Micro-Scholarship, What it is, How can it help me.pdf
06.communication
1.
2. "Communication is the transfer of information from one person to
another person. It is a way of reaching others by transmitting
ideas, facts,thoughts, feeling sand values.“
- Newstrom and Davis.
_________________________________________________________
Communication is the process by which two or more persons come
together to exchange ideas and understanding amongst themselves.’
Koontz and O’Donnell
3. INDIVIDUALS
To share knowledge
and information
To present ideas
To influence others
To build relationships
To express emotions
GROUPS
To achieve common goals
To ensure effective
completion of a task
To reach a common
understanding
To share common values/
systems
To build relationships
4. • Organizational Goals
• Share Information
• Task Directives
• Result of Efforts
• Decision Making
• Achieve
• Coordinated
• Action
6. Downward communication
Upward communication
Managing director
Finance
Manager
Production
Manager
Account
s officer
Factory
Manage
r
Internal
auditor
Store
Manage
r
Accountant
foreman
Accountant
Clerks
Store
Keeper
foreman
Worker Worker
Accountant
Clerks
Diagonal
communication
Downward
communicatio
n
Upward
communicatio
Horizontal communication
7. Modes of Communication
Types Examples Usefulness
Written Letters, Memos,
Reports, etc.
It is relatively permanent
and accessible.
Oral Conversations,
Interviews, Phone calls,
Speeches, etc.
It is the easiest when one
needs to communicate
urgently.
Kinesics Facial expressions,
Gestures, Actions,
Tone, Posture, etc.
Body unconsciously does
90% of communication.
8. Communication takes place through the formal channels
of the organization structure along the lines of authority
established by the management.
Such communications are generally in writing and may
take any of the forms; policy; manuals: Procedures and
rule books; memoranda; official meetings; reports, etc.
Advantages & Disadvantages of Formal
Communication:
The advantages of formal communication are:
They help in the fixation of responsibility and
Maintaining of the authority relationship in an
organization.
The disadvantages of formal communication are:
Generally time consuming, cumbersome
Leads to a good deal of distortion at times.
9. Communication arising out of al those channels of
communication that fall outside the formal channels is
known as informal communication.
Built around the social relationships of members of the
organization.
Informal communication does not flow lines of authority
as is the case of formal communication.
It arises due to the personal needs of the members of n
organization.
At times, in informal communication, it is difficult to fix
responsibility about accuracy of information. Such
communication is usually oral and may be covered even
by simple glance, gesture or smile or silence.
10. Formal communication channels flow in
four directions::
Downward communication
Upward communication
Horizontal communication
Diagonal communication
11. Downward Communication : Downward
Communication Downward communication
involves, flow of communication from higher level
to the lower levels.
Upward Communication: Upward Communication
Upward Communication flows from lower levels to
the higher levels of the organization.
Horizontal Communication : Horizontal
Communication Horizontal Communication is
information exchange between departments as
means of coordinating their activities. It occurs
across the same level.
12. Who to communicate
What to communicate
When to communicate
Whom to communicate
Media for communication
15. Psychological
Barriers
• Premature
evaluation
• Lack of attention
• Loss by
transmission and
poor retention
• Distrust
Semantic Barriers
• Badly Expressed
Message
• Symbols with
different
meanings
• Faulty translation
• Unclarified
assumption
• Technical Jargon
• Body Language
and gestures
decoding
Personal Barrier
• Fear of challenge
to authority
• Lack of
confidence by
superior in his
subordinate
• Unwilling to
communicate
• Lack of proper
incentive
Organizational
Barrier
• Organizational
Policy
• Rules and
regulation
• Status
• Complexity in
organization
structure
• Organizational
facilities
