating electrical devices in their homes through simple remote access. Evaluation of the system found that it allows physically challenged users to fulfill their needs independently by controlling appliances on their own from a distance.
IRJET - Automatic Toll E-Tickting System for Transportation and Finding o...IRJET Journal
This document describes an automatic toll collection and stolen vehicle detection system using RFID and wireless communication technologies. The system uses RFID modules to automatically collect tolls from moving vehicles by deducting payment from the owner's bank account. It can also detect and locate stolen vehicles by sending SMS alerts and notifications to the vehicle owner and police with the vehicle's location coordinates. The system aims to make toll collection more efficient by eliminating waiting times and reducing manpower needs. It also allows for quicker recovery of stolen vehicles.
IRJET- Smart Home: Speech Recognition based Home Automation using IoTIRJET Journal
This document describes a smart home system that uses speech recognition for home automation via the Internet of Things (IoT). The system allows users to control home appliances like lights and security sensors using voice commands to an Android app. The app uses speech recognition and sends commands to a cloud database, which are then executed by an Arduino board connected to the appliances. The system aims to provide an easy way to control home devices with voice and also adds security features like alerting users about door tampering or gas leaks.
Biometric Identification using Opencv Based on ArduinoIRJET Journal
This document describes a biometric identification system using OpenCV and Arduino. The system uses a PIR sensor to detect objects, sends data to an Arduino Uno microcontroller via a 12C interface. An attached camera captures video which is processed using OpenCV libraries to detect and frame faces, and identify eyes. The system was tested on single and multiple persons from different angles, achieving over 90% accuracy on frontal views but less on side and upward views where eyes were not always detected. The goal is to develop an intelligent surveillance system that can identify people in real-time.
Design and implementation of a smart home system with two levels of security ...nooriasukmaningtyas
Besides the development of technology in recent years, there has been an
effective tendency to construct smart cities and homes. Whereas the smart
home control system components can be incorporated with the existing home
appliances to eliminate the need for human intervention, save electricity,
protect homes from accidents as well as the theft, and provide home residents
with comfort. This work comprises the utilising of the internet of things (IoT)
technology to build the proposed design for the smart home. The proposed
design includes many subsystems as well as several types of sensors, such as
the passive infrared (PIR) sensor, the gas sensor, the soil moisture sensor, the
water level sensor, the temperature sensor, the light dependent resistance
(LDR), and the flame sensor. Each sensor will be connected to the Arduino
Nano for the data processing purpose, after which the Arduino Nano will be
connected to the NodeMCU module via the digital pins to implement the IoT
subsystem. The proposed system also includes a smart garage gate based on
Bluetooth HC-05 module with a specially programmed android app.
IoT Based home automation system using Arduino boardIRJET Journal
This document describes an IoT-based home automation system using an Arduino board. The system uses sensors like a temperature sensor and light sensor connected to an Arduino Uno board. An Android application is also developed to allow users to manually control lights and appliances. The Arduino board acts as an interface between the hardware sensors and components and the software application. The system aims to automatically adjust the home environment and comfort levels based on sensor readings to optimize energy usage.
This document presents a project that aims to create a smart lab using Internet of Things (IoT) technology for automation and security. The system has two main modules: 1) A student attendance tracking module that uses ultrasonic sensors and microcontrollers to count students entering and exiting the lab and record the data in a database. 2) A lab equipment tracking module that attaches WiFi modules to equipment to monitor their locations and notify administrators if any are removed from the lab. The system is designed with a client-server architecture and uses tools like Arduino, ESP8266, PHP and databases for implementation. The goal is to automate attendance tracking and improve security of equipment in the lab.
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Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/21372/smart-home-automation-using-wi-fi/er-bharti-sood
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This document describes the design and implementation of a voice activated, programmable, multipurpose robot. The robot uses a microcontroller and various integrated circuits to enable voice control and wireless control via dual-tone multi-frequency signaling. The document provides details on the circuit design and components, software design in C and Assembly languages, and concludes the robot demonstrates satisfactory performance for applications such as guiding visitors or patients.
IRJET- IoT based Classroom Automation SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes an IoT-based classroom automation system that allows teachers to remotely control devices in the classroom using a mobile application. The system uses NodeMCU microcontrollers connected to sensors and appliances via relays to enable on/off control. An ultrasonic sensor detects human presence. Commands sent from the mobile app via WiFi are received by the NodeMCU which controls the relays. This allows automation of lighting, A/C, and other devices for improved energy efficiency, convenience and security while providing remote classroom monitoring capabilities.
