Introduction to Unqualified and Qualified Dublin Core Metadata Richard Wisneski, Virginia Dressler Kelvin Smith Library Case Western Reserve University Fall 2008

Richard Wisneski, Virginia Dressler

Kelvin Smith Library

Case Western Reserve University

Part 1: Dublin Core Background

What Is Dublin Core? General Descriptive Metadata MARC inspiration, but not its equivalent Dublin Core is NOT meant to replicate MARC Abstract model is the current focus e.g. DC record would report on slide of Mona Lisa, not necessarily the Mona Lisa itself. Unqualified DC is generally used as a format for sharing metadata with others DC provides an information model that is independent of any specific encoding syntax

General Descriptive Metadata

MARC inspiration, but not its equivalent

Dublin Core is NOT meant to replicate MARC

Abstract model is the current focus

e.g. DC record would report on slide of Mona Lisa, not necessarily the Mona Lisa itself.

Unqualified DC is generally used as a format for sharing metadata with others

DC provides an information model that is independent of any specific encoding syntax

A little history…. 1998: Dublin Core Element Set version 1.0 1998: Internet RFC2413 1999: Dublin Core Element Set version 1.1 2000: EU Recommendation: CEN CWA 13874 2001: US National Standard: NISO Z39.85 2003: International standard : ISO 15836

1998: Dublin Core Element Set version 1.0

1998: Internet RFC2413

1999: Dublin Core Element Set version 1.1

2000: EU Recommendation: CEN CWA 13874

2001: US National Standard: NISO Z39.85

2003: International standard : ISO 15836

Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) http:// dublincore.org / Note in Particular: Metadata Terms Element Sets Tools and Software  DC Assist

http:// dublincore.org /

Note in Particular:

Metadata Terms

Element Sets

Tools and Software  DC Assist

DCMI Resource Model Each DC value represents a physical, digital or conceptual entity Each value can be defined to a particular vocabulary (LC subject headings, AAT, etc.) Built on the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) using the Resource Description Framework (RDF) Each described resource uses one or more property-value pairs

Each DC value represents a physical, digital or conceptual entity

Each value can be defined to a particular vocabulary (LC subject headings, AAT, etc.)

Built on the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) using the Resource Description Framework (RDF)

Each described resource uses one or more property-value pairs

Interoperability DC represents a set of interoperable online metadata standards that support a broad range of purposes and business models OAI-PMH- Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting OAIster- http:// www.oaister.org

DC represents a set of interoperable online metadata standards that support a broad range of purposes and business models

OAI-PMH- Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting

OAIster- http:// www.oaister.org

Part 2: Dublin Core Examples

Worthington Memory (Worthington Historical Society, Ohio) http:// www.worthingtonmemory.org /

Ohio’s Heritage Northeast http:// www.ohiosheritagenortheast.org /

Part 3: Dublin Core Structure

Dublin Core, in a nutshell Consult Worksheets Elements Identifier Title Creator Contributor Publisher Subject Description Coverage Format Type Date Relation Source Rights Language Abstract Access rights Alternative Audience Available Bibliographic citation Conforms to Created Date accepted Date copyrighted Date submitted Education level Extent Has format Has part Has version Is format of Is part of Is referenced by Is replaced by Is required by Issued Is version of License Mediator Medium Modified Provenance References Replaces Requires Rights holder Spatial Table of contents Temporal Valid Refinements Box DCMIType DDC IMT ISO3166 ISO639-2 LCC LCSH MESH Period Point RFC1766 RFC3066 TGN UDC URI W3CTDF Encodings Collection Dataset Event Image Interactive Resource Moving Image Physical Object Service Software Sound Still Image Text Types

Identifier

Title

Creator

Contributor

Publisher

Subject

Description

Coverage

Format

Type

Date

Relation

Source

Rights

Language

Elements, Refinements, Vocabularies Metadata elements The Dublin Core Metadata Element Set http:// dublincore.org/documents/dces / or: http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-terms/#H2 Extensions and refinements Other Elements and Element Refinements http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-terms/#H3 Controlled vocabularies Encoding Schemes http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-terms/#H4

Metadata elements

The Dublin Core Metadata Element Set http:// dublincore.org/documents/dces / or: http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-terms/#H2

