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Metadata Workshop - Utrecht - November 5, 2008

The document provides an overview of metadata standards and schemes, including their definitions, purposes, relationships and examples. It discusses key standards like MARC, MODS, ONIX, Dublin Core and XML, as well as conceptual models like FRBR that help organize bibliographic data. The goal of metadata is to improve discovery, management and use of resources through structured descriptive information.

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AMY BENSON 5 november 2008 What’s New with AACR2? And the Rest of the Bibliographic Universe, too.
Overview Terms and definitions What do all the acronyms mean? Categories of metadata schemes and tools How do they relate to each other? Uses and functions What do you do with them? It’s all about me Which ones will affect my work?
Metadata Standards Metadata format standards XML Metadata element sets MARC, MODS, ONIX, DC, EAD, TEI, CDGM Metadata content and value standards AACR, RDA, DACS, CCO FRBR Access METS, Z39.50, OAI, Next generation catalogs
Metadata - What is it? Data about data Information about any aspect of a resource - size, location, topic, origin, use, audience, creator, quality, access rights, reviews… the list is endless An aid to the discovery, identification, assessment, and management of described entities Captured or created
Types of Metadata Descriptive/Discovery What is it? How can I find it? How can I get to it? Structural What files comprise it? Which file is page one? Administrative What do I need to know to manage it? Can I use it? How was it created? What needs to be preserved?
Metadata - Who needs it? Impact of metadata on collection access Improves service to users Provides the means for resource discovery, grouping, filtering, matching user needs Drives functionality/capabilities Keyword searching works only for resources that are text-based - excludes photographs, data sets, objects, maps, audio, video… Google Image Labeler Metadata decisions should reflect project goals
Interoperability Interoperability allows different computer systems, networks, and software to work together Usually achieved by following standards Allows different systems to make use of same data Generally, an increase in specialization results in a decrease in interoperability Important feature of metadata in today’s world
Interoperability Can increase awareness and use of collections Reduces geographic and domain-specific isolation of collections Likely to assist / promote the longevity of data and collections One-stop access to the universe of online resources
eXtensible Markup Language (XML) Developed by WWW Consortium (W3C) Open, international standard A structure for storing and tagging information, without prescribing how the information is displayed or used Platform independent A way to use the same data for many different purposes Facilitates the sharing of data across institutions and projects
XML - Background Markup languages Label/tag information Structure documents TOC, Chapters, Index, etc. Help computers “understand” the data Use tags, similar to HTML <title>Gone with the wind</title> XML allows for coding of hierarchical relationships – often necessary for complex documents, 3-D objects, archives, etc. XML is extensible – an important feature that allows tags to be created by users or a community of users XML defines the syntax, but not the data elements that make up an XML document
XML - Elements Example list (book+) book (title, author+, date+, year, comment, code) title <value> author (aulast, aufirst) aulast <value> aufirst <value> date (day, month) day <value> month <value> year <value> comment <value> code <value>
XML Record Example <book> <title>Weaving the Web</title> <author> <aulast>Berners-Lee,</aulast> <aufirst>Tim</aufirst> </author> <date> <day>6</day> <month>January</month> </date> <year>2002</year> <comment>Interesting topic, but not too well written.</comment> <code>nonfiction</code> </book>
XML – DTDs and Schemas Tags, definitions, and requirements are set and adhered to by a community of users MARC XML, RecipeML, EAD Two methods of defining specific XML implementations DTDs (Document Type Definition) Schemas Lay out the logical structure of the data Establish rules about which elements a document may have, which are required, which can repeat, etc. Establish a root element, parent and child elements, and where data can be placed within hierarchy
RecipeML
XML – Ways to use XML XML-encoded data is able to be re-purposed: re-used in multiple contexts Due to its ability to be easily parsed, software can transform it in countless ways, thereby allowing: Easy migration paths Alternative displays On-the-fly response to user needs Transform XML for display via style sheets (XSL) and transformations (XSLT)
 
XSL - XSLT XML prescribes the structure of a document, or record but not content or display eXtensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) is used to display the XML in user-friendly ways Different stylesheets render the data in different ways Similar to Cascading stylesheets used with X/HTML XML Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT) is a markup language and programming syntax for processing XML Is most often used to: Transform XML to HTML for delivery to standard web clients Transform XML from one set of XML tags to another
XML File
XML File Transformation via XSL and XSLT
MARC MAchine-Readable Cataloging (MARC) Standard used to exchange, use, and interpret bibliographic information in libraries Long, established, successful history Large quantity of MARC data exists Weak on rights information, etc. Low extensibility Highly interoperable within the library community, but not beyond
MARC Basic tag groups 0XX Control information, numbers, codes Example: 020 for ISBN 1XX Main entry Example: 100 for personal name 2XX Titles, edition, imprint (in general, the title, statement of responsibility, edition, and publication information ) Example: 245 for title 3XX Physical description, etc. Example: 300 for extent 4XX Series statements (as shown in the book) Example: 490 for untraced series, or traced differently
MARC Basic tag groups 5XX Notes Example: 520 for summary note 6XX Subject added entries Example: 650 for topical subject heading 7XX Added entries other than subject or series Example: 700 for added entry, personal name 8XX Series added entries (other authoritative forms) Example: 830 for series added entries in title form 9XX Locally-defined uses Example: 949 for barcode numbers
MARC Record
MARC XML Future of MARC Can it survive? MARC XML developed by the Library of Congress (LC) Allows representation of a complete MARC record in XML LC has developed a schema, stylesheets, tools, and crosswalks Will support new transformations for new uses of MARC data and into other standards such as MODS, EAD, ONIX, DC
MARCXML Example
Metadata Object Description Schema (MODS) Set of 20 bibliographic elements - a subset of the MARC 21 Format for Bibliographic Data XML-based standard Alternative to MARC Can be used for conversion of existing MARC records or to create new resource description records Useful for library applications that want to go beyond the OPAC
MODS Elements TitleInfo Name TypeOfResource Genre PublicationInfo Language PhysicalDescription Abstract TableOfContents TargetAudience Note Cartographics Subject Classification RelatedItem Identifier Location AccessCondition Extension RecordInfo
MODS Elements Elements can have sub-elements and attributes which provide refining detail for the element Elements and sub-elements are repeatable, except in certain cases Elements display in any order More on MODS http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/
MODS Example
MODS Editor at Brown University
 
