Research design and research approach are often used interchangeably but have distinct meanings. Research design provides the overall plan for conducting a research study, including key elements like the research approach, variables, sampling, data collection methods, and analysis. The research approach, such as qualitative or quantitative, is an important component that governs the research design. An effective research design considers factors like the nature of the research problem, resources, participants, ethics, and controls extraneous variables. It allows the researcher to systematically answer research questions or test hypotheses.
WHAT IS RESEARCH DESIGN ? EXPLAIN IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH DESIGN Sachin Somanna M P
Research design is defined as the master plan for how to conduct research, including the methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing information. It is important as it reduces inaccuracy, maximizes efficiency and reliability, eliminates bias and errors, minimizes wasted time, guides resource requirements and collection of materials, and guides the research in the right direction.
The document discusses various research designs and their key elements. It defines research design and lists its main components as the research approach, study population and sampling, data collection and analysis methods. The types of research designs covered include quantitative designs like experimental, quasi-experimental and non-experimental designs as well as qualitative designs such as phenomenological, ethnographic, grounded theory, case studies and historical research. Specific designs discussed in more detail include descriptive, correlational, developmental, epidemiological and survey designs. Factors influencing research design selection and ensuring validity are also outlined.
1. The document discusses identifying and formulating a research problem, which is the first step of the research process. It involves selecting a broad topic and narrowing it down to a specific statement.
2. Several factors are considered when identifying a research problem, including significance to the field of study, originality, feasibility, whether it is solvable, current, and interesting to the researcher. Problems can come from personal or practical experiences, literature, theories, and through consultation with experts.
3. The process of identifying a research problem involves selecting a broad research area, reviewing literature and theories, delimiting the topic, and evaluating the problem by establishing significance, researchability and feasibility before formulating a clear final statement
Research design and types of research design final pptPrahlada G
This document discusses research design. It defines research design as the conceptual framework for a research study that includes plans for data collection, measurement, and analysis. The main components of a research design are outlined, including the problem statement, literature review, objectives, methodology, and data analysis plan. Four common types of research designs are explored in more detail: exploratory, descriptive, experimental, and quasi-experimental. Key principles of experimental design like replication, randomization, and local control are also summarized.
This document discusses different types of research designs, including quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods designs. It provides details on the following key points:
- Quantitative designs use numeric data and statistical analysis to objectively study variables and answer narrow questions. Experimental and survey designs are discussed.
- Qualitative designs rely on text data from open-ended questions and themes to subjectively understand participant perspectives. Narrative research, phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, and case study designs are outlined.
- Mixed methods designs combine quantitative and qualitative data and are used when one approach cannot fully answer the research questions. Sequential explanatory, sequential exploratory, concurrent triangulation, and concurrent nested designs are described.
The document discusses hypotheses in research. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. Hypotheses help translate research problems into clear predictions and guide investigation. They provide objectivity, direction for data collection, and goals for researchers. Well-stated hypotheses are testable, consistent with existing knowledge, and help establish a link between theory and empirical research. Different types of hypotheses, such as simple, complex, associative, causal, directional, and null hypotheses are described. Sources for developing hypotheses include theoretical frameworks, previous research findings, literature, and experiences.
The document discusses different aspects of research design including what research design is, its key components, and types of research design. It defines research design as the arrangement of conditions for collecting and analyzing data to combine relevance to the research purpose with efficient procedures. The main components of research design discussed are sampling design, observational design, statistical design, and operational design. It also outlines features of a good research design and key concepts like dependent and independent variables, extraneous variables, control, and research hypotheses. Finally, it discusses research design for exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing research studies.
This document discusses research, including its meaning, objectives, characteristics, significance, and approaches. It defines research as a systematic, organized process of asking questions and gathering evidence to answer them. The objectives of research are to gain new insights and knowledge, accurately portray characteristics of individuals or groups, and test hypotheses. Characteristics include reliability, validity, accuracy, credibility, and generalizability. Research is significant as it encourages scientific thinking, aids in economic and business decision-making, and helps solve social problems. Different approaches to research include quantitative, inferential, experimental, simulation, and qualitative methods. Research methods refer to specific techniques for gathering data while research methodology explains the overall process.
WHAT IS RESEARCH DESIGN ? EXPLAIN IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH DESIGN Sachin Somanna M P
Research design is defined as the master plan for how to conduct research, including the methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing information. It is important as it reduces inaccuracy, maximizes efficiency and reliability, eliminates bias and errors, minimizes wasted time, guides resource requirements and collection of materials, and guides the research in the right direction.
The document discusses various research designs and their key elements. It defines research design and lists its main components as the research approach, study population and sampling, data collection and analysis methods. The types of research designs covered include quantitative designs like experimental, quasi-experimental and non-experimental designs as well as qualitative designs such as phenomenological, ethnographic, grounded theory, case studies and historical research. Specific designs discussed in more detail include descriptive, correlational, developmental, epidemiological and survey designs. Factors influencing research design selection and ensuring validity are also outlined.
1. The document discusses identifying and formulating a research problem, which is the first step of the research process. It involves selecting a broad topic and narrowing it down to a specific statement.
2. Several factors are considered when identifying a research problem, including significance to the field of study, originality, feasibility, whether it is solvable, current, and interesting to the researcher. Problems can come from personal or practical experiences, literature, theories, and through consultation with experts.
3. The process of identifying a research problem involves selecting a broad research area, reviewing literature and theories, delimiting the topic, and evaluating the problem by establishing significance, researchability and feasibility before formulating a clear final statement
Research design and types of research design final pptPrahlada G
This document discusses research design. It defines research design as the conceptual framework for a research study that includes plans for data collection, measurement, and analysis. The main components of a research design are outlined, including the problem statement, literature review, objectives, methodology, and data analysis plan. Four common types of research designs are explored in more detail: exploratory, descriptive, experimental, and quasi-experimental. Key principles of experimental design like replication, randomization, and local control are also summarized.
This document discusses different types of research designs, including quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods designs. It provides details on the following key points:
- Quantitative designs use numeric data and statistical analysis to objectively study variables and answer narrow questions. Experimental and survey designs are discussed.
- Qualitative designs rely on text data from open-ended questions and themes to subjectively understand participant perspectives. Narrative research, phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, and case study designs are outlined.
- Mixed methods designs combine quantitative and qualitative data and are used when one approach cannot fully answer the research questions. Sequential explanatory, sequential exploratory, concurrent triangulation, and concurrent nested designs are described.
The document discusses hypotheses in research. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. Hypotheses help translate research problems into clear predictions and guide investigation. They provide objectivity, direction for data collection, and goals for researchers. Well-stated hypotheses are testable, consistent with existing knowledge, and help establish a link between theory and empirical research. Different types of hypotheses, such as simple, complex, associative, causal, directional, and null hypotheses are described. Sources for developing hypotheses include theoretical frameworks, previous research findings, literature, and experiences.