This document describes an Android application based home automation and security system developed by students at Khulna University of Engineering and Technology. The system uses an Arduino board to control home appliances and monitor sensors via Bluetooth from an Android app. Key features of the system include controlling lights, fans, TVs, AC units and more from the app, as well as smart door locking, garage door control, fire alarms, motion detection, and remote temperature monitoring. The Arduino code and block diagram of the system are provided along with an equipment list and costs.
Decibel meter using IoT with notice boardIRJET Journal
This document describes a system to monitor sound levels using an IoT device and display the results. A sound sensor measures noise intensity and sends the data to a NodeMCU microcontroller via WiFi. The NodeMCU then uploads the real-time data to a cloud database and displays it on a local LCD screen. The system can detect low, moderate, and high noise levels and activate different colored LEDs and a buzzer accordingly. The cloud database allows monitoring sound levels remotely from any location. The system is intended to help control and monitor noise, especially in industrial areas.
DIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN (1) PROJECT REPORT.docxRafayNaveed4
The document describes a home automation system project that allows controlling home appliances via Bluetooth from a smartphone. The key components are an Arduino Uno microcontroller, Bluetooth module, 4-channel relay board. The system allows remotely turning appliances on/off like lights and fans. It discusses the working, including an Android app transmitting commands via Bluetooth to the Arduino which controls the relays. Benefits are security, energy efficiency, and cost savings. The budget is 5000 RS and code is included to interface the components.
Facial Recognition Based Attendance SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a facial recognition based attendance system. It discusses using facial recognition technology to automatically record student attendance by comparing captured faces to a database of student photos. The system uses an ESP32 camera module, OpenCV for facial detection, and dlib for facial recognition. Students' photos are taken during registration and stored in a training database along with their names and attendance records. When classifying live video frames, detected faces are compared to the training database to identify students and mark their attendance automatically. The system provides a graphical user interface for student/teacher registration and attendance marking. The authors believe this facial recognition approach provides more accurate attendance tracking than traditional methods.
IRJET- IoT based Smart Helmet for Coal Mining TrackingIRJET Journal
This document presents a smart helmet system designed for coal mine workers to monitor hazardous conditions. The system uses sensors to detect oxygen levels, carbon monoxide, humidity, temperature and accidents. An Arduino microcontroller analyzes the sensor data and triggers an alarm if thresholds are exceeded. Data is sent wirelessly via WiFi to a server where it is stored in a database. The system aims to help workers predict and respond to hazards in real-time and locate workers in an accident. A web interface allows remote monitoring of workers from a control room. The smart helmet was developed to increase safety in coal mining.
My thesis work on Cognitive automation of Electric appliancesAkhil Reddy Rondla
Throwback everyone felt anxious and perilous towards the home appliances switching to overcome these complications, in past days we had ample technologies are came into the market like person detector sensor, remote operation and clap to on the appliances etc. even though the lot of members are felt atrocious towards the operation of home appliances to mitigate all those issues, we came up with an outstanding technology at present the world is being like an instant work and instant output and comes to our project is voice controlling home automation system using Bluetooth technology through this application we should sound off commands like TV is on or TV is off likewise all the appliances using 8051 family microcontroller. Bluetooth modules are more reliable, secure and low power modules and these modules do not require line of sight also. We can use mobile Bluetooth by developing some applications or we can use normal USB Bluetooth dongles by connecting to PC.
https://technoelectronics44.blogspot.com/
Provide below benefits to parents
1. Provides peace of mind
2. To keep your family safer.
3. Makes Journeys safer
4. Allows children more freedom
Child tracking IOT with NEO6M-GPS full project report, it is implemented by using the NODEMCU controller, neo-6m GPS module with IoT technology to performs child tracking applications.
This project aims at achieving automation using the widely used mobile operating system ANDROID i.e. android operating system. The electrical and office appliances can be controlled using the android mobile phones and Internet of things (IoT) even if you are out of your house and you forgot to switch off the appliances. Many electrical and office appliances like light, fan, air conditioner etc., can be controlled using the android operating system. This proposed system is implemented in order to overcome the drawbacks of the previous methodologies. This can also be implemented at homes also. Office automation is the residential extension of building automation. Office automation may include centralized control of lighting, HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning), appliances, to provide improved convenience, comfort, energy efficiency and security. Office automation for the elderly and disabled can provide increased quality of life for persons who might otherwise require caregivers or institutional care.
IOT Based Soldier Position Tracking and Health Monitoring SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes an IOT-based system to track soldier positions and monitor their health in real-time. The system uses sensors like GPS, temperature, and pulse rate attached to soldiers to monitor and transmit their location and vital signs to a base station. If a soldier is injured, their changing vital signs would alert the base station, which could then locate the soldier using the GPS data and provide immediate medical assistance. The system aims to improve soldier safety and reduce rescue response times in emergencies. It transmits sensor data like temperature and pulse rate to the base station using GSM modules. A mobile app displays the data to monitor soldier health remotely.