ONline Information eXchange (ONIX) ONIX is the international standard for representing and communicating book industry product information in electronic form Developed and maintained by EDItEUR and other international groups XML-based Focused on e-commerce of books Synchronize the widely varying formats of major book wholesalers and retailers – interoperability The need for richer book data online to improve sales May appear in future library applications
ONIX
Other Metadata Standards Encoded Archival Description (EAD) Electronic Finding Aids Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) Electronic texts Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CDGM) Primary standard for geospatial metadata Visual Resources Association (VRA) Core Visual culture and images that document them
Crosswalks Crosswalks map an element from one scheme to its closest equivalent in another scheme Convert data from one format to another - one that is potentially more widely accessible Support cross-domain searching and interoperability of data
Dublin Core (DC) A method of describing resources intended to facilitate the discovery of electronic resources Designed to allow simple description of resources by non-catalogers as well as specialists National and International standard ANSI/NISO standard Z39.85-2001 ISO standard 15836 Includes 15 “core” elements
Dublin Core Elements Title Creator Subject Description Publisher Contributor Date Type Format Identifier Source Language Relation Coverage Rights
Dublin Core All elements optional and repeatable Authority control not required Simple and Qualified DC Simple Less Rich Lowest common denominator Qualified More precise Less interoperable Extensible and flexible “ Container” agnostic
Dublin Core Examples Generic Title=“The sound of music” HTML <meta name = &quot;DC.Title&quot; content = “The sound of music”> XML <?xml version=&quot;1.0&quot;?> <metadata xmlns:dc=&quot;http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/&quot;> <dc:title> The Sound of Music</dc:title> </metadata>
Systems for Metadata Metadata has to be stored and maintained somewhere Digital content management systems Databases Software tools Administration Access
DC Record in OCLC Connexion
C/W MARS Digital Treasures Hosted Repository Using CONTENTdm
 
 
 
Content Standards AACR (Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules) “ The rules cover the description of, and the provision of access points for, all library materials commonly collected at the present time.” The current text is the 2nd ed, 2002 Revision (with 2003, 2004, and 2005 updates) The Joint Steering Committee for Revision of AACR (JSC) is working on a new code, “RDA: Resource Description and Access” scheduled for publication in 2009
RDA: Goals Flexible framework for describing all types of resources – analog and digital Simplify rules Create data that is readily adaptable to new and emerging database structures Encourage use beyond the library community Create data that is compatible with existing records in online library catalogs Generate records that contain data that is relevant and important to users
RDA: Why? Seen by many as time to take an opportunity to simplify the code and establish it as a content standard for resource description for libraries and beyond Intended to support the objectives of resource discovery and user tasks based on the FRBR model Provide more consistency, less redundancy within the rules Planned as Web-based product, but will also be available in print (somehow at some point)
International Scope Designed to be a multi-national content standard Developed for use in English language communities, but can be used in other language communities Independent of the format used to communicate information Compatible with other standards for resource description and retrieval
RDA and FRBR FRBR is part of the conceptual foundation for RDA RDA will include FRBR terminology RDA will use the FRBR user tasks as the basis for defining a set of mandatory data elements RDA will highlight relationships between Works, Expressions, Manifestations, and Items as well as among persons, corporate bodies, and families that play some role with respect to the resource being described
FRBR Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records A new view of the bibliographic universe Result of a study undertaken from 1992-1997 by a group of experts and consultants under IFLA A conceptual model that establishes entities in relationship within and among 3 basic categories Works, Persons, Subjects Goal is to present bibliographic information in ways that better meet the needs of the end user
FRBR – Improve Navigation Consolidate display of multiple versions Enable users to navigate result sets to their level of interest Deliver the most appropriate bibliographic records to users Enhance browsing and discovery by taking advantage of relationships between topics, subjects, authors, locations …
Group 1: Entities The FRBR model divides Group 1 (bibliographic entities) into four levels of representation - the building blocks of the FRBR model Work Expression Manifestation Item
Group 1: Entities Work A distinct intellectual or artistic creation, in the abstract Expression The intellectual or artistic realization of a work by an illustrator, translator, performer Manifestation The physical embodiment of an expression of a work - a published edition Item A single example of a manifestation (copy)
A Work “ A Work is an abstract entity; there is no single material object one can point to as the work. We recognize the Work through individual realizations, or Expressions of the Work, but the Work itself only exists in the commonality of content between and among the various Expressions of the work.” – FRBR Final Report , p. 16 Abstract concept What we mean when we say we’ve read Moby Dick, or Pride and Prejudice
An Expression “ The intellectual realization of a Work” in some form – FRBR Final Report , p. 18 Abstract concept Forms Revisions, updates, abridgements, enlargements, translations, annotations, critical editions, etc.
A Manifestation “ The physical embodiment of an Expression of a Work ” – FRBR Final Report , p. 20 Set of objects – still somewhat abstract Manuscripts, Books, Periodicals, Maps, Posters, Films, CD-ROMs, etc. Manifestations of a Work take different forms Example: E-text of Pride and Prejudice from Project Gutenberg versus the Oxford Illustrated edition Level at which we traditionally catalog library materials
An Item “ A single exemplar of a Manifestation ” – FRBR Final Report , p. 22 One specific concrete physical object Designates a copy, or the circulation level of a bibliographic entity Items may vary where the variations are a result of actions external to the intent of the producer of the Manifestation Houghton Library’s first edition of Gone with the Wind previously owned by Thomas Wolfe
FRBR Entity Levels Work: Expression: Manifestation: The Novel Orig. Text Transl. Critical Edition Paper PDF HTML The Movie Orig. Version
FRBR Entity Levels Work: Expression: Manifestation: Family of Works The Novel Orig. Text Transl. Critical Edition Paper PDF HTML The Movie Orig. Version
Relationships among the Bibliographic Entities FRBR specifies particular relationships between classes of Group 1 entities: a Work is realized through one or more Expressions each of which is embodied in one or more Manifestations each of which is exemplified by one or more Items
Top two levels: abstract intellectual/artistic content Lower two levels: physical recording of content
Specific Example
Group 2: Actor Entities Persons or corporate bodies “responsible for the intellectual or artistic content, the physical production and dissemination, or the custodianship of the entities in the first group” IFLA Final Report , p. 13
Group 2 Work Expression Manifestation Item Person Corporate Body is owned by is produced by is realized by is created by
Group 3: Subject Entities What a Work may be about Subjects including Groups 1 & 2 (Other Works, People, Corporate Bodies) Concepts Objects Events Places
Group 3 Work has as subject has as subject has as subject Expression Manifestation Item Person Corporate Body Work Concept Object Event Place
Advantages of FRBR Ability to group individual records for Works to facilitate navigation and selection Enable ILL holds at different levels depending on patron needs Work, Expression, Manifestation, Item Create catalog records once at the Work level, often including subject headings and classification, then use and expand on those records for Expressions/Manifestations
Advantages of FRBR Better logic and organization to catalog OPAC becomes simpler to navigate and understand Easier to see all available Expressions/ Manifestations of a single Work Easier to find desired resource when search results are grouped and related in meaningful ways Display bibliographic entities within the context of related, established entities Better understanding of relationships among related Works or Expressions
Traditional OPAC Display
 
