1) In Python, all member variables and methods are public by default. To make a member protected, prefix its name with a single underscore. To make a member private, prefix its name with two underscores and suffix it with at most one underscore, which uses name mangling. 2) The document discusses access modifiers in Python including public, protected, and private access. It provides examples of declaring public members without modification, protected members by prepending a single underscore, and private members by prepending two underscores and optional postpending single underscore, which utilizes name mangling. 3) Name mangling is used to prevent private member clashes in subclasses by transforming the name to include the class name.

1. Access Modifiers In
Python
SANTOSH VERMA

2. Public Access
 All member variables and methods are public by default in Python. So when you want to make your
member public, you just do nothing.
class Cup:
def __init__(self):
self.color = None
self.content = None
def fill(self, beverage):
self.content = beverage
def empty(self):
self.content = None
#Driver Code
redCup = Cup()
redCup.color = "red"
redCup.content = "tea"
redCup.empty()
redCup.fill("coffee")

3. Protected
 Protected member is (in C++ and Java) accessible only from within the class and
it’s subclasses. How to accomplish this in Python?
 The answer is – by convention. By prefixing the name of your member with a
single underscore,
class Cup:
def __init__(self):
self.color = None
self._content = None # protected variable
def fill(self, beverage):
self._content = beverage
def empty(self):
self._content = None
#Driver Code
cup = Cup()
cup._content = "tea“
print(cup.color, cup._content)
Output:
None tea

4. Private
 By declaring your data member private you mean, that nobody should be able
to access it from outside the class.
 Python supports a technique called name mangling. This feature turns every
member name prefixed with at least two underscores and suffixed with at
most one underscore into.
class Peak:
def _single_method(self):
pass
def __double_method(self): # for mangling
pass
class Pyth(Peak):
def __double_method(self): # for mangling
pass