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Embedded system development-Arduino UNO
1. EMBEDDED SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
A SUMMER INTERN REPORT
Submitted by
AYUSH SULTANIA
Roll No: 00596402813
in partial fulfillmentof SummerInternship for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICSAND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi
2013-2017
2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page ……(1)
Certificate by the Supervisor ……(2)
Acknowledgement ……(3)
List of Figures ……(4)
List of Tables ……(5)
List of Photographs ……(6)
ABSTRACT ……(7)
CHAPTER (1) INTRODUCTION
1.1 Aim of project
1.2 Outlines of report …
1.3 Methodology …
CHAPTER(2) LITERATURE REVIEW
2.4 Embedded system
2.5 Arduino uno
CHAPTER (3)ARDUINO UNO
3.1 Overview
3.2 Pin Diagram
3.3 Internal Description
CHAPTER(4) ARDUINO SOFTWARE
4.1 Arduino IDE
4.2 Serial Communication
3. CHAPTER (5)PROGRAMMES USING ARDUINO UNO
5.1 Glowing LED’s in sequence
5.2 Digital temperature sensor interfacing using LCD
5.3 keypad interfacing
5.4 GPS interfacing
5.5 RFID interfacing
5.6 Ultrasonic Sensors
CHAPTER(6) RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
6.1 Results and Conclusions
6.3 Uses and further scope
CHAPTER 7 REFERENCES
4. CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project report entitled Embedded system development
by Ayush Sultania (Roll no: 00596402813) , submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and
Communication Engineering of the Maharaja Agrasen Institute of technology,
Delhi, during the academic year 2015, is a bonafide record of work carried out
under our guidance and supervision.
The results embodied in this report have not been submitted to any other
University or Institution for the award of any degree or diploma.
date : -------------------
Teacher in charge
InstitutionRubber Stamp
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all I am indebted to almighty God . I have no words to say thanks to him.
I am thankful to our training company “VMDD Technologies” for providing
wonderful training platform.
We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to our guide Mr.
Deevanshu Shukla as well as our director Prof. M. L. Goyal, our chairman Dr.
Nand Kishore Garg and our HOD Dr. Neelam Sharma who gave us the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful research on the topic “Arduino” which also
helped us in doing a lot of research and we came to know about so many new
things that we are really thankful to them.
Secondly we would like to thank our parents and friends who helped us a lot in
finalizing this project within the time frame.
6. LIST OF FIGURES
SNO FIGURE
NO
FIGURE DESCRIPTION PAGE
NO
1 3.1 Arduino Pin Diagram 16
2 3.2 ATmega 328P 17
3 3.3 ATmega Ports 18
4 4.1 Arduino Board 24
5 4.2 Driver Installation 24-25
6 4.3 Launching Arduino IDE 25
7 4.4 Blink Example 26
8 4.5 Selecting Board 26
9 4.6 Selecting Port 27
10 4.7 Serial Communication 28
11 5.1 Glowing LED’s 29
12 5.2 Temperature Sensor interfacing 34
13 5.3 Hex keypad interfacing 37
14 5.4 GPS interfacing 44
15 5.5 Ultrasonic interfacing 49
16 6.1 Comparing Arduino with other software 52
7. LIST OF TABLES
S.No. Table No. Description Page No.
1 3.1 Comparison of ATmega 328P
with others
19
2. 3.2 Arduino Specifications 22
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
S.No. Photograph
No.
Description Page No.
1. 2.1 Creator of
Arduino
14
2. 6.1 My custom Board 53
8. ABSTRACT
This is a report about Arduino board and programming environment. It contains
basic working of Arduino , different types of Arduino boards, interfacing with
Arduino programming environment, how to program, basic instructions regarding
that and interfacing of a few sensors is shown in the content.
In fifth chapter different projects based on Arduino uno is explored. Few
additional software like visual studio was used.
Outcome of this report is learning to program in Arduino programming
environment and understanding concepts behind its working. Interfacing different
sensor modules with Arduino is also included.
This report will help you making your project much easier using Arduino.
9. CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION
1.1 Aim of the project
The aim of the project is to develop some understanding about what embedded system is and
how we can design our own modules using Arduino uno.
Apart from these it also provides knowledge about some software platform.
1.2 Outlines of Report
This report contains a detailed information about all the components used in this project. The
components used are:
Arduino UNO
Temperature sensor
GPS module
Ultrasonic sensor
LCD
LED
Bluetooth module
Keypad interfacing
A detailed report about each and every component is described in separate chapter.