Extensions and refinements

Other Elements and Element Refinements http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-terms/#H3

Controlled vocabularies

Encoding Schemes http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-terms/#H4

The Basics: - An interdisciplinary consensus on simple element set for resource discovery 15 elements all optional all repeatable Provides basic “semantic interoperability” across domains, across language communities does not provide detailed cataloguing rules Does allow for extensibility See Other Elements http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-terms/#H3 Improve semantic precision of DC elements using qualifiers element refinements make the meaning of an element narrower value encoding schemes specify that value is from controlled vocabulary, or formatted in a standard way

- An interdisciplinary consensus on simple element set for resource discovery

15 elements

all optional

all repeatable

Provides basic “semantic interoperability”

across domains, across language communities

does not provide detailed cataloguing rules

Does allow for extensibility

See Other Elements http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-terms/#H3

Improve semantic precision of DC elements using qualifiers

element refinements

make the meaning of an element narrower

value encoding schemes

specify that value is from controlled vocabulary, or formatted in a standard way

Part 4: Dublin Core Examples

Collection-Level Dublin Core Record <?xml version=&quot;1.0&quot; encoding=&quot;UTF-8&quot;?> <dc:title> Fifty Original Leaves from Medieval Manuscripts, Western Europe, XII-XVI Century </dc:title> <dc:subject type=&quot;LCSH&quot;> Illumination of books and manuscripts--Specimens </dc:subject> <dc:subject type=&quot;LCSH&quot;> Illumination of books and manuscripts, Medieval </dc:subject> <dc:subject type=&quot;LCSH&quot;> Manuscripts, Medieval </dc:subject> <dc:subject type=&quot;LCSH&quot;> Manuscripts, Latin (Medieval and modern) </dc:subject> < dc:description>These fifty manuscript leaves were selected by Mr. Ege to illustrate the art of the manuscript during the period of its greatest development and influence. The texts include the Bible, church service books, and some of the classics, with examples from France, Germany, England, Italy and the Netherlands. Otto Ege was Dean of the Cleveland Institute of Art and Lecturer on History of the Book at the School of Library Science, Western Reserve University, now Case. </dc:description> <dc:publisher> Case Western Reserve University, digital content </dc:publisher> <dc:contributor> Ege, Otto F. </dc:contributor> <dc:format> 50 folders with mounted original leaves </dc:format> <dc:date.original> 1100-1599 </dc:date.original> <dc:date.modified scheme=&quot;W3CDTF&quot;> 2008-10-01 </dc:date.modified> <dc:date.digital> 1999-08-01 <dc:date.digital> <dc:type scheme=&quot;DCMIType&quot;> Text </dc:type> <dc:type> Manuscript document </dc:type> <dc:format.medium scheme=&quot;IMT&quot;> image/jp2 </dc:format.medium> <dc:identifier></dc:identifier> <dc:language scheme=&quot;ISO 639-1&quot;> Latin </dc:language> <dc:coverage scheme=&quot;Period&quot;> 12th Century to Early 16th Century </dc:coverage> <dc:rights> These images are owned by Special Collections, Kelvin Smith Library, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. For permission to reproduce and/or publish, contact Special Collections at 216-368-2993 </dc:rights>