The document discusses different aspects of research design including what research design is, its key components, and types of research design. It defines research design as the arrangement of conditions for collecting and analyzing data to combine relevance to the research purpose with efficient procedures. The main components of research design discussed are sampling design, observational design, statistical design, and operational design. It also outlines features of a good research design and key concepts like dependent and independent variables, extraneous variables, control, and research hypotheses. Finally, it discusses research design for exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing research studies.
This document discusses research, including its meaning, objectives, characteristics, significance, and approaches. It defines research as a systematic, organized process of asking questions and gathering evidence to answer them. The objectives of research are to gain new insights and knowledge, accurately portray characteristics of individuals or groups, and test hypotheses. Characteristics include reliability, validity, accuracy, credibility, and generalizability. Research is significant as it encourages scientific thinking, aids in economic and business decision-making, and helps solve social problems. Different approaches to research include quantitative, inferential, experimental, simulation, and qualitative methods. Research methods refer to specific techniques for gathering data while research methodology explains the overall process.
Methods of data collection (research methodology)Muhammed Konari
Included all types of data collection.Includes primary data collection and secondary data collection. Described each and every classification of Data collections which are included in KTU Kerala.
This document discusses research design and its importance. It defines research design as the arrangement of conditions for collecting and analyzing data to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedures. The key parts of research design discussed are sampling design, observational design, statistical design, and operational design. A good research design considers features like means of obtaining information, researcher skills and resources, research objectives, and time and funding available. The document also covers important concepts in research design like variables, hypotheses, experimental and control groups, and treatments.
The document provides an overview of reviewing literature for research. It discusses that a literature review summarizes previous research related to the topic of study. The review helps identify what is already known, research gaps, and informs the research design. It also describes the various types of literature reviews, sources of literature, characteristics of a good review, and the steps involved in conducting a review. These include developing an annotated bibliography, organizing sources thematically, integrating new findings, writing individual sections, and tying the sections together with an introduction and conclusion.
This document discusses research design and different types of research designs. It defines research design as the conceptual structure and plan for conducting research to answer research questions. The main types of research designs covered are exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and experimental. Exploratory design is used when little is known about a topic to discover variables and relationships. Descriptive design aims to describe phenomena by observing behaviors. Diagnostic design involves problem identification and finding causes. Experimental design tests hypotheses by manipulating variables and measuring outcomes. The document provides details on each design type, including their purposes and methodologies.
The document discusses research design and its key principles. It defines research design as a plan or blueprint for conducting a study that maximizes control over interfering factors and validity of findings. Some key points made:
- Research design refers to how a study will be conducted, the type of data collected, and means used to obtain the data.
- Reliability refers to consistency of data, while validity refers to accuracy and truth of measurements.
- Threats to validity include history, selection, testing, instrumentation, maturation, and mortality.
- Descriptive, experimental, and qualitative designs are three basic types of research design.
The document provides guidance on conducting an effective literature review. It explains that a literature review (1) develops understanding of a field of study, synthesizes existing work through critical analysis, and must be current; (2) can be part of a larger research study to set context/scope and justify methodology, or a standalone assignment; and (3) is not a simple list of sources but requires making an argument. The review process involves selecting a topic, extensively searching relevant literature, developing arguments addressing what is known and how it relates to research questions, systematically surveying and critiquing the literature to analyze themes and debates, and writing a synthesis that builds on previous work.
This document discusses the identification and formulation of research problems. It begins by defining a research problem and noting that identifying a problem is the first step of the research process. It then discusses several potential sources that a research problem may come from, such as personal/practical experiences, literature reviews, previous research, theories, and social issues. The document also outlines criteria for selecting a good research problem, including significance, originality, feasibility, being solvable, being current, and being interesting to the researcher. It concludes by outlining the process of formulating a research problem from selecting a broad topic area to delimiting the topic and evaluating and stating the problem.
A research report is a condensed form of a brief description of research work done by the researcher. It involves several steps to present the report in the form of a thesis or dissertation. The purpose of a research report is to present at conferences, publish in journals or articles, and obtain grants or financial aid. It can also have implications or recommendations for clinical practice, education, and administration. A research report should be concise, clear, honest, and complete while maintaining accuracy. It must also show originality and provide ready availability of findings.
The document outlines the seven steps of the research process: 1) defining the research problem, 2) reviewing literature, 3) formulating hypotheses, 4) preparing the research design, 5) data collection, 6) data analysis, and 7) interpretation and report writing. It then focuses on defining the research problem, which is the first step. It discusses identifying the research problem, guidelines for finding a research question, sources of problems, criteria for selection, and techniques for identifying the specific research problem through inductive and deductive reasoning.
A pilot study is a small preliminary study conducted prior to a larger research study to test and refine aspects of the proposed research such as research instruments, sampling methods, recruitment strategies and data analysis techniques. It allows researchers to identify potential problems in their research design or methodology and make necessary revisions before embarking on the full-scale research project. Pilot studies help improve the quality, efficiency and validity of the final research study.
Research Design (Research Types, Quantitative Research Design and Qualitative...Alam Nuzhathalam
An overview of Research Design: Definition, Classification of Research Design, Experimental Research Design, Non Experimental Research Design, Qualitative Research Design, Quantitative Research Design..
The document outlines the 10 key steps in the research process:
1. Selecting a research topic and defining the problem.
2. Specifying the research objectives.
3. Developing a research design and determining what information is required.
4. Designing methods to collect primary and secondary data, such as through surveys.
5. Analyzing and interpreting the results to draw conclusions.
6. Preparing a final research report to communicate the findings to clients.
The document discusses the components and structure of a technical research report. It explains that a research report should follow an IMRD framework, with an introduction, methods, results, and discussion section. It also notes that a research report generally includes an abstract, literature review, conclusions, and references. Each section is clearly defined and relevant examples are provided to illustrate the key parts of a well-structured technical research report.
Data collection in research involves systematically gathering factual information to test hypotheses or answer research questions. There are two main types of data: primary data collected directly by researchers through methods like surveys and interviews, and secondary data previously collected by others. The document outlines purposes of data collection like research design and sampling, as well as methods for primary data collection including questionnaires, interviews, focus groups, observation, and case studies. Both primary and secondary data have advantages and disadvantages for research.
The document discusses the process of conducting a literature review. It begins by defining a literature review and its importance, including providing background for research and keeping professionals informed of the current state of the field. Next, it outlines the purposes of literature review, such as conveying previous knowledge and identifying gaps. It then discusses the functions, sources, and steps involved in conducting an effective literature review.
Difference between qualitative and quantitative research shaniShani Jyothis
nursing research### quantitative research###qualitative research###difference#### process of research ......