Chapter 2 contains information about Embedded System.
Chapter 3 contains information about Arduino uno.
Chapter 4 contains information about Arduino software.
Chapter 5 contains information about Programmming using Arduino.
Chapter 6 contains Results and discussions.
10. 1.3 Methodologies
The idea of this project is to give information about the accident to the ambulance and family
members, so we have chose GSM technology to give the information by sending SMS.
Sending SMS alone can’t help the driver, if we send and an SMS saying that accident had
occurred where the ambulance will come without knowing the location of the accident. So we
include GPS location in the SMS which we are sending so that the ambulance will have perfect
information about where and when the accident has occurred. For this we use GPS module to
extract the location of the accident, the GPS data will contain the latitude and longitude values
using which we can find the accurate position of the accident place.
To run the GPS and GSM module we use Arduino UNO board which has ATmega328
microcontroller. The Arduino is a very user friendly device which can be easily interfaced with
any sensors or modules and is very compact in size.
Also we can make rfid card detector using Arduino UNO using which one can make detect his
own RFID card if available like if one wants to check balance in metro card, attendance record
in office, and many more.
Finally we can sense the room temperature and distance of any object.One can also glow LED’s
in some beautiful dancing patterns and display them on LCD.
11. CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW
A literature review is collection of a critical, unbiased, and comprehensive evaluation of
published information in a chosen and specific area of study of interest. It gives a general
understanding of findings of the research work, conclusions, and recommendations and thereby
brings out their strengths and weaknesses. This helps in identifying gaps, scope for further work
and generalized concepts in the existing body of knowledge.
2.1 Embedded System
An embedded system is some combination of hardware and software, either fixed in capability or
programmable, that is specifically designed for a particular function. Industrial machines,
automobiles, medical equipment, cameras, household appliances, airplanes, vending machines
and toys (as well as the more obvious cellular phone and PDA) are among the myriad possible
hosts of an embedded system.
In embedded systems, software commonly known as firmware is hidden inside the same
hardware rather than in some other hardware. Basically embedded systems are task specific
devices. One of its most important characteristic is gives the output within the time constraints or
you can say they are time bound systems. These embedded systems help to make the work more
convenient and accurate. So, we often use these embedded systems in simple and complicated
devices too. We use these embedded systems in our real life for many devices and applications
such as Calculators, microwave, television remote control, home security and neighborhood
traffic control systems, etc.
Modern embedded systems are often based on microcontrollers (i.e. CPUs with integrated
memory or peripheral interfaces) but ordinary microprocessors (using external chips for memory
and peripheral interface circuits) are also still common, especially in more complex systems. In
either case, the processor(s) used may be types ranging from general purpose to those specialized
in certain class of computations or even custom designed for the application at hand. A common
standard class of dedicated processors is the digital signal processor (DSP).
12. Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it to
reduce the size and cost of the product and increase the reliability and performance. Some
embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale.
Embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players, to
large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, and largely complex systems
like hybrid vehicles, MRI, and avionics. Complexity varies from low, with a
single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted
inside a large or enclosure.
Author Steve Heath
There are many definitions for this but the best way to define it is to describe it in terms of what
it is not and with examples of how it is used.
An embedded system is a microprocessor-based system that is built to control a function or
range of functions and is not designed to be programmed by the end user in the same way that a
PC is. Yes, a user can make choices concerning functionality but cannot change the functionality
of the system by adding/replacing software. With a PC, this is exactly what a user can do: one
minute the PC is a word processor and the next it’s a games machine simply by changing the
software. An embedded system is designed to perform one particular task albeit with choices and
different options. The last point is important because it differentiates itself from the world of the
PC where the end user does reprogram it whenever a different software package is bought and
run. However, PCs have provided an easily accessible source of hardware and software for
embedded systems and it should be no surprise that they form the basis of many embedded
systems. To reflect this, a very detailed design example is included at the end of this book that
uses a PC in this way to build a sophisticated data logging system for a race car. If this need to
control the physical world is so great, what is so special about embedded systems that has led to
the widespread use of microprocessors? There are several major reasons and these have
increased over the years as the technology has progressed and developed. Replacement for
discrete logic-based circuits The microprocessor came about almost by accident
13. 2.2 Arduino UNO
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software. It's
intended for anyone making interactive projects. Arduino can take the input from many sensors
attached to it & can give the output to many lights, motors etc.
There is no prerequisite knowledge of Advance electronics for operating Arduino. All you
should know is basic electronics and C programming language.
Arduino platform mainly contains a Hardware Board called Arduino Board & software Arduino
IDE to program it.