 
OCLC WorldCat Analysis Sample of 996 records (Manifestations) Used computer algorithms to identify Works from within the group 78% have only a single Manifestation 99% of Works in WorldCat have 7 or fewer Manifestations 1% of the whole benefits the most from FRBRization
FRBR Research Links OCLC Research http://www.oclc.org/research/projects/frbr/default.htm Library of Congress FRBR display tool http://www.loc.gov/marc/marc-functional-analysis/frbr.html
Related Work: FRAD FRAD = Functional Requirements for Authority Data Provide a clearly defined, structured frame of reference for relating the data that are recorded in authority records to the needs of the users of those records Deals with entities related to authority data Expose the relationships between persons (or personas), names, and access points Assist in an assessment of the potential for international sharing and use of authority data both within the library sector and beyond Virtual International Authority File Current draft dated April 1, 2007
RDA: Quick Overview Designed for the digital environment Description and access of all digital ( and analog) resources Usable by libraries and other metadata communities
Working with RDA Product developed as a subscription-based, XML-driven, online web system Will include sample workflows, a core element set, customized views, links to rules, local notes, saved search profile s Take the cataloger through the various data elements to be included in the resource description Describe the purpose and scope of each element Where to look for that element How to record it Build cataloger’s judgement
RDA and MARC RDA establishes a clear line of separation between the recording of data and the presentation of data Content vs. display ISBD punctuation will be one option in an appendix AACR2 and MARC are separate standards RDA will remain a separate standard RDA assists with the creating the content of the bibliographic record MARC21 is one possible schema for encoding records created using RDA RDA will be able to be used with any metadata standard such as MODS or Dublin Core
RDA: Impact on Libraries and Systems The Joint Steering Committee is striving to minimize need for retrospective adjustments to pre-RDA records RDA instructions are designed to be independent of the format, medium, or system used to store or communicate the data ILS systems may implement RDA in different ways Intended to be adaptable to newly-emerging database structures RDA and FRBR would be better optimized in a relational database structure
RDA Timeline Joint Steering Committee http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/jsc/ Began as AACR3 in 2004 Renamed RDA in 2005 Reorganized in 2007 to follow FRBR Scheduled for publication in 2009 Scheduled for implementation by the national libraries in 2010, pending evaluation
RDA Timeline – LC Plans Oct. 2007 – CoP (Committee of Principals) issues statement on joint implementation of RDA Jan. 2008 – report of the LC Working Group on the Future of Bibliographic Control released http://www.loc.gov/bibliographic-future/ Recommends that LC “suspend work on RDA” until business case (return on investment) analyzed May 2008 -LC, NLM, and NAL issue joint statement announcing their intention to evaluate RDA jointly to assist with implementation decision June 2008 – LC’s official response to the LCWG report
RDA Timeline – Implementation November 2008?? – first full draft of content to be released in online product for comment Mid-January 2009 – comment period closes Early March 2009 – JSC and CoP meet in Chicago. JSC finalizes review of comments received Third quarter calendar 2009 – RDA is released Last quarter calendar 2009–early 2010 – CoP national libraries evaluate RDA prior to implementation
RDA: Evaluation LC, NLM, NAL plus 10-20 others Selected libraries (PCC libraries, including small libraries in NACO funnel projects) Library school Archives Non-MARC users OCLC, Ex Libris, and other vendors Criteria for evaluation under development Usability, Technical, Financial criteria
RDA: Evaluation Usability of RDA data and the online product Ease of use for catalogers and users Capability of library systems to accommodate RDA records Applicability to a broad range of material Technical considerations Co-existence of RDA and AACR records Functionality of RDA online product System developments required prior to implementation Financial considerations Training, documentation Time/cost of creating RDA records compared with AACR Record conversion costs
Other Content Standards International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD) A family of standards to regularize the form and content of bibliographic descriptions Available for different material types: monographs, computer files, etc. Designed to promote record sharing and exchange
Other Content Standards Book Industry Standards And Communications (BISAC) Metadata Committee developed a Best Practices document Intended as a response to the question, “I’ve downloaded the ONIX documentation. Now what?” Its overriding purpose is to detail what data should be supplied and how it should be supplied
Other Content Standards Describing Archives: A Content Standard (DACS) Designed to facilitate consistent, appropriate, and self-explanatory description of archival materials and creators of archival materials Replaces Archives, Personal Papers, and Manuscripts (APPM)
Other Content Standards Cataloging Cultural Objects (CCO) A guide to describing cultural works and their images Provides guidelines for selecting, ordering, and formatting data used to populate catalog records Designed to promote good descriptive cataloging, shared documentation, and enhanced end-user access A project of the Visual Resources Association
Documentation: Guidelines and Best Practices CDP Dublin Core Metadata Best Practices Developed by the Collaborative Digitization Program Guidelines for creating metadata records for digitized cultural heritage resources Element set based on Dublin Core
 