Quantitative Vs qualitative research.......÷######$###@@@@@@@@@@ based on hypothesis, ............., variables analysis,............ interpretation, .............
Quantitative and qualitative research are two formal approaches to research. Quantitative research involves collecting and analyzing numerical data to establish relationships between variables, while qualitative research uses subjective interpretation to understand human experiences. Both approaches involve identifying a research problem, reviewing literature, collecting and analyzing data, and disseminating findings, but they differ in how variables are defined, what type of data is collected, and how that data is analyzed.
Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data through methods like interviews and observations to understand meanings, concepts, definitions, and descriptions. It focuses on subjective experiences and meanings that people assign rather than counting or measuring. There are several types of qualitative research including basic interpretive studies, phenomenological studies, grounded theory studies, case studies, ethnographic studies, narrative analysis, critical qualitative research, and postmodern research. Each type uses different methods and focuses of analysis but all aim to provide an in-depth understanding of experiences, cultures, or phenomena through a subjective rather than objective lens.
This document discusses survey research design. It defines survey research as collecting information from subjects within a population using questionnaires or interviews. Surveys can study either a sample of the population or the entire population. The document outlines different types of surveys, including descriptive surveys that describe phenomena, exploratory surveys of unknown factors, correlational surveys that study relationships between variables, and comparative surveys that compare groups. It also discusses methods of survey data collection, such as written questionnaires, oral interviews, and electronic methods like email or mobile messages.
The document outlines the steps and format for preparing a research report. It discusses that a research report involves several steps like logical analysis of the subject matter, preparing outlines and drafts, and rewriting. The main sections of a research report include an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. A research report should be objective, concise, and written in simple language. It should disseminate findings, examine the validity of conclusions, and inspire further research. The goal is to effectively communicate the research work to others.
The document discusses various types of research designs and studies. It describes descriptive studies which characterize distributions without inferring causation. Cross-sectional studies capture data at a single point in time to determine prevalence. Cohort studies follow groups over time from exposure to outcome to establish risk. The document provides details on the design, advantages, and disadvantages of these observational study types.
This document provides an overview of different types of research designs, including exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing designs. It defines what a research design is and lists key features of a good research design such as minimizing bias. For each type of design, it provides a brief definition and highlights important aspects to consider, such as the objective, data collection methods, sample selection, and data analysis. The overall purpose is to introduce and compare different approaches to research design.
Methods of data collection (research methodology)Muhammed Konari
Included all types of data collection.Includes primary data collection and secondary data collection. Described each and every classification of Data collections which are included in KTU Kerala.
This document discusses research design and its importance. It defines research design as the arrangement of conditions for collecting and analyzing data to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedures. The key parts of research design discussed are sampling design, observational design, statistical design, and operational design. A good research design considers features like means of obtaining information, researcher skills and resources, research objectives, and time and funding available. The document also covers important concepts in research design like variables, hypotheses, experimental and control groups, and treatments.
The document provides an overview of reviewing literature for research. It discusses that a literature review summarizes previous research related to the topic of study. The review helps identify what is already known, research gaps, and informs the research design. It also describes the various types of literature reviews, sources of literature, characteristics of a good review, and the steps involved in conducting a review. These include developing an annotated bibliography, organizing sources thematically, integrating new findings, writing individual sections, and tying the sections together with an introduction and conclusion.
This document discusses research design and different types of research designs. It defines research design as the conceptual structure and plan for conducting research to answer research questions. The main types of research designs covered are exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and experimental. Exploratory design is used when little is known about a topic to discover variables and relationships. Descriptive design aims to describe phenomena by observing behaviors. Diagnostic design involves problem identification and finding causes. Experimental design tests hypotheses by manipulating variables and measuring outcomes. The document provides details on each design type, including their purposes and methodologies.
The document discusses research design and its key principles. It defines research design as a plan or blueprint for conducting a study that maximizes control over interfering factors and validity of findings. Some key points made:
- Research design refers to how a study will be conducted, the type of data collected, and means used to obtain the data.
- Reliability refers to consistency of data, while validity refers to accuracy and truth of measurements.
- Threats to validity include history, selection, testing, instrumentation, maturation, and mortality.
- Descriptive, experimental, and qualitative designs are three basic types of research design.
The document provides guidance on conducting an effective literature review. It explains that a literature review (1) develops understanding of a field of study, synthesizes existing work through critical analysis, and must be current; (2) can be part of a larger research study to set context/scope and justify methodology, or a standalone assignment; and (3) is not a simple list of sources but requires making an argument. The review process involves selecting a topic, extensively searching relevant literature, developing arguments addressing what is known and how it relates to research questions, systematically surveying and critiquing the literature to analyze themes and debates, and writing a synthesis that builds on previous work.
This document discusses the identification and formulation of research problems. It begins by defining a research problem and noting that identifying a problem is the first step of the research process. It then discusses several potential sources that a research problem may come from, such as personal/practical experiences, literature reviews, previous research, theories, and social issues. The document also outlines criteria for selecting a good research problem, including significance, originality, feasibility, being solvable, being current, and being interesting to the researcher. It concludes by outlining the process of formulating a research problem from selecting a broad topic area to delimiting the topic and evaluating and stating the problem.
A research report is a condensed form of a brief description of research work done by the researcher. It involves several steps to present the report in the form of a thesis or dissertation. The purpose of a research report is to present at conferences, publish in journals or articles, and obtain grants or financial aid. It can also have implications or recommendations for clinical practice, education, and administration. A research report should be concise, clear, honest, and complete while maintaining accuracy. It must also show originality and provide ready availability of findings.
The document outlines the seven steps of the research process: 1) defining the research problem, 2) reviewing literature, 3) formulating hypotheses, 4) preparing the research design, 5) data collection, 6) data analysis, and 7) interpretation and report writing. It then focuses on defining the research problem, which is the first step. It discusses identifying the research problem, guidelines for finding a research question, sources of problems, criteria for selection, and techniques for identifying the specific research problem through inductive and deductive reasoning.
A pilot study is a small preliminary study conducted prior to a larger research study to test and refine aspects of the proposed research such as research instruments, sampling methods, recruitment strategies and data analysis techniques. It allows researchers to identify potential problems in their research design or methodology and make necessary revisions before embarking on the full-scale research project. Pilot studies help improve the quality, efficiency and validity of the final research study.
Research Design (Research Types, Quantitative Research Design and Qualitative...Alam Nuzhathalam
An overview of Research Design: Definition, Classification of Research Design, Experimental Research Design, Non Experimental Research Design, Qualitative Research Design, Quantitative Research Design..
