13th European Week of Regions and Cities, presentation made on 12-15 October in Brussels, Belgium by Paolo Veneri, Economist, Regional Development Policy, OECD.
www.oecd.org/gov/regional-policy/
Rural-urban Partnerships and Quality of Life. OECD OECD Governance
Urban and rural areas are deeply interconnected and, if well-managed, these connections can benefit both places. For more information see http://www.oecd.org/gov/rural-urban-linkages.htm
Planning and Urban Management-issues & challenges Subodh Shankar
With more and more people shifting to urban areas, the management issues of urban areas are getting complex day by day- posing serious challenges to urban planners and city managers. The slides, with the help of the case study of Curitiba(Brazil), discuss how an architect turned politician, through his innovative approaches solved the complex urban issues in most economical way.
This Presentation was given by the student of BS Sociology UMT, Lahore to Mr.Wasif Ali Waseer Lecturer Sociology at UMT, Lahore in the class of Rural Sociology
Dr. Einhard Schmidt Kallert
“Food Security and Nutrition in an Urbanizing World”
June 06, 2017
Brussels, Belgium
The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), SNV Netherlands Development Organization, and Welthungerhilfe are jointly organizing a one-day event in Brussels on the eve of the European Development Days to explore the challenges and opportunities of urbanization from a variety of perspectives
Rural-urban Partnerships and Quality of Life. OECD OECD Governance
Urban and rural areas are deeply interconnected and, if well-managed, these connections can benefit both places. For more information see http://www.oecd.org/gov/rural-urban-linkages.htm
Planning and Urban Management-issues & challenges Subodh Shankar
With more and more people shifting to urban areas, the management issues of urban areas are getting complex day by day- posing serious challenges to urban planners and city managers. The slides, with the help of the case study of Curitiba(Brazil), discuss how an architect turned politician, through his innovative approaches solved the complex urban issues in most economical way.
This Presentation was given by the student of BS Sociology UMT, Lahore to Mr.Wasif Ali Waseer Lecturer Sociology at UMT, Lahore in the class of Rural Sociology
Dr. Einhard Schmidt Kallert
“Food Security and Nutrition in an Urbanizing World”
June 06, 2017
Brussels, Belgium
The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), SNV Netherlands Development Organization, and Welthungerhilfe are jointly organizing a one-day event in Brussels on the eve of the European Development Days to explore the challenges and opportunities of urbanization from a variety of perspectives
The concept of growth foci is one of the indispensable strategies for the regional development, which can be applied for the transformation of socio-economic activities of rural and urban settlements.
The growth foci have been identified with the help of certain indicators of administration, communication, education, health, finance, recreation, market and others.
ROLE OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
Public participation
Stakeholders in spatial planning
A continuum of participation
History of Public participation-Global
Advocacy Planning
Indian context public participation
Amendments toward public participation
Current Scenario-Indian Context
Merits of Public participation
Importance of Public Participation.
In context of India n comparing it with the world. The presentation defines these concepts with apt case studies from various countries and India as well..
Shift share analysis is a traditional tool; through a descriptive analysis of the productive structure, it allows the comparison of regional differences within a country, region or state (SIMÕES, 2004).Shift-share analysis is one way to account for the competitiveness of a region's industries and to analyze the local economic base. This analysis is primarily used to decompose employment changes within an economy over a specific period of time into mutually exclusive factors. Like other analytical economic tools, the shift-share technique is only a descriptive tool that should be used in combination with other analysis to provide a summary of a region's key employment potential industries.
Presentation on Rural-Urban Partnership for economic development made at the Habitat 3 conference held in Quito, Ecuador, 17-20 October 2016, by Joaquim Oliveir Martins, Head Regional Development Policy Division.
www.oecd.org/gov/regional-policy/
An Urban Agenda for Europe: Cities in a regional context (urban-rural linkages), presentation by Joaquim Oliveira Martins, Head, Regional Development Policy Division, OECD at the 2nd European CITIES Forum 2015, Brussels, Belgium on 2 June 2015.
http://www.oecd.org/gov/regional-policy/
The concept of growth foci is one of the indispensable strategies for the regional development, which can be applied for the transformation of socio-economic activities of rural and urban settlements.
The growth foci have been identified with the help of certain indicators of administration, communication, education, health, finance, recreation, market and others.
ROLE OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
Public participation
Stakeholders in spatial planning
A continuum of participation
History of Public participation-Global
Advocacy Planning
Indian context public participation
Amendments toward public participation
Current Scenario-Indian Context
Merits of Public participation
Importance of Public Participation.
In context of India n comparing it with the world. The presentation defines these concepts with apt case studies from various countries and India as well..