Input Guidelines for Contributor Element
Access METS Z39.50 OAI Next generation catalogs
METS Metadata Encoding & Transmission Standard A system for packaging metadata necessary for both the management of digital library objects within a repository and the exchange of such objects between repositories, or between repositories and their users Used for: Digital collection repositories Developed by the Digital Library Federation (DLF) and Library of Congress (LC)
METS METS can be understood as a binder that unites metadata about a particular resource A METS record includes six parts: Header Descriptive metadata Administrative metadata File groups Structural map Behavior section
 
METS Schema
Z39.50 Z39.50 is a search and retrieval protocol, maintained by LC, capable of operating over TCP/IP Negotiates queries with multiple, separate databases LC is also pursuing work on SRU, a standard search protocol for Internet search queries and CQL, a standard query syntax for representing queries, both based on Z39.50 semantics
Open Archives Initiative (OAI) A tool that supports interoperability among multiple databases OAI goal: coarse-granularity resource discovery Supports cross-database searching Aggregates metadata from multiple community-specific repositories Data providers expose (make available) the metadata for their collections Service providers harvest the exposed metadata from data providers and aggregate it
OAI OAI Protocol for Metadata Harvesting Metadata content must be encoded in XML and have a corresponding XML schema for validation Metadata must be supplied in unqualified Dublin Core format, at least Other metadata formats are optional, but recommended Metadata may optionally include a link to the actual content / resource
OAI Infrastructure repository repository repository repository Harvester Service Provider DC DC DC DC DC
OAI Infrastructure user Harvested Repository search Original repository
 
 
 
Book Details from U. of Chicago
Boston College
VuFind – Integrating Data Sources
OCLC’s WorldCat.org
OCLC’s WorldCat Local
OCLC’s Fiction Finder
OCLC’s Fiction Finder
Other OCLC Products WorldCat Cataloging Partners Connexion PromptCat Bibliographic Notification Acquisitions List
Social Data Libraries have some very useful data When made available in standardized formats the data can be used in new ways Wall of Books iGoogle widget Embrace data from users Seek outside sources of information to bring in that might enhance the user experience
Wall of Books created by AADL Patron
iGoogle with Top 10 Books at the Library
xISBN A Web Service that takes as input one ISBN and returns a list of other ISBNs of associated intellectual works – other expressions and manifestations Search results on one specific ISBN can be misleading Results intended for use by computer systems to generate new, more complete searches such as in an OPAC
xISBN Web Service Result
Library Lookup
Library Look Up
Book Burro
From Amazon.com to the BPL
Metadata’s Ideal Profile Metadata Characteristics Standards-based Consistent Descriptive Sharable Contextual Modular Adjustable Portable
Questions? Amy Benson Librarian/Archivist for Digital Initiatives Schlesinger Library Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study Harvard University [email_address]

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Metadata Workshop - Utrecht - November 5, 2008