The document outlines the 10 key steps in the research process:
1. Selecting a research topic and defining the problem.
2. Specifying the research objectives.
3. Developing a research design and determining what information is required.
4. Designing methods to collect primary and secondary data, such as through surveys.
5. Analyzing and interpreting the results to draw conclusions.
6. Preparing a final research report to communicate the findings to clients.
The document discusses the components and structure of a technical research report. It explains that a research report should follow an IMRD framework, with an introduction, methods, results, and discussion section. It also notes that a research report generally includes an abstract, literature review, conclusions, and references. Each section is clearly defined and relevant examples are provided to illustrate the key parts of a well-structured technical research report.
Data collection in research involves systematically gathering factual information to test hypotheses or answer research questions. There are two main types of data: primary data collected directly by researchers through methods like surveys and interviews, and secondary data previously collected by others. The document outlines purposes of data collection like research design and sampling, as well as methods for primary data collection including questionnaires, interviews, focus groups, observation, and case studies. Both primary and secondary data have advantages and disadvantages for research.
The document discusses the process of conducting a literature review. It begins by defining a literature review and its importance, including providing background for research and keeping professionals informed of the current state of the field. Next, it outlines the purposes of literature review, such as conveying previous knowledge and identifying gaps. It then discusses the functions, sources, and steps involved in conducting an effective literature review.
Difference between qualitative and quantitative research shaniShani Jyothis
nursing research### quantitative research###qualitative research###difference#### process of research ......
Quantitative Vs qualitative research.......÷######$###@@@@@@@@@@ based on hypothesis, ............., variables analysis,............ interpretation, .............
Quantitative and qualitative research are two formal approaches to research. Quantitative research involves collecting and analyzing numerical data to establish relationships between variables, while qualitative research uses subjective interpretation to understand human experiences. Both approaches involve identifying a research problem, reviewing literature, collecting and analyzing data, and disseminating findings, but they differ in how variables are defined, what type of data is collected, and how that data is analyzed.
Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data through methods like interviews and observations to understand meanings, concepts, definitions, and descriptions. It focuses on subjective experiences and meanings that people assign rather than counting or measuring. There are several types of qualitative research including basic interpretive studies, phenomenological studies, grounded theory studies, case studies, ethnographic studies, narrative analysis, critical qualitative research, and postmodern research. Each type uses different methods and focuses of analysis but all aim to provide an in-depth understanding of experiences, cultures, or phenomena through a subjective rather than objective lens.
This document discusses survey research design. It defines survey research as collecting information from subjects within a population using questionnaires or interviews. Surveys can study either a sample of the population or the entire population. The document outlines different types of surveys, including descriptive surveys that describe phenomena, exploratory surveys of unknown factors, correlational surveys that study relationships between variables, and comparative surveys that compare groups. It also discusses methods of survey data collection, such as written questionnaires, oral interviews, and electronic methods like email or mobile messages.
The document outlines the steps and format for preparing a research report. It discusses that a research report involves several steps like logical analysis of the subject matter, preparing outlines and drafts, and rewriting. The main sections of a research report include an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. A research report should be objective, concise, and written in simple language. It should disseminate findings, examine the validity of conclusions, and inspire further research. The goal is to effectively communicate the research work to others.
The document discusses various types of research designs and studies. It describes descriptive studies which characterize distributions without inferring causation. Cross-sectional studies capture data at a single point in time to determine prevalence. Cohort studies follow groups over time from exposure to outcome to establish risk. The document provides details on the design, advantages, and disadvantages of these observational study types.
This document provides an overview of different types of research designs, including exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing designs. It defines what a research design is and lists key features of a good research design such as minimizing bias. For each type of design, it provides a brief definition and highlights important aspects to consider, such as the objective, data collection methods, sample selection, and data analysis. The overall purpose is to introduce and compare different approaches to research design.
The document discusses research design, which is a framework that specifies the procedures needed to structure and solve a research problem. It defines the information required and outlines measurement, sampling, data collection, and analysis plans. The document compares exploratory, descriptive, and causal research designs and cross-sectional vs longitudinal studies. Key factors like objectives, characteristics, findings, and outcomes are contrasted for different design types. Common errors in research are also outlined.
This document proposes a lightweight digital library framework that aims to address challenges faced by organizations in developing countries with limited resources. It summarizes existing digital library frameworks and software tools, and identifies their complexity as a hindrance to adoption and management over time. The proposed framework aims to explicitly avoid formalisms and APIs to allow for easier adoption and management of digital library systems. It will investigate defining simplicity for digital library architectures and implementing systems based on simple designs.
The document provides a template for students to prepare a research proposal. It includes formatting guidelines and required sections for a full proposal such as the title, introduction, problem statement, research question/hypothesis, objectives, background, research design, ethics considerations, references, and appendices. Students should edit the template by inserting their own text while keeping the predefined formatting for headings and sections. The template is designed to assist students in laying out their proposal according to standard guidelines.
This document discusses nursing research. It defines nursing research as a systematic study of problems in patient care. It provides definitions of nursing research from various scholars. It also discusses why nursing research is important for professionalism and accountability. The document outlines the steps in the nursing research process and key concepts and terminology used in nursing research.
This document discusses quantitative and qualitative research approaches. It outlines the key objectives, features and limitations of each. Quantitative research aims to measure predetermined variables and examine relationships statistically, using methods like surveys and experiments. It focuses on objectivity and generalizability. Qualitative research explores phenomena through flexible, interactive methods like interviews to understand experiences. It provides contextual understanding but findings may not generalize. The document advocates sometimes combining both approaches to overcome individual limitations.
This document outlines the key elements of quantitative research including hypothesis testing, variables, sampling methods, measurement, validity and reliability, statistical analysis, and causal relationships. Quantitative research aims to systematically test hypotheses through precise standardized measurement and statistical analysis of numerical data. Variables are defined, data is collected from samples using standardized tools and procedures, and results are analyzed using statistical techniques to determine relationships between variables and test hypotheses. The goal is to explain phenomena through objective and replicable quantitative analysis.
This document provides an overview of effective literature reviews in research. It defines a literature review as a comprehensive survey and summary of existing published work on a topic. The purposes of a literature review are outlined, including defining the problem, developing familiarity with the topic, avoiding unnecessary replication, and relating findings to previous knowledge. Different types of literature reviews like narrative reviews and systematic reviews are also defined. The document then discusses the steps involved in conducting a narrative literature review, including searching literature sources, evaluating and critically reading sources, analyzing and synthesizing findings, and writing the review. Key aspects like developing an outline, citing sources, using reporting verbs, and organizing studies are also covered.