Shift share analysis is a traditional tool; through a descriptive analysis of the productive structure, it allows the comparison of regional differences within a country, region or state (SIMÕES, 2004).Shift-share analysis is one way to account for the competitiveness of a region's industries and to analyze the local economic base. This analysis is primarily used to decompose employment changes within an economy over a specific period of time into mutually exclusive factors. Like other analytical economic tools, the shift-share technique is only a descriptive tool that should be used in combination with other analysis to provide a summary of a region's key employment potential industries.
Presentation on Rural-Urban Partnership for economic development made at the Habitat 3 conference held in Quito, Ecuador, 17-20 October 2016, by Joaquim Oliveir Martins, Head Regional Development Policy Division.
www.oecd.org/gov/regional-policy/
An Urban Agenda for Europe: Cities in a regional context (urban-rural linkages), presentation by Joaquim Oliveira Martins, Head, Regional Development Policy Division, OECD at the 2nd European CITIES Forum 2015, Brussels, Belgium on 2 June 2015.
http://www.oecd.org/gov/regional-policy/
Presentation on Future policy for rural areas made at the 2ème Rencontre d’Automne des Nouvelles Ruralités on 26 October 2017, Valence, France
More information: http://www.oecd.org/cfe/regional-policy/
Low density regions: places of opportunityOECDregions
Presentation on low density regions made at the DG Agri at the European Commission on Future Orientation of OECD’s Work on Rural Policy. Presentation made by Enrique Garcilazo, Head Rural Policy, OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Local Development and Tourism.
More information: http://www.oecd.org/regional/regional-policy/oecdworkonruraldevelopment.htm
Rural urban partnerships - An integrated approach to economic development, by...OECD Governance
Stronger connections between urban and rural areas facilitate better access to jobs, amenities and services. The OECD looks at how governance can evolve to help manage this integration and influence the prosperity of places and people. For further information see http://www.oecd.org/gov/rural-urban-linkages.htm
Presentation on Innovation in rural areas made at the workshop Enhancing Rural Innovation Capacity and Performance organised by Interreg Europe in Hamburg, Germany on 5 December 2018. Presentation by Andrès Sanabria, Regional and Rural Policy, OECD.
More information: http://www.oecd.org/regional/regional-policy/ruraldevelopment.htm
Presentation made at the seminar "An Urban Agenda for Italy" held in l'Aquila, Italy on 28-29 May, 2014, by Paolo Veneri, Economist, Regional Development Policy Division, OECD. http://www.oecd.org/gov/regional-policy/
Presentation on Urban trends and challenges in OECD countries- the potential of small and medium sized areas by Ioannis Kaplanis, Economist (Urban Programme) Regional Development Policy Division at the Open Days, Brussels, Belgium 6-9 October 2014.
Find out more about OECD Regional Developmnet Policy at: www.oecd.org/gov/regional-policy/
A presentation in the session "Territorial approaches" of the Investment Days celebrated in FAO headquarters in December 2014.
The "smart specialization" approach in the EU, and successful experiences on territorial approaches in Latin America, confirm the need for sistemic and inclusive visions in development strategies; the central role of innovation and knowledge; and the shift from participation to commitment.
The international-dimension-of-european-urban-policyOECD Governance
Presentation on the inter
Open Days, Brussels, Belgium 6-9 October 2014, presentation on the international dimension of European urban policy by Ioannis Kaplanis, Economist (Urban Programme) Regional Development Policy Division
The integrated approach to urban development in EU URBACT
Presentation delivered by Corinne Hermant-de Callataÿ -
Competence centre for urban and territorial development, Directorate-General "Regional and urban policy"
European Commission.
URBACT Pilot training scheme - Brussels 9/4/2013
Similar to Rural urban partnership for economic development (20)
Summary of the OECD expert meeting: Construction Risk Management in Infrastru...OECD Governance
Presented at the OECD expert meeting "Construction Risk Management in Infrastructure Procurement: The Loss of Appetite for Fixed-Price Contracts", held on 17 May 2023 at the OECD, Paris and online.
Using AI led assurance to deliver projects on time and on budget - D. Amratia...OECD Governance
Presented at the OECD expert meeting "Construction Risk Management in Infrastructure Procurement: The Loss of Appetite for Fixed-Price Contracts", held on 17 May 2023 at the OECD, Paris and online.
ECI in Sweden - A. Kadefors, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm (SE)OECD Governance
Presented at the OECD expert meeting "Construction Risk Management in Infrastructure Procurement: The Loss of Appetite for Fixed-Price Contracts", held on 17 May 2023 at the OECD, Paris and online.
Building Client Capability to Deliver Megaprojects - J. Denicol, professor at...OECD Governance
Presented at the OECD expert meeting "Construction Risk Management in Infrastructure Procurement: The Loss of Appetite for Fixed-Price Contracts", held on 17 May 2023 at the OECD, Paris and online.