  • 1.
    AMY BENSON 5november 2008 What’s New with AACR2? And the Rest of the Bibliographic Universe, too.
  • 2.
    Overview Terms anddefinitions What do all the acronyms mean? Categories of metadata schemes and tools How do they relate to each other? Uses and functions What do you do with them? It’s all about me Which ones will affect my work?
  • 3.
    Metadata Standards Metadataformat standards XML Metadata element sets MARC, MODS, ONIX, DC, EAD, TEI, CDGM Metadata content and value standards AACR, RDA, DACS, CCO FRBR Access METS, Z39.50, OAI, Next generation catalogs
  • 4.
    Metadata - Whatis it? Data about data Information about any aspect of a resource - size, location, topic, origin, use, audience, creator, quality, access rights, reviews… the list is endless An aid to the discovery, identification, assessment, and management of described entities Captured or created
  • 5.
    Types of MetadataDescriptive/Discovery What is it? How can I find it? How can I get to it? Structural What files comprise it? Which file is page one? Administrative What do I need to know to manage it? Can I use it? How was it created? What needs to be preserved?
  • 6.
    Metadata - Who needs it? Impact of metadata on collection access Improves service to users Provides the means for resource discovery, grouping, filtering, matching user needs Drives functionality/capabilities Keyword searching works only for resources that are text-based - excludes photographs, data sets, objects, maps, audio, video… Google Image Labeler Metadata decisions should reflect project goals
  • 7.
    Interoperability Interoperabilityallows different computer systems, networks, and software to work together Usually achieved by following standards Allows different systems to make use of same data Generally, an increase in specialization results in a decrease in interoperability Important feature of metadata in today’s world
  • 8.
    Interoperability Can increaseawareness and use of collections Reduces geographic and domain-specific isolation of collections Likely to assist / promote the longevity of data and collections One-stop access to the universe of online resources
  • 9.
    eXtensible Markup Language(XML) Developed by WWW Consortium (W3C) Open, international standard A structure for storing and tagging information, without prescribing how the information is displayed or used Platform independent A way to use the same data for many different purposes Facilitates the sharing of data across institutions and projects
  • 10.
    XML - BackgroundMarkup languages Label/tag information Structure documents TOC, Chapters, Index, etc. Help computers “understand” the data Use tags, similar to HTML <title>Gone with the wind</title> XML allows for coding of hierarchical relationships – often necessary for complex documents, 3-D objects, archives, etc. XML is extensible – an important feature that allows tags to be created by users or a community of users XML defines the syntax, but not the data elements that make up an XML document
  • 11.
    XML - ElementsExample list (book+) book (title, author+, date+, year, comment, code) title <value> author (aulast, aufirst) aulast <value> aufirst <value> date (day, month) day <value> month <value> year <value> comment <value> code <value>
  • 12.
    XML Record Example<book> <title>Weaving the Web</title> <author> <aulast>Berners-Lee,</aulast> <aufirst>Tim</aufirst> </author> <date> <day>6</day> <month>January</month> </date> <year>2002</year> <comment>Interesting topic, but not too well written.</comment> <code>nonfiction</code> </book>
  • 13.
    XML – DTDsand Schemas Tags, definitions, and requirements are set and adhered to by a community of users MARC XML, RecipeML, EAD Two methods of defining specific XML implementations DTDs (Document Type Definition) Schemas Lay out the logical structure of the data Establish rules about which elements a document may have, which are required, which can repeat, etc. Establish a root element, parent and child elements, and where data can be placed within hierarchy
  • 14.
  • 15.
    XML – Waysto use XML XML-encoded data is able to be re-purposed: re-used in multiple contexts Due to its ability to be easily parsed, software can transform it in countless ways, thereby allowing: Easy migration paths Alternative displays On-the-fly response to user needs Transform XML for display via style sheets (XSL) and transformations (XSLT)
  • 16.
  • 17.
    XSL - XSLTXML prescribes the structure of a document, or record but not content or display eXtensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) is used to display the XML in user-friendly ways Different stylesheets render the data in different ways Similar to Cascading stylesheets used with X/HTML XML Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT) is a markup language and programming syntax for processing XML Is most often used to: Transform XML to HTML for delivery to standard web clients Transform XML from one set of XML tags to another
  • 18.
  • 19.
    XML File Transformationvia XSL and XSLT
  • 20.
    MARC MAchine-Readable Cataloging(MARC) Standard used to exchange, use, and interpret bibliographic information in libraries Long, established, successful history Large quantity of MARC data exists Weak on rights information, etc. Low extensibility Highly interoperable within the library community, but not beyond
  • 21.
    MARC Basic taggroups 0XX Control information, numbers, codes Example: 020 for ISBN 1XX Main entry Example: 100 for personal name 2XX Titles, edition, imprint (in general, the title, statement of responsibility, edition, and publication information ) Example: 245 for title 3XX Physical description, etc. Example: 300 for extent 4XX Series statements (as shown in the book) Example: 490 for untraced series, or traced differently
  • 22.
    MARC Basic taggroups 5XX Notes Example: 520 for summary note 6XX Subject added entries Example: 650 for topical subject heading 7XX Added entries other than subject or series Example: 700 for added entry, personal name 8XX Series added entries (other authoritative forms) Example: 830 for series added entries in title form 9XX Locally-defined uses Example: 949 for barcode numbers
  • 23.
  • 24.
    MARC XML Futureof MARC Can it survive? MARC XML developed by the Library of Congress (LC) Allows representation of a complete MARC record in XML LC has developed a schema, stylesheets, tools, and crosswalks Will support new transformations for new uses of MARC data and into other standards such as MODS, EAD, ONIX, DC
  • 25.
  • 26.