Non- Probability Sampling & Its MethodsArpit Surana
A detailed explanation of non-probability sampling and its methods have been covered. There are 4 types of non- probability sampling methods:
1. convenience sampling
2. purposive sampling
3. quota sampling (both controlled and uncontrolled)
4. snowball sampling (all 3 ways of performing)
Meaning with adequate examples, pros and cons have been covered
For and query or further information, Kindly contact:
Arpit Surana
https://www.linkedin.com/in/arpitsurana116/
arpitsurana116116@gmail.com
This document provides guidance on selecting and narrowing a research topic for an assignment. It recommends choosing a topic that is interesting, relevant to the context, and debatable with available sources. Topics should be appropriately broad or narrow depending on the assignment. Common, easily answered, or overly broad topics should be avoided. The document then discusses ways to narrow a topic, such as through demographic categories, types of questions to ask, or disciplinary lenses. It provides examples of how to narrow the topic of education according to different filters. Finding an issue within the topic allows for analysis and positioning.
The document discusses the important elements to consider when choosing a good research topic. It outlines six key elements: 1) the topic must be of interest, 2) it must be focused on a specific question, 3) it must be significant, 4) it must have a reasonable scope, 5) relevant literature must be available, and 6) it must be feasible given time and resource constraints. It provides examples and guidance on how to evaluate a topic against these criteria to ensure an effective research project.
lecture presented by Fe Angela M. Verzosa at PLAI-Southern Tagalog Region Librarians Council Seminar-workshop on the theme, “Research in Librarianship : Capacity Building to Strengthen Research Culture”, held 7 October 2015, El Grande Residencia Hotel and Resort, Brgy. San Carlos, Lipa City
This document provides guidance on writing and reviewing research papers. It begins with acknowledging the recommended reading and then outlines the main goals of a scientific paper. Various document preparation systems are discussed as well as the standard structure for a research paper, including sections on the introduction, background, related work, and conclusion. The document concludes with guidelines on paper style, dos and don'ts, and how to approach reviewing a paper with the goal of improving it for publication.
The document provides guidance on developing a research topic through several steps:
1) Formulate a broad research theme by considering topics of interest and relevance to your field of study. Possible sources of inspiration include literature, current issues, and subject guides.
2) Develop a specific research question by refining your theme using techniques like the "5W method" and organizing concepts visually in diagrams. The research question should allow for elaboration rather than a simple yes/no answer.
3) Further narrow or expand your research topic if needed by taking notes on viewpoints, developments, keywords and evaluating questions based on interest level and scope. The goal is to define a clear topic that can be studied in depth.
The document discusses how to choose a research topic and provides guidance on various aspects of conducting research. It recommends choosing a topic that is career supportive, workable, manageable, and achievable within available resources and time. The document then discusses finding a research problem or idea, learning research techniques, writing a synopsis, choosing appropriate research methods, collecting and analyzing data, discussing topics with others, and preparing for potential challenges in the research process.
The document provides guidance on developing effective research questions, noting that they should address the topic through an open-ended question, include key words for research, and be questions the researcher does not already know the answer to. Examples of too narrow, too broad, or too challenging questions are given. The document also discusses developing sub-questions to help answer the research question.
The document provides guidance on choosing an effective research topic. It recommends starting with a broad topic of interest and then narrowing it down by using library databases to answer questions about who, what, when, where and why. This helps formulate a research question that takes a stance and can be supported with evidence. Good research topics are narrow enough to cover in the required pages but broad enough to find information. The topic should be approachable from at least two sides and not answerable with a quick search. Examples of good and bad research questions are provided.
difference between the qualitative and quantitative researcher, variables, co...laraib asif
This document summarizes the key differences between qualitative and quantitative research methods. Qualitative research aims to understand human behaviors and contexts through inductive analysis like interviews and observations, while quantitative research tests hypotheses through deductive analysis using numerical data and statistics. Some key differences include sample sizes (smaller for qualitative), data collection techniques (open-ended for qualitative vs. standardized for quantitative), and generalizability of findings (qualitative explores specific contexts while quantitative seeks broader application). The document also discusses mixed methods research, which combines qualitative and quantitative approaches to leverage their respective strengths.
The research approach indicates the basic procedure for conducting research.
Research approach is the technique which the researcher uses to structure a study in order to gather and analyze information relevant to the research question .
This document discusses research design, which is the framework or blueprint that guides research methods and techniques chosen by a researcher. It describes key aspects of research design including the types (exploratory, descriptive, experimental, case study), sampling techniques, data collection methods, and data analysis tools. The characteristics of a good research design are discussed as being neutral, reliable, valid, and able to generalize to a population. The different types of research design - exploratory, descriptive, experimental, and case study - are then defined in more detail.
This document discusses research design and methodology. It begins by defining research design and its key components. Research design refers to the overall plan for collecting and analyzing data in a way that addresses the research problem. The document then covers several important concepts in research design, including variables, hypotheses, experimental and control groups, and data analysis techniques. It emphasizes that a good research design minimizes bias and error while maximizing reliable information. Finally, it outlines different types of research designs for exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing studies.
1. The document discusses various research study designs including qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches.
2. It provides details on specific designs like case studies, case control studies, action research, cohort studies, descriptive studies, cross-sectional studies, exploratory studies, experimental studies, and longitudinal studies.
3. The advantages and limitations of each design are outlined to help researchers select the most appropriate design for their study.
This document discusses research design and methodology. It begins by defining research design and its key components. Research design refers to the overall plan for collecting and analyzing data in a way that addresses the research problem. The document then covers several important concepts in research design, including variables, hypotheses, experimental and control groups, and research methods. It emphasizes that a good research design minimizes bias, controls for extraneous variables, and aims to answer the research question efficiently. Finally, it briefly outlines different types of research designs for exploratory, descriptive, and hypothesis-testing studies.
Acceptable Methods in Action Researc.docxannetnash8266
Acceptable Methods in Action
Research
Schools of Public Service Leadership and Nursing and Health Sciences
Version 1.1 Effective January 2015
Capella University
225 South Sixth Street, Ninth Floor
Minneapolis, MN 55402
PSL/NHS ACCEPTABLE METHODS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents .................................................................................................... 3
Action Research Acceptable Methods and Research Designs ................................... 4
Action Research is an Approach ................................................................................... 5
Qualitative Methods .................................................................................................... 5
Quantitative Methods .................................................................................................. 7
Mixed Methods ........................................................................................................... 8
References ................................................................................................................ 9
3
PSL/NHS ACCEPTABLE METHODS
ACTION RESEARCH ACCEPTABLE METHODS AND RESEARCH
DESIGNS
The overarching goal of Action Research (AR) is to collaborate with stakeholders and
participants in an effort to empower and effect social change. AR can be considered a
continuum ranging from appreciative inquiry to pure participatory research: appreciative
and cooperative inquiry (Heron, 1996; Reason & Rowan, 1981, Stowell & West, 1991,
Torbert, 1976, 2004), action research or action science (Argyris, 1970, 1980, 1994; Argyris,
Putnam, & Smith, 1985), participatory action research (Freire, 1970), and participatory
research (Lewin,1958). The common factor is that the participants or subjects are directly
involved in the research activities and the project solves a practice or problem that impacts
the participants (Springer, 2007).