Procurement strategy in major infrastructure: The AS-IS and STEPS - D. Makovš...OECD Governance
Presented at the OECD expert meeting "Construction Risk Management in Infrastructure Procurement: The Loss of Appetite for Fixed-Price Contracts", held on 17 May 2023 at the OECD, Paris and online.
Procurement of major infrastructure projects 2017-22 - B. Hasselgren, Senior ...OECD Governance
Presented at the OECD expert meeting "Construction Risk Management in Infrastructure Procurement: The Loss of Appetite for Fixed-Price Contracts", held on 17 May 2023 at the OECD, Paris and online.
ECI Dutch Experience - A. Chao, Partner, Bird&Bird & J. de Koning, Head of Co...OECD Governance
Presented at the OECD expert meeting "Construction Risk Management in Infrastructure Procurement: The Loss of Appetite for Fixed-Price Contracts", held on 17 May 2023 at the OECD, Paris and online.
ECI in Sweden - A. Kadefors, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, StockholmOECD Governance
Presented at the OECD expert meeting "Construction Risk Management in Infrastructure Procurement: The Loss of Appetite for Fixed-Price Contracts", held on 17 May 2023 at the OECD, Paris and online.
EPEC's perception of market developments - E. Farquharson, Principal Adviser,...OECD Governance
Presented at the OECD expert meeting "Construction Risk Management in Infrastructure Procurement: The Loss of Appetite for Fixed-Price Contracts", held on 17 May 2023 at the OECD, Paris and online.
Geographical scope of the lines in Design and Build - B.Dupuis, Executive Dir...OECD Governance
Presented at the OECD expert meeting "Construction Risk Management in Infrastructure Procurement: The Loss of Appetite for Fixed-Price Contracts", held on 17 May 2023 at the OECD, Paris and online.
Executive Agency of the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management...OECD Governance
Presented at the OECD expert meeting "Construction Risk Management in Infrastructure Procurement: The Loss of Appetite for Fixed-Price Contracts", held on 17 May 2023 at the OECD, Paris and online.
Presentation of OECD Government at a Glance 2023OECD Governance
Paris, 30 June, 2023
Presentation by Elsa Pilichowski, Director for Public Governance, OECD.
The 2023 edition of Government at a Glance provides a comprehensive overview of public governance and public administration practices in OECD Member and partner countries. It includes indicators on trust in public institutions and satisfaction with public services, as well as evidence on good governance practices in areas such as the policy cycle, budgeting, procurement, infrastructure planning and delivery, regulatory governance, digital government and open government data. Finally, it provides information on what resources public institutions use and how they are managed, including public finances, public employment, and human resources management. Government at a Glance allows for cross-country comparisons and helps identify trends, best practices, and areas for improvement in the public sector.
See: https://www.oecd.org/publication/government-at-a-glance/2023/
The Protection and Promotion of Civic Space: Strengthening Alignment with Int...OECD Governance
Infographics from the OECD report "The Protection and Promotion of Civic Space Strengthening Alignment with International Standards and Guidance".
See: https://www.oecd.org/gov/the-protection-and-promotion-of-civic-space-d234e975-en.htm
OECD Publication "Building Financial Resilience
to Climate Impacts. A Framework for Governments to manage the risks of Losses and Damages.
Governments are facing significant climate-related risks from the expected increase in frequency and intensity of cyclones, floods, fires, and other climate-related extreme events. The report Building Financial Resilience to Climate Impacts: A Framework for Governments to Manage the Risks of Losses and Damages provides a strategic framework to help governments, particularly those in emerging market and developing economies, strengthen their capacity to manage the financial implications of climate-related risks. Published in December 2022.
OECD presentation "Strengthening climate and environmental considerations in infrastructure and budget appraisal tools"
by Margaux Lelong and Ana Maria Ruiz during the 9th Meeting of the OECD Paris Collaborative on Green Budgeting held on 17 and 18 of April 2023 in Paris.
OECD presentation "Building Financial Resilience to Climate Impacts. A Framework to Manage the Risks of Losses and Damages" by Andrew Blazey, Stéphane Jacobzone and Titouan Chassagne. Presented during the 9th Meeting of the OECD Paris Collaborative on Green Budgeting held on 17 and 18 of April 2023 in Paris
OECD Presentation "Financial reporting, sustainability information and assurance" by Peter Welch during the 5th Session during the 9th Meeting of the OECD Paris Collaborative on Green Budgeting held on 17 and 18 of April 2023 in Paris
Presentation "Developments in sovereign green bond markets" by Ms. Fatos Koc during the 4th Session of 9th Meeting of the OECD Paris Collaborative on Green Budgeting held on 17 and 18 of April 2023 in Paris.