Other external hardware like Sensor Modules, Motors, lights etc. could be attached with the
board.
ARDUINO BOARDS:-
Arduino UNO. Arduino MEGA.
Arduino MINI. Arduino DUE.
Arduino YUN. Arduino Lily pad.
The most common Board used is Arduino UNO. “UNO" means one in Italian and was chosen to
mark the release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino
Software (IDE) were the reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases.
Who created Arduino UNO ?
Arduino started in 2005 as a project for students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in Ivrea,
Italy. At that time program students used a "BASIC Stamp" at a cost of $100, considered
expensive for students. Massimo Banzi, one of the founders, taught at Ivrea. The name
"Arduino" comes from a bar in Ivrea, where some of the founders of the project used to meet.
The bar, in turn, has been named after Arduin of Ivrea, who was the margrave of Ivrea and king
of Italy from 1002 to 1014.
14. Colombian student Hernando Barragan created the Wiring development platform which served
as the basis for Arduino. Following the completion of the Wiring platform, its lighter, less
expensive versions were created and made available to the open-source community; associated
researchers, including David Cuartielles, promoted the idea. The Arduino's initial core team
consisted of Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe, Gianluca Martino, and David Mellis.
15. CHAPTER 3 : ARDUINO UNO
3.1 Overview
Arduino is an open-source computer hardware and software company, project and user
community that designs and manufactures microcontroller-based kits for building digital devices
and interactive objects that can sense and control the physical world.
The project is based on a family of microcontroller board designs manufactured primarily by
SmartProjects in Italy, and also by several other vendors, using various 8-
bit Atmel AVR microcontrollers or 32-bit Atmel ARM processors. These systems provide sets of
digital and analog I/O pins that can be interfaced to various expansion boards ("shields") and
other circuits. The boards feature serial communications interfaces, including USB on some
models, for loading programs from personal computers. For programming the microcontrollers,
the Arduino platform provides an integrated development environment (IDE) based on
the Processing project, which includes support for C, C++ and Java programming languages.
The first Arduino was introduced in 2005, aiming to provide an inexpensive and easy way for
novices and professionals to create devices that interact with their environment
using sensors and actuators. Common examples of such devices intended for beginner hobbyists
include simple robots, thermostats, and motion detectors.
Arduino boards are available commercially in preassembled form, or as do-it-yourself kits. The
hardware design specifications are openly available, allowing the Arduino boards to be
manufactured by anyone. Adafruit Industries estimated in mid-2011 that over 300,000 official
Arduinos had been commercially produced, and in 2013 that 700,000 official boards were in
users' hands.
The Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P . It has 14 digital input/output
pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB
connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything needed to
support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a
AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.. You can tinker with your UNO without worrying too
16. much about doing something wrong, worst case scenario you can replace the chip for a few
dollars and start over again.
"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0.
The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference versions of
Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino
boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for an extensive list of current, past or
outdated boards see the Arduino index of boards.
3.2 Pin Diagram
Arduino
Arduino/Genuino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P . It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz
crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
17. cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.. You can tinker with your
UNO without worrying too much about doing something wrong, worst case scenario you can
replace the chip for a few dollars and start over again.
Atmega 328p
The ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the
AVR enhanced RISC architecture(RISC, or Reduced Instruction Set Computer. is a type of
microprocessor architecture that utilizes a small, highly-optimized set of instructions). By
executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P
achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to optimize
power consumption versus processing speed.
18. The AVR(Advanced Virtual RISC) core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose
working registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit
(ALU), allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in
one clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up
to ten times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers. The
ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P provides the following features: 4/8/16/32K bytes of In
System Programmable Flash with Read-While-Write capabilities, 256/512/512/1K bytes
EEPROM, 512/1K/1K/2K bytes SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose
working registers, three flexible Timer/Counters with compare modes, internal and external
interrupts, a serial programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface, an SPI serial
port, a 6-channel 10-bit ADC , a programmable Watchdog Timer with internal Oscillator, and
five software selectable power saving modes.
The Idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the SRAM, Timer/Counters, USART, 2-wire Serial
Interface, SPI port, and interrupt system to continue functioning.
The Power-down mode saves the register contents but freezes the Oscillator, disabling all other
chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset. In Power-save mode, the asynchronous
timer continues to run, allowing the user to maintain a timer base while the rest of the device is
sleeping.
19. The ADC Noise Reduction mode stops the CPU and all I/O modules except asynchronous timer
and ADC, to minimize switching noise during ADC conversions. In Standby mode, the
crystal/resonator Oscillator is running while the rest of the device is sleeping. This allows very
fast start-up combined with low power consumption.