<?xml version=&quot;1.0&quot; encoding=&quot;UTF-8&quot;?> <dc:title> Fifty Original Leaves from Medieval Manuscripts, Western Europe, XII-XVI Century </dc:title> <dc:subject type=&quot;LCSH&quot;> Illumination of books and manuscripts--Specimens </dc:subject> <dc:subject type=&quot;LCSH&quot;> Illumination of books and manuscripts, Medieval </dc:subject> <dc:subject type=&quot;LCSH&quot;> Manuscripts, Medieval </dc:subject> <dc:subject type=&quot;LCSH&quot;> Manuscripts, Latin (Medieval and modern) </dc:subject> < dc:description>These fifty manuscript leaves were selected by Mr. Ege to illustrate the art of the manuscript during the period of its greatest development and influence. The texts include the Bible, church service books, and some of the classics, with examples from France, Germany, England, Italy and the Netherlands. Otto Ege was Dean of the Cleveland Institute of Art and Lecturer on History of the Book at the School of Library Science, Western Reserve University, now Case. </dc:description> <dc:publisher> Case Western Reserve University, digital content </dc:publisher> <dc:contributor> Ege, Otto F. </dc:contributor> <dc:format> 50 folders with mounted original leaves </dc:format> <dc:date.original> 1100-1599 </dc:date.original> <dc:date.modified scheme=&quot;W3CDTF&quot;> 2008-10-01 </dc:date.modified> <dc:date.digital> 1999-08-01 <dc:date.digital> <dc:type scheme=&quot;DCMIType&quot;> Text </dc:type> <dc:type> Manuscript document </dc:type> <dc:format.medium scheme=&quot;IMT&quot;> image/jp2 </dc:format.medium> <dc:identifier></dc:identifier> <dc:language scheme=&quot;ISO 639-1&quot;> Latin </dc:language> <dc:coverage scheme=&quot;Period&quot;> 12th Century to Early 16th Century </dc:coverage> <dc:rights> These images are owned by Special Collections, Kelvin Smith Library, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. For permission to reproduce and/or publish, contact Special Collections at 216-368-2993 </dc:rights>

Item-Level Dublin Core Record: Manuscript Leaf

<dc:title>no. 27, Antiphonarium</dc:title> <dc:title.alternative>Antiphonal, Italy</dc:title.alternative> <dc:subject type=&quot;LCSH&quot;>Antiphonaries -- Illustrations</dc:subject> <dc:subject type=&quot;LCSH&quot;>Music -- Manuscripts -- Italy -- Illustrations</dc:subject> <dc:subject type=&quot;LCSH&quot;>Gregorian chants -- Illustrations</dc:subject> <dc:subject type=&quot;LCSH&quot;>Illumination of books and manuscripts, Medieval -- Italy</dc:subject> <dc:subject type=&quot;LSCH&quot;>Illumination of books and manuscripts, Italian</dc:subject> <dc:description>The chanting of hymns during ecclesiastical rites goes back to the beginning of Christian services. Antiphonal or responsive singing is said to have been introduced in the second century by St. Ignatius of Antioch. According to legend, he had a vision of a heavenly choir singing in honor of the Blessed Trinity in the responsive manner. Many of the more than four hundred antiphons which have survived the centuries are elaborate in their musical structure. They were sung in the medieval church by the first cantor and his assistants. Candle grease stains reveal that this small-sized antiphonal was doubtless carried in processions in dimly lighted cathedrals. In this example the notation is written on the four-line red staff which was in general use by the end of the 12th century. The script is the usual form of Italian rotunda with bold Lombardic initial letters. (written by Otto Ege)</dc:description> <dc:description>In Rotunda Gothic Script</dc:description> <dc:publisher>Case Western Reserve University, digital content</dc:publisher> <dc:format>33 x 24.5 cm. </dc:format> <dc:relation>Vellum leaf from set number 37 of the collection of: Fifty Original Leaves From Medieval Manuscripts, Western Europe, XII-XVI Century, compiled by Otto F. Ege</dc:relation> <dc:date.original>1400 - 1430</dc:date.original> <dc:date.modified scheme=&quot;W3CDTF&quot;>2008-05-01</dc:date.modified> <dc:date.digital>1999-08-01<dc:date.digital> <dc:type scheme=&quot;DCMIType&quot;>Text</dc:type> <dc:type>Manuscript document</dc:type> <dc:format.extent>600 dpi, 8-bit depth, color, Archival master is a TIFF, 132.2 MB</dc:format.extent> <dc:format.medium scheme=&quot;IMT&quot;>image/jp2</dc:format.medium> <dc:identifier>http://hdl.handle.net/2186/ksl:ege027r</dc:identifier> <dc:language scheme=&quot;ISO 639-1&quot;>Latin</dc:language> <dc:coverage scheme=&quot;Period&quot;>Early 15th Century</dc:coverage> <dc:rights>These images are owned by Special Collections, Kelvin Smith Library, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. For permission to reproduce and/or publish, contact Special Collections at 216-368-2993</dc:rights> Item-Level Dublin Core Record