    Metadata Object DescriptionSchema (MODS) Set of 20 bibliographic elements - a subset of the MARC 21 Format for Bibliographic Data XML-based standard Alternative to MARC Can be used for conversion of existing MARC records or to create new resource description records Useful for library applications that want to go beyond the OPAC
  • 27.
    MODS Elements TitleInfoName TypeOfResource Genre PublicationInfo Language PhysicalDescription Abstract TableOfContents TargetAudience Note Cartographics Subject Classification RelatedItem Identifier Location AccessCondition Extension RecordInfo
  • 28.
    MODS Elements Elementscan have sub-elements and attributes which provide refining detail for the element Elements and sub-elements are repeatable, except in certain cases Elements display in any order More on MODS http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/
  • 29.
  • 30.
    MODS Editor atBrown University
  • 31.
  • 32.
    ONline Information eXchange(ONIX) ONIX is the international standard for representing and communicating book industry product information in electronic form Developed and maintained by EDItEUR and other international groups XML-based Focused on e-commerce of books Synchronize the widely varying formats of major book wholesalers and retailers – interoperability The need for richer book data online to improve sales May appear in future library applications
  • 33.
  • 34.
    Other Metadata StandardsEncoded Archival Description (EAD) Electronic Finding Aids Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) Electronic texts Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CDGM) Primary standard for geospatial metadata Visual Resources Association (VRA) Core Visual culture and images that document them
  • 35.
    Crosswalks Crosswalks mapan element from one scheme to its closest equivalent in another scheme Convert data from one format to another - one that is potentially more widely accessible Support cross-domain searching and interoperability of data
  • 36.
    Dublin Core (DC)A method of describing resources intended to facilitate the discovery of electronic resources Designed to allow simple description of resources by non-catalogers as well as specialists National and International standard ANSI/NISO standard Z39.85-2001 ISO standard 15836 Includes 15 “core” elements
  • 37.
    Dublin Core ElementsTitle Creator Subject Description Publisher Contributor Date Type Format Identifier Source Language Relation Coverage Rights
  • 38.
    Dublin Core Allelements optional and repeatable Authority control not required Simple and Qualified DC Simple Less Rich Lowest common denominator Qualified More precise Less interoperable Extensible and flexible “ Container” agnostic
  • 39.
    Dublin Core ExamplesGeneric Title=“The sound of music” HTML <meta name = &quot;DC.Title&quot; content = “The sound of music”> XML <?xml version=&quot;1.0&quot;?> <metadata xmlns:dc=&quot;http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/&quot;> <dc:title> The Sound of Music</dc:title> </metadata>
  • 40.
    Systems for MetadataMetadata has to be stored and maintained somewhere Digital content management systems Databases Software tools Administration Access
  • 41.
    DC Record inOCLC Connexion
  • 42.
    C/W MARS DigitalTreasures Hosted Repository Using CONTENTdm
  • 43.
  • 44.
  • 45.
  • 46.
    Content Standards AACR(Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules) “ The rules cover the description of, and the provision of access points for, all library materials commonly collected at the present time.” The current text is the 2nd ed, 2002 Revision (with 2003, 2004, and 2005 updates) The Joint Steering Committee for Revision of AACR (JSC) is working on a new code, “RDA: Resource Description and Access” scheduled for publication in 2009
  • 47.
    RDA: Goals Flexibleframework for describing all types of resources – analog and digital Simplify rules Create data that is readily adaptable to new and emerging database structures Encourage use beyond the library community Create data that is compatible with existing records in online library catalogs Generate records that contain data that is relevant and important to users
  • 48.
    RDA: Why? Seenby many as time to take an opportunity to simplify the code and establish it as a content standard for resource description for libraries and beyond Intended to support the objectives of resource discovery and user tasks based on the FRBR model Provide more consistency, less redundancy within the rules Planned as Web-based product, but will also be available in print (somehow at some point)
  • 49.
    International Scope Designedto be a multi-national content standard Developed for use in English language communities, but can be used in other language communities Independent of the format used to communicate information Compatible with other standards for resource description and retrieval
  • 50.
    RDA and FRBRFRBR is part of the conceptual foundation for RDA RDA will include FRBR terminology RDA will use the FRBR user tasks as the basis for defining a set of mandatory data elements RDA will highlight relationships between Works, Expressions, Manifestations, and Items as well as among persons, corporate bodies, and families that play some role with respect to the resource being described
  • 51.
    FRBR Functional Requirementsfor Bibliographic Records A new view of the bibliographic universe Result of a study undertaken from 1992-1997 by a group of experts and consultants under IFLA A conceptual model that establishes entities in relationship within and among 3 basic categories Works, Persons, Subjects Goal is to present bibliographic information in ways that better meet the needs of the end user
  • 52.
    FRBR – ImproveNavigation Consolidate display of multiple versions Enable users to navigate result sets to their level of interest Deliver the most appropriate bibliographic records to users Enhance browsing and discovery by taking advantage of relationships between topics, subjects, authors, locations …
  • 53.
    Group 1: EntitiesThe FRBR model divides Group 1 (bibliographic entities) into four levels of representation - the building blocks of the FRBR model Work Expression Manifestation Item
  • 54.
    Group 1: EntitiesWork A distinct intellectual or artistic creation, in the abstract Expression The intellectual or artistic realization of a work by an illustrator, translator, performer Manifestation The physical embodiment of an expression of a work - a published edition Item A single example of a manifestation (copy)
  • 55.