The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density non-volatile memory technology. The
On-chip ISP Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed In-System through an SPI
serial interface, by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer, or by an On-chip Boot
program running on the AVR core. The Boot program can use any interface to download the
application program in the Application Flash memory.
Comparison Between ATmega48PA, ATmega88PA, ATmega168PA and ATmega328P
The ATmega48PA, ATmega88PA, ATmega168PA and ATmega328P differ only in memory
sizes, boot loader support, and interrupt vector sizes. Table summarizes the different memory
and interrupt vector sizes for the three devices.
Table: memory summary
DEVICE FLASH EEPROM RAM INTERRUPT SIZE
ATmega48PA 4K Bytes 256 Bytes 512 Bytes 1 instruction word/vector
ATmega88PA 8K Bytes 512 Bytes 1K Bytes 1 instruction word/vector
ATmega168PA 16K Bytes 512 Bytes 1K Bytes 2 instruction word/vector
ATmega328P 32K Bytes 1K Bytes 2K Bytes 2 instruction word/vector
3.3 Internal Description
Power
The Arduino/Genuino Uno board can be powered via the USB connection or with an external
power supply. The power source is selected automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery.
The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power
jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the GND and Vin pin headers of the POWER
connector.
20. The board can operate on an external supply from 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V,
however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may become unstable. If using
more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended
range is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows:
Vin. The input voltage to the Arduino/Genuino board when it's using an external power source
(as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can
supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this
pin.
5V.This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be supplied
with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of
the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can
damage your board. We don't advise it.
3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA.
GND. Ground pins.
IOREF. This pin on the Arduino/Genuino board provides the voltage reference with which the
microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF pin voltage and
select the appropriate power source or enable voltage translators on the outputs to work with the
5V or 3.3V.
Memory
The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB occupied by the bootloader). It also has 2 KB of
SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).
Input and Output
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output,
using pinMode(),digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin
can provide or receive 20 mA as recommended operating condition and has an internal pull-up
resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50k ohm. A maximum of 40mA is the value that must
not be exceeded on any I/O pin to avoid permanent damage to the microcontroller.
21. In addition , some pins have specialized functions:
Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins
are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low
value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for details.
PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function.
SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication using
the SPI library.
LED: 13. There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED
is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire library.
The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution
(i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible
to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:
AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to
shields which block the one on the board.
Communication
Arduino/Genuino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino/Genuino board, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V)
serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2
on the board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to
software on the computer. The 16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no
external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino Software
(IDE) includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the
22. board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the
USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on
pins 0 and 1).
Table: Arduino Specifications
Microcontroller ATmega328P
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12 V
Input Voltage (limit) 6-20 V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM Output)
PWM Digital I/O Pins 6
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O pin 20 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega 328P) of which 0.5 KB used
by bootloader
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega 328P)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328P)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Length 68.6 mm
Width 53.4 mm
Weight 25 g
23. CHAPTER 4 : ARDUINO SOFTWARE
4.1 Arduino IDE
WHAT IS IDE?
• The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application
written in Java, and derives from the IDE for the Processing programming language and
the Wiring projects.
• It is designed to introduce programming to artists and other newcomers unfamiliar with
software development.
• It includes a code editor with features such as syntax highlighting, brace matching, and
automatic indentation, and is also capable of compiling and uploading programs to the
board with a single click. A program or code written for Arduino is called a "sketch
• Arduino programs are written in C or C++. The Arduino IDE comes with a software
library called "Wiring" from the original Wiring project, which makes many common
input/output operations much easier.
• The source code for the IDE is available and released under the GNU General Public
License, version 2.
How to start Arduino software?
1. Get an Arduino board and USB cable
24. 2. Download the Arduino Software (IDE)
Download Arduino IDE from https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software
3. Connect the board
Connect your Arduino UNO hardware to PC or Laptop via USB cable.
4. Install the drivers
Step 1:Open Device Manager
Step 2:Double click the unknown Arduino Uno device, a property window pops up
Step 3 : Choose the 'Driver' tab, and select 'Update Driver...'
25. Step 4: Select drivers folder and click OK
5. Launch the Arduino application
26. 6. Open the blink example
7. Select your board
27. 8. Select your serial port
9. Upload the program
4.2 Serial Communication
Used for communication between theArduino and a computer or other devices. All Arduino
boards have at least one serial port (also known as a UART or USART): Serial. It communicates
on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX) as well as with the computer via USB. Thus, if one use these
functions, one cannot also use pins 0 and 1 for digital input or output.