<dc:title>no. 27, Antiphonarium</dc:title>

<dc:title.alternative>Antiphonal, Italy</dc:title.alternative>

<dc:subject type=&quot;LCSH&quot;>Antiphonaries -- Illustrations</dc:subject>

<dc:subject type=&quot;LCSH&quot;>Music -- Manuscripts -- Italy -- Illustrations</dc:subject>

<dc:subject type=&quot;LCSH&quot;>Gregorian chants -- Illustrations</dc:subject>

<dc:subject type=&quot;LCSH&quot;>Illumination of books and manuscripts, Medieval -- Italy</dc:subject>

<dc:subject type=&quot;LSCH&quot;>Illumination of books and manuscripts, Italian</dc:subject>

<dc:description>The chanting of hymns during ecclesiastical rites goes back to the beginning of Christian services. Antiphonal or responsive singing is said to have been introduced in the second century by St. Ignatius of Antioch. According to legend, he had a vision of a heavenly choir singing in honor of the Blessed Trinity in the responsive manner. Many of the more than four hundred antiphons which have survived the centuries are elaborate in their musical structure. They were sung in the medieval church by the first cantor and his assistants. Candle grease stains reveal that this small-sized antiphonal was doubtless carried in processions in dimly lighted cathedrals. In this example the notation is written on the four-line red staff which was in general use by the end of the 12th century. The script is the usual form of Italian rotunda with bold Lombardic initial letters. (written by Otto Ege)</dc:description>

<dc:description>In Rotunda Gothic Script</dc:description>

<dc:publisher>Case Western Reserve University, digital content</dc:publisher>

<dc:format>33 x 24.5 cm. </dc:format>

<dc:relation>Vellum leaf from set number 37 of the collection of: Fifty Original Leaves From Medieval Manuscripts, Western Europe, XII-XVI Century, compiled by Otto F. Ege</dc:relation>

<dc:date.original>1400 - 1430</dc:date.original>

<dc:date.modified scheme=&quot;W3CDTF&quot;>2008-05-01</dc:date.modified>

<dc:date.digital>1999-08-01<dc:date.digital>

<dc:type scheme=&quot;DCMIType&quot;>Text</dc:type>

<dc:type>Manuscript document</dc:type>

<dc:format.extent>600 dpi, 8-bit depth, color, Archival master is a TIFF, 132.2 MB</dc:format.extent>

<dc:format.medium scheme=&quot;IMT&quot;>image/jp2</dc:format.medium>

<dc:identifier>http://hdl.handle.net/2186/ksl:ege027r</dc:identifier>

<dc:language scheme=&quot;ISO 639-1&quot;>Latin</dc:language>

<dc:coverage scheme=&quot;Period&quot;>Early 15th Century</dc:coverage>

<dc:rights>These images are owned by Special Collections, Kelvin Smith Library, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. For permission to reproduce and/or publish, contact Special Collections at 216-368-2993</dc:rights>

Dublin Core Item Record: Book

MARC Record for Book 001 63040545 003 OCoLC 005 20060118093456.0 006 m d 007 cr un--------- 008 060118s1895 miuh s 000 0 eng d 040 CWR|cCWR 049 CWRR 090 F497.W5|bB96 1895eb 100 1 Burton, Clarence Monroe,|d1853-1932 245 12 A chapter in the history of Cleveland|h[electronic resource] /|cby C.M. Burton 260 Detroit [Mich.] :|bWilton-Smith Co.,|c1895 300 ii, 31 p. :|bfacsim. ;|c24 cm 500 Relates to the so-called Cuyahoga purchase from the Indians, by John Askin, sr., and others in 1796 533 Electronic reproduction.|bCleveland, Ohio :|cKelvin Smith Library, Case Western Reserve University.|nSystem requirements: Acrobat Reader.|nAvailable via the World Wide Web 650 0 Indians of North America|zOhio|xLand tenure 651 0 Cleveland (Ohio)|xHistory 651 0 Western Reserve (Ohio)|xHistory 651 0 Ohio|xHistory|y1787-1865 776 1 |cOriginal|w(OCoLC)2476637 776 1 |cMicrofilm|w(OCoLC)26775018 856 40 |uhttp://hdl.handle.net/2186/ksl:burcha00|zconnect to resource online