Appreciative Action Participatory Participatory
Inquiry Research Action Research Research
Research Mutually Question Question generated Community generates and
Process generated
generated by the by the community. is in control of the process
question organization. Research process
Research controlled by
controlled and researcher
conducted by
researcher
Degree of Group Researcher asks High High
Participation process. for participation
Authentic
as needed
dialogue
Knowledge For practice Problem-solving Transform and Transformational
Generation improvement advance scientific
knowledge
Knowledge Advance Improve system. Community action. Social action.
Utilization practice. Self-
Advance
determination knowledge
Advance Development of critical
knowledge. consciousness.
Power Shared Held by Shared
Egalitarian
researcher
Outcomes Improvement
Solution
to Empowerment. Empowerment
of shared organizational Generation of community
of
practice problem. .
This document discusses research design and related concepts. It defines research design as the plan or blueprint for how a study will be conducted to answer the research question. The document outlines the key components of a research design, including determining what data is needed, where it can be found, how it will be collected and analyzed. It also discusses the importance of research design in organizing a study and controlling for bias. Different types of research designs are mentioned, such as experimental and non-experimental designs.
The document discusses various research designs and methods for collecting primary data such as observation, questionnaires, interviews, and case studies. It also covers sampling methods and the importance of research design in providing structure and guidance for a research study. Primary and secondary data sources are defined, with primary data being original data collected for the research.
This document discusses different types of research designs. It begins by defining research design and explaining its importance in facilitating efficient research. It then describes characteristics of good research design such as neutrality, reliability, and validity. The document outlines criteria for good research and steps to develop a research design. It explains exploratory, descriptive, hypothesis-testing, evaluation, diagnostic, explanatory, and correlational research designs. The goal is to help researchers choose an appropriate design based on their research topic and objectives.
RESEARCH APPROACHES AND DESIGNS
A Research design is the framework or guide used for the planning, implementation and analysis of a study. It is a systematic plan of what is to be done, how it will be done and how the data will be analyzed.
ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN
Research design is also known as a blueprint thatresearchers select to carry out their research study,sometimes research design is used interchangeably withthe term methodology. Research design includes majorelements like:
The Approach
The Population, Sample and Sampling Technique
The Time, Place and Sources of Data collection
Tools and methods of data collection
Methods of data analysis
The document provides an overview of research design, defining it as a plan for how a research study will be completed. It discusses the purpose of research design, which is to help researchers make valid, objective, and economical decisions about how to complete the entire research process. The document then covers various classifications of research designs, including those based on the number of contacts with the study population, the reference period of the study, and the nature of the investigation in terms of whether variables are controlled or not. Both quantitative and qualitative research designs are discussed.
Research Design constitute blue print for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.
Types of Research Designs and How to select good Research Design.
Slide share presentation of Research design and its types stated in simple and easy words and includes Definitions,Terms, Examples and types in order to have a basic concept of research design that plays a key role to conduct a research report.
The document discusses various aspects of research design including:
1. Types of research designs such as cross-sectional studies, before-and-after studies, and longitudinal studies which differ based on timing and data collection.
2. Key elements of research design including identifying the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions.
3. Additional design considerations like the reference period, experimental vs. non-experimental studies, and retrospective, prospective, or combined retrospective-prospective approaches.
The document discusses various aspects of research design. It defines research design and notes that it involves decisions about what, where, when, how much and by what means an inquiry will be conducted. It outlines requirements like identifying the type of research, being realistic and precise. Factors affecting research design are also discussed, like availability of data, time and resources. The main parts of research design are described as sampling design, observational design, statistical design and operational design. Different types of research designs are explained, including exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic and experimental designs. Key concepts in research design are also covered.
This document provides an overview of research design concepts for a PhD course. It defines research design as having two levels: the overall logic/structure of the research, and the specific data collection methods. Common research designs discussed include cross-sectional, longitudinal, experimental, and case study approaches. Descriptive and exploratory research are contrasted, and factors like internal/external validity, sampling strategies, and causal inference are examined in the context of sound research design. The document serves as a study guide for understanding key elements involved in defining a research problem and collecting quality evidence to address it.
This document provides an overview of research design concepts for a PhD course. It defines research design as having two levels: the overall logic/structure of the research, and the specific data collection methods. Common research designs discussed include cross-sectional, longitudinal, experimental, and case study approaches. Descriptive and causal research aims are also outlined. The key points are that research design ensures the research will provide valid evidence to answer the research question and different designs are suited to different types of research enquiries.
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Universal health coverage (UHC) means that all people and communities can use the promotive, preventive, curative, rehabilitative and palliative health services they need, of sufficient quality to be effective, while also ensuring that the use of these services does not expose the user to financial hardship.
Pneumonia is an inflammatory lung condition caused by various microorganisms. It discusses the definition, etiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, types, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, classification, medical management, nursing management, and potential complications of pneumonia. The document provides an overview of pneumonia with definitions of key terms and descriptions of common causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment approaches.
Swine influenza is an infection caused by any one of several types of swine influenza viruses. Swine influenza virus (SIV) or swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) is any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs
Abortion is the ending of pregnancy by removing an embryo or fetus before it can survive outside the uterus. An abortion that occurs spontaneously is also known as a miscarriage.
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2. Research approach & research design are two
terms that are frequently used
interchangeably; however research design is a
broader plan to conduct a study, & research
approach is an important element of the
research design, which governs it.
A research design is the framework or guide
used for the planning, implementation, &
analysis of a study.
It is a systematic plan of what is to be
done, how it will be done, & how the data will
be analysed.
www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
3. Research design basically provides an
outline of how the research will be carried
out & the methods that will be used.
It includes the descriptions of the research
approaches, dependent & independent
variables, sampling design, & planning
format for data collection, analysis &
presentation.
www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
4. The research design is the master plan specifying the
methods & procedures for collecting & analyzing the
needed information in a research study.
Research design can be defined as a blue print to
conduct a research study, which involves the description
of research approach, study setting, sampling
size, sampling technique, tools & method of data
collection & analysis to answer a is specific research
questions or for testing research hypothesis.
Research design is a plan of how, when & where data are
to be collected & analyzed.
Research design is the researcher’s overall plan for
answering the research questions or testing the research
hypothesis.
www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
7. It involves the description of the plan to investigate the
phenomenon under study in a structured
(quantitative), unstructured (qualitative) or a
combination of the two methods (quantitative-
qualitative integrated approach).
Therefore, the approach helps to decide about the
presence or absence as well as manipulation & control
over variables.
It also helps to identify the presence or absence of &
comparison between groups.
The approach of research study depends on several
factors, but primarily on the nature of phenomenon
under study.