One can use the Arduino environment's built-in serial monitor to communicate with an Arduino
board. Click the serial monitor button in the toolbar and select the same baud rate used in the call
to begin().
28. Information passes between the computer and Arduino through USB cable. Information is
transmitted as 0’s and 1’s , also known as bits.
• Compiling turns your program into binary data (ones and zeros)
• Uploading sends the bits through USB cable to the Arduino
• The two LEDs near the USB connector blink when data is transmitted
• RX blinks when the Arduino is receiving data
• TX blinks when the Arduino is transmitting data
29. CHAPTER 5 : PROGRAMMES USING ARDUINO UNO
5.1 Glowing LED’s in sequence
This program glows Led’s in sequence according to character typed from keyboard
and also display that character on LCD screen.
Code
#include<LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12,11,5,4,3,2);
int thisPin;
void setup()
{
lcd.begin(16,2);
Serial.begin(9600);
30. Serial.println("-----------Main Menu--------------");
Serial.println("Press a for LED1");
Serial.println("Press b for LED2");
Serial.println("Press c for LED3");
Serial.println("Press d for LED4");
Serial.println("Press e for LED5");
Serial.println("press any key to switch off the LED");
Serial.println("-------------------------------------");
for( thisPin=2;thisPin<7;thisPin++);
{
pinMode(thisPin,OUTPUT);
}
}
void loop()
{
if(Serial.available()>0)
{
char rx=Serial.read();
switch(rx)
{
case 'a':
32. digitalWrite(5,HIGH);
break;
case 'e':
Serial.println("LED5 is ON");
lcd.setCursor(8,2);
lcd.print("LED5");
digitalWrite(6,HIGH);
break;
default:
for(int thisPin=2;thisPin<7;thisPin++)
{
digitalWrite(thisPin,LOW);
}
Serial.println("All LEDs are off");
lcd.clear();
}
}
}
33. 5.2 Digital temperature sensor interfacing using LCD
Components Required:
1 ) Developments board.
2) 2*16 LCD
3) Digital Temperature Sensor
4) Pot-Meter (10k)
5) Resistor 560 ohm
6) Bread Board
7) Couple of Jumper Wire
Temperature Sensor - Waterproof (DS18B20)
Description:
This sealed digital temperature probe lets you precisely measure temperatures in wet
environments with a simple 1-Wire interface. The DS18B20 provides 9 to 12-bit (configurable)
temperature readings over a 1-Wire interface,so that only one wire (and ground) needs to be
connected from a central microprocessor.
What is 2*16 LCD
• LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide
range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly
used in various devices and circuits.
• A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In
this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers,
namely, Command and Data.
Circuit Connection of Temperature Sensors Using LCD and Atmega
36. 5.3 keypad interfacing
Components Required:
1.) Custom Board
2.) LED RED
3.) LED GREEN
4.) POT-METER(10k)
5.) 2 x 16 LCD
6.) Breadboard
7.) Resistor 560 ohm
8.) Couple of Jumper Wire
9.) Hex-Keypad
Interfacing hex keypad to Atmega-328p
This article is about how to interface a hex keypad to Atmega-328. Hex keypad is a very
important component in embedded systems and the typical applications are code locks,
calculators, automation systems or simply any thing that requires a character or numeric input.
Hex keypad.
Hex key pad is simply an arrangement 0f 16 push button switches in a 4X4 matrix form.
Typically a hex keypad will have keys for number 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and letters A, B, C,
D, *, #. The hex keypad will have 8 connection wires namely R1, R2, R3, R4 and C1, C2, C3,
C4 representing the rows and columns respectively. The schematic diagram and photo of a
typical hex keypad is shown in the figure below.
43. 5.4 GPS interfacing
Components Required:
1.) Custom Board
2.) POT-METER(10k)
3.) 2 x 16 LCD
4.) Breadboard
5.) Resistor 560 ohm
6.) Couple of Jumper Wire
7.) Ublox GPS Module
What is GPS?
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system made up of a
network of 24 satellites placed into orbit by the U.S. Department of Defense. GPS was originally
intended for military applications, but in the 1980s, the government made the system available
for civilian use. GPS works in any weather conditions, anywhere in the world, 24 hours a day.
There are no subscription fees or setup charges to use GPS.
How Does GPS Work:
The GPS system currently has 31 active satellites in orbits inclined 55 degrees to the equator.
The satellites orbit about 20,000km from the earth's surface and make two orbits per day.The
orbits are designed so that there are always 6 satellites in view, from most places on the earth.
The GPS receiver can determine your position in three dimensions - east, north and altitude.