001 63040545

003 OCoLC

005 20060118093456.0 006 m d

007 cr un---------

008 060118s1895 miuh s 000 0 eng d

040 CWR|cCWR

049 CWRR

090 F497.W5|bB96 1895eb

100 1 Burton, Clarence Monroe,|d1853-1932

245 12 A chapter in the history of Cleveland|h[electronic resource] /|cby C.M. Burton

260 Detroit [Mich.] :|bWilton-Smith Co.,|c1895

300 ii, 31 p. :|bfacsim. ;|c24 cm

500 Relates to the so-called Cuyahoga purchase from the Indians, by John Askin, sr., and others in 1796

533 Electronic reproduction.|bCleveland, Ohio :|cKelvin Smith Library, Case Western Reserve University.|nSystem requirements: Acrobat Reader.|nAvailable via the World Wide Web

650 0 Indians of North America|zOhio|xLand tenure

651 0 Cleveland (Ohio)|xHistory

651 0 Western Reserve (Ohio)|xHistory

651 0 Ohio|xHistory|y1787-1865

776 1 |cOriginal|w(OCoLC)2476637

776 1 |cMicrofilm|w(OCoLC)26775018

856 40 |uhttp://hdl.handle.net/2186/ksl:burcha00|zconnect to resource online

<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc=&quot;http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/&quot; xmlns:mods= http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 xmlns:oai_dc=&quot;http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/&quot; xmlns:xsi=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance&quot; xsi:schemaLocation=&quot;http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd&quot;> <dc:title>A chapter in the history of Cleveland</dc:title> <dc:creator>Burton, Clarence Monroe, 1853-1932 (creator)</dc:creator> <dc:contributor>Wilton-Smith Co</dc:contributor> <dc:publisher>Detroit : The Wilton-Smith Co.</dc:publisher> <dc:date>1895</dc:date> <dc:description>Relates to the so-called Cuyahoga purchase from the Indians, by John Askin, sr., and others in 1796.</dc:description> <dc:subject>Indian land transfers </dc:subject> <dc:subject>Cleveland (Ohio) -- History</dc:subject> <dc:subject>Western Reserve (Ohio) -- History</dc:subject> <dc:subject>Ohio -- History -- 1787-1865</dc:subject> <dc:relation>KSL Digital Book Collection</dc:relation> <dc:relation>Books on Cleveland Collection</dc:relation> <dc:type>text</dc:type> <dc:language>English</dc:language> <dc:format>[2], 31, [1] p. facsim. 22 cm.</dc:format> <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format> <dc:rights>This work is in the public domain and may be freely downloaded for personal or academic use.</dc:rights> <dc:identifier>burcha00</dc:identifier> </oai_dc:dc> Item-Level Dublin Core Record: Book

<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc=&quot;http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/&quot; xmlns:mods= http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 xmlns:oai_dc=&quot;http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/&quot; xmlns:xsi=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance&quot; xsi:schemaLocation=&quot;http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd&quot;>

<dc:title>A chapter in the history of Cleveland</dc:title>

<dc:creator>Burton, Clarence Monroe, 1853-1932 (creator)</dc:creator>

<dc:contributor>Wilton-Smith Co</dc:contributor>

<dc:publisher>Detroit : The Wilton-Smith Co.</dc:publisher>

<dc:date>1895</dc:date>

<dc:description>Relates to the so-called Cuyahoga purchase from the Indians, by John Askin, sr., and others in 1796.</dc:description>

<dc:subject>Indian land transfers </dc:subject>

<dc:subject>Cleveland (Ohio) -- History</dc:subject>

<dc:subject>Western Reserve (Ohio) -- History</dc:subject>

<dc:subject>Ohio -- History -- 1787-1865</dc:subject>

<dc:relation>KSL Digital Book Collection</dc:relation>

<dc:relation>Books on Cleveland Collection</dc:relation>

<dc:type>text</dc:type>

<dc:language>English</dc:language>

<dc:format>[2], 31, [1] p. facsim. 22 cm.</dc:format>

<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>

<dc:rights>This work is in the public domain and may be freely downloaded for personal or academic use.</dc:rights>