At this stage of the research study, conceptual
framework may or may not be incorporated.www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
8. Research design also provides the researcher
with directions about population, sample &
sampling technique, which will be used for the
research study.
For example, in an ethnographic qualitative
research design, a researcher gets the directive
that the population will be a specific cultural
group & the study will include a small sample
selected through a nonprobability sampling
technique.
www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
9. Time (specifying days, months, & years of
study), location (study setting) & the sources
of the requisite data are the other important
constituents essential to ensure effective
planning to conduct a research study.
www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
10. This element of research design involves the
description of different tools & methods of
data collection, for
example, questionnaires, interview, direct
observation or any other methods that suit
the particular approach of the research as
well as nature of the phenomenon under
study.
www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
11. A research design must also include the
description of the methods of data analysis -
either quantitative or qualitative data analysis
techniques – that helps the researcher to
collect the relevant data, which later can be
analysed as per the research design plan.
Without a formal plan of data analysis a
researcher may collect irrelevant data, which
can later become difficult to analyse.
www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
13. Research designs are plans & the procedures for
research that span the decisions from broad
assumptions to detailed methods of data
collection & analysis.
In order to meet the aims & objectives of a
study, researchers must select the most
appropriate design.
The selection of a research design largely
depends on the nature of the research
problem, the resources available
(cost, time, expertise of the
researcher), accessibility of subjects, & research
ethics.
However, the main factors which affect the
selection of research design are as follow:www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
14. Nature of the research problem: This is the most
important factor, which helps the researcher to
decide about the selection of a research design.
Based on the nature of research problem or
phenomenon, researchers decide whether it should
be investigated through an experimental, quasi-
experimental, or nonexperimental approach.
Purpose of the study: Study may be conducted for
the purpose of
prediction, description, exploration, or correlation
of the research variable. Therefore, the purpose of
the research study helps the researcher to choose a
suitable research design.www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
15. Researcher’s knowledge & experience: Selection
of research design is largely influenced by the
researcher’s knowledge & experience, because
they avoid using those designs wherein they lack
confidence, relevant knowledge, or experience.
Researcher’s interest & motivation: Interest &
motivation levels help researchers decide about
the particular research design(s). Motivated
researchers always analyse most aspects of
research design before selecting one or a
combination, while casual & callous researchers
may choose research design(s) that may lead to
failure.
www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
16. Research ethics & principle: The incorporation &
application of ethical & legal principles in the
research design are essential. This includes
moral obligations such as respect for participants
& their rights, informed consent, & protection
from harm, including any adverse effects to
educational progress, health & well-being.
Selection of a research design is
significantly influenced by the ethics of the
research study. For example, a researcher may be
willing to conduct a research study through a
certain experimental approach, but problems of
ethical approval may stop the researcher to do so
& he or she may have to settle for another
available possible research design.
www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
17. Subjects/participants: The number & availability
of study subjects may influence the selection of
research design. If only few subjects are
involved, an in-depth qualitative researcher may
opt for qualitative research design.
Resources: None of the researcher can conduct
without resources such as
money, equipments, facilities, & support from
collegeagues. However, some of the studies
require more amounts of resources as compared
to others. Therefore, the selection of a research
design may be affected by the availability of
resources for the research study.
www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
18. Time: Time is also a major deciding factors for
the selection of research design. For example, a
researcher needs more time to conduct
longitudinal studies, while cross-sectional
studies may be conducted in shorter time.
Therefore, time is also a significant contributing
factor in selection of a research design.
Users of the study findings: A research design
also various methods of data collection & data
analysis. Therefore, while choosing a research
design, researcher must ensure that research
design is as appropriate for the users of the
study findings as possible, so that maximum
advantage of the results can be obtained.
www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
19. Possible control on extraneous variables: An
efficient design can maximize result, decrease
errors, & control pre-existing or impaired
conditions that may affect the outcome of the
study. The maximized efforts of the researcher
should maximize control. Therefore, possible
control over the extraneous variables may affect
the selection of a research design. For
example, a researcher wants to conduct a study
through true-experimental design but because
of inability to control selected extraneous
variables, other similar design has to be opted
for, such as quasi-experimental or pre-
experimental research design.
www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
21. There are two important criteria
for evaluating the credibility &
dependability of the research
results:
Internal validity
External validity
www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
22. It validates whether the independent variables
actually made a difference.
Campbell & Stanley (1963) used the term internal
validity to refer to the extent to which it is
possible to make an inference that the
independent variable is truly influencing the
dependent variable.
In the internal validity, the independent variable
is responsible for variation in dependent
variable.
Internal validity demands a tighter control over
study to maximize the effectiveness of the
results.
www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
23. Internal validity is helpful in making the inference
that the independent variable influences the
dependant variable.
According to Campell & Stanley (1966), six major
extraneous variables have been identified which
can jeopardize the internal validity. They are
known as threats to the internal validity are as
follows:
History
Maturation of subjects
Testing
Instrumentation changes
Mortality
Selection bias
www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
24. The threat of history occurs when some event beside
the experimental treatment occurs during the course of
study, & this events even influences dependent
variables.
For example, you are conducting a health teaching
programme on the importance of breast self
examination (BSE), while recently a famous film actress
is diagnosed to be suffering from breast cancer.
It catches media attention. Medical experts are
interviewed , & the importance of BSE is supported.
All major television channels & newspapers starts
reporting on the importance of BSE.
While you find that the BSE activity has improved, you
as a researchers may not be able to conclude if the
change in behavior is the result of your teaching
programme or it is a result of the diagnosis of the
affliction of the movie actress & the subsequent media
coverage.
www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
25. When experimental research is carried on for a
long period of time over a group of
subjects, there may be changes in the subjects in
different ways, like in children there is increase in
height, weight, etc.
So maturation is a threat to internal validity.
For example, a researcher is interested in
assessing the effect of particular nutritional
protocol on the weight & height of the
malnourished children.
If this experiment is conducted for vary long
period, it is difficult to make out whether the
effect on weight & height is due to maturation or
nutritional protocol.
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26. It refers to the effect of taking a pretest of
subjects’ performance post-test.
The effect of taking a pretest may sensitize
an individual & improve the score of the
post-test.
Individuals generally score higher when they
take test a second time regardless of the
treatment.
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27. Another threat related to measurement is that of
instrumentation.
This bias reflects changes in measuring
instruments or methods of measurements
between two points of data collection.
Instruments like
thermometer, sphygmomanometer, weighing
scale, tape measure, etc. should be checked for
their accuracy at regular intervals, & same
instruments should be used throughout the
study to minimize the instrument-related error
of the internal validity.
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28. Mortality is the loss or dropout of study
subjects during the course of study.
If the subjects who remain in the study or join
later are not similar to those who dropped
out, the results could be affected.