    A Work “A Work is an abstract entity; there is no single material object one can point to as the work. We recognize the Work through individual realizations, or Expressions of the Work, but the Work itself only exists in the commonality of content between and among the various Expressions of the work.” – FRBR Final Report , p. 16 Abstract concept What we mean when we say we’ve read Moby Dick, or Pride and Prejudice
  • 56.
    An Expression “The intellectual realization of a Work” in some form – FRBR Final Report , p. 18 Abstract concept Forms Revisions, updates, abridgements, enlargements, translations, annotations, critical editions, etc.
  • 57.
    A Manifestation “The physical embodiment of an Expression of a Work ” – FRBR Final Report , p. 20 Set of objects – still somewhat abstract Manuscripts, Books, Periodicals, Maps, Posters, Films, CD-ROMs, etc. Manifestations of a Work take different forms Example: E-text of Pride and Prejudice from Project Gutenberg versus the Oxford Illustrated edition Level at which we traditionally catalog library materials
  • 58.
    An Item “A single exemplar of a Manifestation ” – FRBR Final Report , p. 22 One specific concrete physical object Designates a copy, or the circulation level of a bibliographic entity Items may vary where the variations are a result of actions external to the intent of the producer of the Manifestation Houghton Library’s first edition of Gone with the Wind previously owned by Thomas Wolfe
  • 59.
    FRBR Entity LevelsWork: Expression: Manifestation: The Novel Orig. Text Transl. Critical Edition Paper PDF HTML The Movie Orig. Version
  • 60.
    FRBR Entity LevelsWork: Expression: Manifestation: Family of Works The Novel Orig. Text Transl. Critical Edition Paper PDF HTML The Movie Orig. Version
  • 61.
    Relationships among theBibliographic Entities FRBR specifies particular relationships between classes of Group 1 entities: a Work is realized through one or more Expressions each of which is embodied in one or more Manifestations each of which is exemplified by one or more Items
  • 62.
    Top two levels:abstract intellectual/artistic content Lower two levels: physical recording of content
  • 63.
  • 64.
    Group 2: ActorEntities Persons or corporate bodies “responsible for the intellectual or artistic content, the physical production and dissemination, or the custodianship of the entities in the first group” IFLA Final Report , p. 13
  • 65.
    Group 2 Work Expression Manifestation Item Person Corporate Body is owned by is produced by is realized by is created by
  • 66.
    Group 3: SubjectEntities What a Work may be about Subjects including Groups 1 & 2 (Other Works, People, Corporate Bodies) Concepts Objects Events Places
  • 67.
    Group 3 Workhas as subject has as subject has as subject Expression Manifestation Item Person Corporate Body Work Concept Object Event Place
  • 68.
    Advantages of FRBRAbility to group individual records for Works to facilitate navigation and selection Enable ILL holds at different levels depending on patron needs Work, Expression, Manifestation, Item Create catalog records once at the Work level, often including subject headings and classification, then use and expand on those records for Expressions/Manifestations
  • 69.
    Advantages of FRBRBetter logic and organization to catalog OPAC becomes simpler to navigate and understand Easier to see all available Expressions/ Manifestations of a single Work Easier to find desired resource when search results are grouped and related in meaningful ways Display bibliographic entities within the context of related, established entities Better understanding of relationships among related Works or Expressions
  • 70.
  • 71.
  • 72.
  • 73.
    OCLC WorldCat AnalysisSample of 996 records (Manifestations) Used computer algorithms to identify Works from within the group 78% have only a single Manifestation 99% of Works in WorldCat have 7 or fewer Manifestations 1% of the whole benefits the most from FRBRization
  • 74.
    FRBR Research LinksOCLC Research http://www.oclc.org/research/projects/frbr/default.htm Library of Congress FRBR display tool http://www.loc.gov/marc/marc-functional-analysis/frbr.html
  • 75.
    Related Work: FRADFRAD = Functional Requirements for Authority Data Provide a clearly defined, structured frame of reference for relating the data that are recorded in authority records to the needs of the users of those records Deals with entities related to authority data Expose the relationships between persons (or personas), names, and access points Assist in an assessment of the potential for international sharing and use of authority data both within the library sector and beyond Virtual International Authority File Current draft dated April 1, 2007
  • 76.
    RDA: Quick OverviewDesigned for the digital environment Description and access of all digital ( and analog) resources Usable by libraries and other metadata communities
  • 77.
    Working with RDAProduct developed as a subscription-based, XML-driven, online web system Will include sample workflows, a core element set, customized views, links to rules, local notes, saved search profile s Take the cataloger through the various data elements to be included in the resource description Describe the purpose and scope of each element Where to look for that element How to record it Build cataloger’s judgement
  • 78.
    RDA and MARCRDA establishes a clear line of separation between the recording of data and the presentation of data Content vs. display ISBD punctuation will be one option in an appendix AACR2 and MARC are separate standards RDA will remain a separate standard RDA assists with the creating the content of the bibliographic record MARC21 is one possible schema for encoding records created using RDA RDA will be able to be used with any metadata standard such as MODS or Dublin Core
  • 79.
    RDA: Impact onLibraries and Systems The Joint Steering Committee is striving to minimize need for retrospective adjustments to pre-RDA records RDA instructions are designed to be independent of the format, medium, or system used to store or communicate the data ILS systems may implement RDA in different ways Intended to be adaptable to newly-emerging database structures RDA and FRBR would be better optimized in a relational database structure
  • 80.
    RDA Timeline JointSteering Committee http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/jsc/ Began as AACR3 in 2004 Renamed RDA in 2005 Reorganized in 2007 to follow FRBR Scheduled for publication in 2009 Scheduled for implementation by the national libraries in 2010, pending evaluation
  • 81.