GPS Receiver:
GPS Receiver received the information in string format, transmitted by Satellites, which uses this
information to calculate different parameters between it and satellites. With information from
satellites, a GPS receiver can fix it location on the ground from the known position of the
44. satellites. Now I want to drag your attention on the purpose of this project. In this project, we are
going to display ‘Latitude & Longitude’ used for positioning of an object on the earth. So let’s
talk about how a GPS receiver fixes its location on the ground, as i above said and the find the
location of an object on the earth.
Pin Configuration of U-Blox GPS:
1.VCC: +5v Power Supply
2.TX : Data Transmission
3.RX : Data Receiver
4.GND: Ground
47. //led
lcd.begin(16,2);
lcd.println("RFID World");
pinMode(6,OUTPUT);
//convert binary to human readable form
SPI.begin();
//initialise or activate rfid
//as setup execute only once
digitalWrite(6,LOW);
//initialise the rfid
myRFID.AddicoreRFID_Init();
}
unsigned char structure[16];
unsigned char status;
void loop(){
uchar status;
uchar str[MAX_LEN];
status=myRFID.AddicoreRFID_Request(PICC_REQIDL,str);
status=myRFIDAddicoreRFID_Anticoll(str);
if(status==MI_OK){
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
48. lcd.print("Tag ID:");
lcd.setCursor(8,1);
lcd.print(str[0]);
digitalWrite(6,HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(6,LOW);
}
myRFID.AddicoreRFID_Halt();
}
5.6 Ultrasonic Sensors
Components Required:
1.) Custom Board
2.) POT-METER(10k)
3.) 2 x 16 LCD
4.) Breadboard
5.) Resistor 560 ohm
6.) Couple of Jumper Wire
7.) HC-SR04
Interfacing of ultrasonic Sensors withAtmega-328p
HC-SR04 Ultrasonic distance sensors is a popular and low cost solution for non-contact
distance measurement function. It is able to measure distances from 1cm to 400cm with
an accuracy of about 3mm. This module includes ultrasonic transmitter, ultrasonic
receiver and its control circuit.
HC-SR04 module has 4 pins :
VCC – 5V power supply
TRIG – Trigger Pin
52. CHAPTER 6 : RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
6.1 Results and Conclusions
Overthe years,Arduinohaswentouttobecome a huge successanda commonname among
students.Withgoogle deployingit,people’simaginationhaswentouttomuch higherlevelthanbefore.A
developerinthe annual GOOGLE IOconference said“whenArduinoandAndroidcomingtogether,this
reallyproves“INFINITYEXISTS”inthe future”.Ithinkastudyonarduinoand practical experimentson
arduinomustbe addedfor UG coursesof engineering,tohelpstudentstoleveragetheirtalents,and
imagination.
Before Arduino, the largest players in the design/hobbyist market segment were the PIC
microcontroller family (made by Microchip) and the BASIC Stamp (made by Parallax). Since
the introduction of the Arduino, other large companies have tried to enter the hobbyist market,
including Texas Instruments , and even Microsoft . However, the open-sourced tools
of the Arduino and the size of its community are large barriers for new platforms to overcome.
Figure 1 GOOGLE trends comparing ARDUINO with its biggest competitors
53. 6.3 Uses and further scope
Arduino was basically designed to make the process of using electronics in multidisciplinary
projects more accessible. It is intended for artists, designers , hobbyists ,and anyone interested in
creating interactive objects or environments.
Arduino is used by all class of people in a different way. Some students use it in their
projects,some using arduino for fun,some went out to become entreupreuners.This only shows
how useful is this tiny device.
ARDUINO is spreading rapidly across the globe. Arduino is actually an open source hardware
project that can be programmed to read temperatures, control a motor, and sense touch.
The Arduino board is for anyone who wants to build a basic level of intelligence into an object.
Once programmed, it can read sensors, make simple decisions, and control myriad devices in the
real world. Using it is a snap: first, hook up a few sensors and output devices to the Arduino,
then program it using the free developer’s software. Next, debug your code and disconnect the
Arduino.Then,the little blue Arduino becomes a standalone computer.
54. Thousands of projects have been done worldwide using this tiny little device. Some of which to
mention are:
Simple room temperature readout
Interactive real-time auditory feedback system
GPS receiver Module
Ultrasonic Sensor
Infrared detectors
SONAR
Various sensor projects like
Keypad security code
Sensor tube for heart monitor
Pulse rate monitor
Various light projects like
Multicolor light display
Seven-segment LED display
Double seven-segment LED dice
LED array
LCD module
Various sound projects like
Oscilloscope
Light harp
VU meter
Various power projects like
LCD Thermostat
Computer controlled fan
The hypnotizer
Miscellaneous Projects like
Lie detector
Magnetic door lock
Infrared remote