For example, a researcher conducting a
longitudinal study wherein a subject who
participated in first round of the data
collection may not be available for the second
or other rounds of data collection.
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29. If the subjects are not selected randomly for
participation in groups, then there is a
possibility that the groups which will be
compared may not be equivalent.
The effect on the dependant variable may be
due to some other factors.
For example, if two different classes are used to
test the effects of two types of lecture methods
or if subjects are selected in a nonrandom
way, the effect on the dependant variables could
be because of other heterogeneous factors
rather than the types of lecture methods.
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30. It refers to the extent to which the results can be
generalized to a large population.
External validity researches under what
conditions & in which type of subjects the same
results can be expected to be replicated, or
whether the same intervention will work in
another setting & with different subjects.
External validity explores the generalization
beyond specific experiment, to check if the
results & findings come out to be same with
other settings, or with other subjects
population, but related variables.
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31. The factors that may affect external validity
are:
Hawthorne effect
Experimental effect
Reactive effect of pretest
Novelty effect
People
Place
Time
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32. Subjects may behave in a particular manner
because they are aware that they are being
observed & this is called the Hawthorne
Effect.
Subjects have the knowledge that they are
involved in research study, thus affecting the
result.
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33. Experimental effect is a threat to study results
when researcher’s
characteristics, mannerisms, or behavior may
influence subject behavior.
Examples of researcher’s characteristics or
behavior are facial
expressions, clothes, age, gender, body
built, etc.
Thus, the way researcher dresses up or his or
her gender can influence the way in which
respondents answer research questions.
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34. The reactive effect of the pretest occurs when
subjects have been sensitized to the treatment
because of taking a pretest.
People might not respond to the treatment in the
manner they finally do if they had not received the
pretest.
For example, a researcher wants to conduct a study
to assess the effect of a health education programme
on the awareness of HIV/AIDS among people.
In this instance, researcher conducts a pretest to
collect baseline data before health education.
This pretest may sensitize the subjects to learn about
the HIV/AIDS irrespective of health education is
provided or not to the subject.
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35. When a treatment is new, subjects &
researcher might behave in different ways.
They may be enthusiastic about new methods
of doing things. Once treatment is more
familiar & as the novelty wears off, results
might different.
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36. For example people of a specific race such as
whites have high prevalence of coronary
artery disease compared to the blacks.
Therefore, a generalization made for whites
will not be applicable for blacks. Hence, this
is threat to external validity.
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37. For example the people living in high
altitudes have high hemoglobin (Hb) levels
because at higher altitudes the requirement
of oxygen is more, due to which there is
more production of red blood cells (RBCs).
However, the Hb level of the people living on
the plains is lower in comparison, so a
generalization for people of hilly areas is not
applicable for people living on plains.
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38. If a research was carried out on a community
in 1990 & then again in 2000, the results of
these two researches would be different.
Therefore, older results cannot be
generalized over periods of time as societies
& circumstances constantly change.
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40. Generally research designs are
classified into two broad categories, &
several subtypes
1. Quantitative research design
2. Qualitative research design
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42. Broad Categories Types of Research Design Main Features
I. Experimental
research design
1. True experimental
design
- Post-test –only control
design
- Pre-test-posttest control
group design
- Solomon four-group
design
- Factorial design
- Randomized block
design
- Crossover design
Manipulation of independent
variable, in the presence of
control group,
randomization
2. Quasi-experimental
design
- Nonrandomized control
group design
- Time-series design
Manipulation of independent
variable, but absence of
either randomization or
control group.
3. Pre-experimental design
- One-shot case design
- One-group pretest-
post-test design
Manipulation of independent
variables, but limited control
over extraneous variables,
no randomization & control
group.
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43. Broad Categories Types of Research Design Main Features
II. Nonexperimental
research design
1. Descriptive design
- Univariant descriptive
design
- Exploratory descriptive
design
- Comparative
descriptive design
Accurate description of
characteristics of individual,
situation, or group, & the
frequency with which a
certain phenomenon occurs
in natural setting without
imposing any control or
manipulation
Univariant descriptive:
Studies undertaken to
describe the frequency of
occurrence of a phenomenon
rather than to study
relationship
Exploratory: Investigating
the phenomenon & its
related factors about which
very little is known
Comparative: Comparing
occurrences of a
phenomenon in two or more
group.www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
44. Broad Categories Types of Research Design Main Features
2. Correlational/Ex post
facto design
- Prospective design
- Retrospective design
Examining the relationship
between two or more variables in
a natural setting without
manipulation or control (cause &
effect relationship)
Prospective: Examining
relationship from cause to effect.
Retrospective: Examining
relationship from effect to cause
3. Developmental
Research Design
- Cross-sectional design
- Longitudinal design
Examining the phenomenon in
respect to the time
Cross-sectional: Examining the
phenomenon only at one point in
time
Longitudinal: Examining the
phenomenon at more than one
point in time.
4. Epidemiological design
-Case-control studies
- cohort studies
The investigation of the
distribution & causes of disease
in a population is known as
epidemiology.www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
45. Broad Categories Types of Research Design Main Features
5. Survey research design Survey studies are
investigation in which self-
reported data are collected
from sample with the
purpose of describing
population on some
variables of interest.
III. Other
additional
research design
1. Methodological studies Research conducted to
develop, test, & evaluate the
research instruments &
method.
2. Meta-analysis Quantitatively combing &
integrating the findings of
the multiple research studies
on a particular topic.
3. Secondary data analysis A research design in which
the data collected in one
research is reanalysed by
another researcher, usually
to test new hypotheses.www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
46. Broad Categories Types of Research Design Main Features
4. Outcome research Outcome research involves
the evaluation of care
practices & systems in place.
It is used in nursing to
develop evidence-based
practice & improve nursing
actions.
5. Evaluation studies It is research design which
involves the judgment about
success of a programmes,
practices, procedures, or
policies.
6. Operational research Operational research
involves the study of
complex human
organizations & services to
develop new knowledge
about institutions,
programmes, use of
facilities, & personnel in
order to improve working
efficiency of an organizationwww.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
48. Types of research designs Main features
Phenomenological
research
Phenomenological research examines human
experiences through the descriptions provided by
people involved.
Ethnographic research Ethnographic research involves the information
collected from certain cultural groups, by living with
people of those groups & from their key informants,
who are believed to be most knowledgeable about
the selected culture.
Grounded theory Theory is developed inductively from a corpus of
data acquired by a participant-observer
Case studies Research on a phenomenon by studying in depth a
single case example. The case can be an individual
person , an event , a group, or an institution.
Historical research Systematic collection & objective evaluation of data
related to past occurrences in order to test
hypotheses concerning causes, effects, or trends of
these events that may help to explain present
events & anticipate future events.
Action research Action research seeks action to improve practices &
study the effect of the action that was taken.www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in