<dc:identifier>burcha00</dc:identifier>

</oai_dc:dc>

Dublin Core Record in Digital Case

Part 5: Practice

Create an Unqualified Dublin Core Record Refer to the handout and web site: http://filer.case.edu/rlw54/dcPics-2008.htm <title> </title> <dc:creator> </dc:creator> <dc:subject type=&quot;LCSH&quot;> </dc:subject> <dc:description> </dc:description> <dc:publisher>Case Western Reserve University, digital content</dc:publisher> <dc:contributor> </dc:contributor> <dc:date.original> </dc:date.original> <dc:date.modified scheme=&quot;W3CDTF&quot;> </dc:date.modified> <dc:type scheme=&quot;DCMIType&quot;> </dc:type> <dc:type> </dc:type> <dc:relation> </dc:relation> <dc:source> </dc:source> <dc:format> </dc:format> <dc:format.medium scheme=&quot;IMT&quot;> </dc:format.medium> <dc:identifier>LEAVE BLANK FOR NOW</dc:identifier> <dc:language scheme=&quot;ISO 639-1&quot;> </dc:language> <dc:coverage> </dc:coverage> <dc:rights></dc:rights>

Refer to the handout and web site: http://filer.case.edu/rlw54/dcPics-2008.htm

<title> </title>

<dc:creator> </dc:creator>

<dc:subject type=&quot;LCSH&quot;> </dc:subject>

<dc:description> </dc:description>

<dc:publisher>Case Western Reserve University, digital content</dc:publisher>

<dc:contributor> </dc:contributor>

<dc:date.original> </dc:date.original>

<dc:date.modified scheme=&quot;W3CDTF&quot;> </dc:date.modified>

<dc:type scheme=&quot;DCMIType&quot;> </dc:type>

<dc:type> </dc:type>

<dc:relation> </dc:relation>

<dc:source> </dc:source>

<dc:format> </dc:format>

<dc:format.medium scheme=&quot;IMT&quot;> </dc:format.medium>

<dc:identifier>LEAVE BLANK FOR NOW</dc:identifier>

<dc:language scheme=&quot;ISO 639-1&quot;> </dc:language>

<dc:coverage> </dc:coverage>

<dc:rights></dc:rights>

References Baker, T. (October 2000). A grammar of Dublin Core. D-Lib Magazine 6:10, 1-11. Quam, E. (August 2000). Minnesota metadata guidelines for Dublin Core metadata: Training manual . http://bridges.state.mn.us/bestprac/training.pdf Baca, M., ed. (1998). Introduction to metadata: Pathways to digital information . Los Angeles: Getty Information Institute Shreeves, S., Riley, J., and Milewicz, L. (2007). Moving towards shareable metadata. First Monday 11:8, 1-8. Arms, C. (2003). Available and useful: OAI at the Library of Congress. Library Hi-Tech 21:2, 129-139 Shreeves et al. (April 7-10, 2005). Is “Quality” metadata “Shareable” metadata? The implications of local metadata practices for federated collections. ACRL Twelfth Annual Conference Calhoun, K. (2007). Being a librarian: Metadata and the metadata specialists in the twenty-first century. Library Hi-Tech 25:2, 174-187

Baker, T. (October 2000). A grammar of Dublin Core. D-Lib Magazine 6:10, 1-11.

Quam, E. (August 2000). Minnesota metadata guidelines for Dublin Core metadata: Training manual . http://bridges.state.mn.us/bestprac/training.pdf

Baca, M., ed. (1998). Introduction to metadata: Pathways to digital information . Los Angeles: Getty Information Institute

Shreeves, S., Riley, J., and Milewicz, L. (2007). Moving towards shareable metadata. First Monday 11:8, 1-8.

Arms, C. (2003). Available and useful: OAI at the Library of Congress. Library Hi-Tech 21:2, 129-139

Shreeves et al. (April 7-10, 2005). Is “Quality” metadata “Shareable” metadata? The implications of local metadata practices for federated collections. ACRL Twelfth Annual Conference

Calhoun, K. (2007). Being a librarian: Metadata and the metadata specialists in the twenty-first century. Library Hi-Tech 25:2, 174-187