    RDA Timeline –LC Plans Oct. 2007 – CoP (Committee of Principals) issues statement on joint implementation of RDA Jan. 2008 – report of the LC Working Group on the Future of Bibliographic Control released http://www.loc.gov/bibliographic-future/ Recommends that LC “suspend work on RDA” until business case (return on investment) analyzed May 2008 -LC, NLM, and NAL issue joint statement announcing their intention to evaluate RDA jointly to assist with implementation decision June 2008 – LC’s official response to the LCWG report
  • 82.
    RDA Timeline –Implementation November 2008?? – first full draft of content to be released in online product for comment Mid-January 2009 – comment period closes Early March 2009 – JSC and CoP meet in Chicago. JSC finalizes review of comments received Third quarter calendar 2009 – RDA is released Last quarter calendar 2009–early 2010 – CoP national libraries evaluate RDA prior to implementation
  • 83.
    RDA: Evaluation LC,NLM, NAL plus 10-20 others Selected libraries (PCC libraries, including small libraries in NACO funnel projects) Library school Archives Non-MARC users OCLC, Ex Libris, and other vendors Criteria for evaluation under development Usability, Technical, Financial criteria
  • 84.
    RDA: Evaluation Usability of RDA data and the online product Ease of use for catalogers and users Capability of library systems to accommodate RDA records Applicability to a broad range of material Technical considerations Co-existence of RDA and AACR records Functionality of RDA online product System developments required prior to implementation Financial considerations Training, documentation Time/cost of creating RDA records compared with AACR Record conversion costs
  • 85.
    Other Content StandardsInternational Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD) A family of standards to regularize the form and content of bibliographic descriptions Available for different material types: monographs, computer files, etc. Designed to promote record sharing and exchange
  • 86.
    Other Content StandardsBook Industry Standards And Communications (BISAC) Metadata Committee developed a Best Practices document Intended as a response to the question, “I’ve downloaded the ONIX documentation. Now what?” Its overriding purpose is to detail what data should be supplied and how it should be supplied
  • 87.
    Other Content StandardsDescribing Archives: A Content Standard (DACS) Designed to facilitate consistent, appropriate, and self-explanatory description of archival materials and creators of archival materials Replaces Archives, Personal Papers, and Manuscripts (APPM)
  • 88.
    Other Content StandardsCataloging Cultural Objects (CCO) A guide to describing cultural works and their images Provides guidelines for selecting, ordering, and formatting data used to populate catalog records Designed to promote good descriptive cataloging, shared documentation, and enhanced end-user access A project of the Visual Resources Association
  • 89.
    Documentation: Guidelines andBest Practices CDP Dublin Core Metadata Best Practices Developed by the Collaborative Digitization Program Guidelines for creating metadata records for digitized cultural heritage resources Element set based on Dublin Core
  • 90.
  • 91.
    Input Guidelines forContributor Element
  • 92.
    Access METS Z39.50OAI Next generation catalogs
  • 93.
    METS Metadata Encoding& Transmission Standard A system for packaging metadata necessary for both the management of digital library objects within a repository and the exchange of such objects between repositories, or between repositories and their users Used for: Digital collection repositories Developed by the Digital Library Federation (DLF) and Library of Congress (LC)
  • 94.
    METS METS canbe understood as a binder that unites metadata about a particular resource A METS record includes six parts: Header Descriptive metadata Administrative metadata File groups Structural map Behavior section
  • 95.
  • 96.
  • 97.
    Z39.50 Z39.50 isa search and retrieval protocol, maintained by LC, capable of operating over TCP/IP Negotiates queries with multiple, separate databases LC is also pursuing work on SRU, a standard search protocol for Internet search queries and CQL, a standard query syntax for representing queries, both based on Z39.50 semantics
  • 98.
    Open Archives Initiative(OAI) A tool that supports interoperability among multiple databases OAI goal: coarse-granularity resource discovery Supports cross-database searching Aggregates metadata from multiple community-specific repositories Data providers expose (make available) the metadata for their collections Service providers harvest the exposed metadata from data providers and aggregate it
  • 99.
    OAI OAI Protocolfor Metadata Harvesting Metadata content must be encoded in XML and have a corresponding XML schema for validation Metadata must be supplied in unqualified Dublin Core format, at least Other metadata formats are optional, but recommended Metadata may optionally include a link to the actual content / resource
  • 100.
    OAI Infrastructure repositoryrepository repository repository Harvester Service Provider DC DC DC DC DC
  • 101.
    OAI Infrastructure userHarvested Repository search Original repository
  • 102.
  • 103.
  • 104.
  • 105.
    Book Details fromU. of Chicago
  • 106.
  • 107.
  • 108.
  • 109.
  • 110.
  • 111.
  • 112.
    Other OCLC ProductsWorldCat Cataloging Partners Connexion PromptCat Bibliographic Notification Acquisitions List
  • 113.
    Social Data Librarieshave some very useful data When made available in standardized formats the data can be used in new ways Wall of Books iGoogle widget Embrace data from users Seek outside sources of information to bring in that might enhance the user experience
  • 114.
    Wall of Bookscreated by AADL Patron
  • 115.
    iGoogle with Top10 Books at the Library
  • 116.
    xISBN A WebService that takes as input one ISBN and returns a list of other ISBNs of associated intellectual works – other expressions and manifestations Search results on one specific ISBN can be misleading Results intended for use by computer systems to generate new, more complete searches such as in an OPAC
  • 117.
  • 118.
  • 119.
  • 120.
  • 121.
  • 122.
    Metadata’s Ideal ProfileMetadata Characteristics Standards-based Consistent Descriptive Sharable Contextual Modular Adjustable Portable
  • 123.
    Questions? Amy BensonLibrarian/Archivist for Digital Initiatives Schlesinger Library Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study Harvard University [email_address]

Editor's Notes

  • #2 Introduce selves and interest in topic Please, please, please ask questions. No question too basic (although some might be too complex for me, but I’ll do my best). I don’t want to see on the evaluation form at the end of the day, pretty good, but it didn’t answer my question.