RFP for Reno's Community Assistance CenterThis Is Reno
Property appraisals completed in May for downtown Reno’s Community Assistance and Triage Centers (CAC) reveal that repairing the buildings to bring them back into service would cost an estimated $10.1 million—nearly four times the amount previously reported by city staff.
About Potato, The scientific name of the plant is Solanum tuberosum (L).Christina Parmionova
The potato is a starchy root vegetable native to the Americas that is consumed as a staple food in many parts of the world. Potatoes are tubers of the plant Solanum tuberosum, a perennial in the nightshade family Solanaceae. Wild potato species can be found from the southern United States to southern Chile
Synopsis (short abstract) In December 2023, the UN General Assembly proclaimed 30 May as the International Day of Potato.
Monitoring Health for the SDGs - Global Health Statistics 2024 - WHOChristina Parmionova
The 2024 World Health Statistics edition reviews more than 50 health-related indicators from the Sustainable Development Goals and WHO’s Thirteenth General Programme of Work. It also highlights the findings from the Global health estimates 2021, notably the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on life expectancy and healthy life expectancy.
Preliminary findings _OECD field visits to ten regions in the TSI EU mining r...OECDregions
Preliminary findings from OECD field visits for the project: Enhancing EU Mining Regional Ecosystems to Support the Green Transition and Secure Mineral Raw Materials Supply.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Working with data is a challenge for many organizations. Nonprofits in particular may need to collect and analyze sensitive, incomplete, and/or biased historical data about people. In this talk, Dr. Cori Faklaris of UNC Charlotte provides an overview of current AI capabilities and weaknesses to consider when integrating current AI technologies into the data workflow. The talk is organized around three takeaways: (1) For better or sometimes worse, AI provides you with “infinite interns.” (2) Give people permission & guardrails to learn what works with these “interns” and what doesn’t. (3) Create a roadmap for adding in more AI to assist nonprofit work, along with strategies for bias mitigation.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Donate to charity during this holiday seasonSERUDS INDIA
For people who have money and are philanthropic, there are infinite opportunities to gift a needy person or child a Merry Christmas. Even if you are living on a shoestring budget, you will be surprised at how much you can do.
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-to-donate-to-charity-during-this-holiday-season/
#charityforchildren, #donateforchildren, #donateclothesforchildren, #donatebooksforchildren, #donatetoysforchildren, #sponsorforchildren, #sponsorclothesforchildren, #sponsorbooksforchildren, #sponsortoysforchildren, #seruds, #kurnool
Transit-Oriented Development Study Working Group Meeting
Rural urban partnership for economic development
1. Rural-Urban Partnership for economic
development: rationale, geographies and
governance approaches
Paolo Veneri
Regional Development Policy Division
OECD
27 October 2015
GLOBAL EXPERT GROUP MEETING
The Role of Intermediate Cities in Strengthening Urban-Rural Linkages towards the
New Urban Agenda
2. Outline
1. What is urban / what is rural
2. Demographic, economic and well-being profile of urban
and rural areas
3. Urban-rural interactions and regional performance
4. From linkages to partnerships
5. Building effective U-R partnerships
3. 1. What is urban / what is rural
Current OECD classification of urban and rural areas
The current OECD typology is defined for Territorial Level 3 regions and into 3 major
categories. Subsequently, rural regions are classified in 2 sub-categories
TL3 regions
Intermediate
Predominantly
rural
Predominantly
urban
Rural close to a
city
Rural remote
Based on population
density of local units
Based on accessibility /
distance to cities
Large regions (TL2)
Usually the first government layer after the
national/federal one
Smaller regions, often corresponding to admin.
entities (i.e. Départements in France)
4. 2. Demographic, economic and well-being profile
of urban and rural areas
In OECD countries, on average, almost 80% of rural population
live close to an urban area (2012)
5. 2. Demographic, economic and well-being profile
of urban and rural areas
Different types of regions show similar patterns of growth in GDP per capita, 2010-12
6. 0.005.01.015
AverageannualgrowthofrealGDPpercapita(2000-12)
Rural remote Intermediate Urban Rural close to a city
3. Urban-rural interactions and regional
performance
Economic growth in the last decade was highest in rural regions close to cities
Cities support GDP
(and population)
growth in
surrounding rural
places
Source: OECD
regional database
Average annual growth of real GDP per capita (2000-12) by type of region
7. Strong spatial externalities between urban and rural regions are observed
population rural regions grow
more, ceteris paribus, the more
connected they are (the smaller
the distance) to the closest urban
or intermediate region
there positive growth spillovers
from urban to rural regions in
terms of population and GDP.
The existence of these externalities makes worth shifting the
attention from the administrative to the functional
organization of the territory (functional regions)
3. Urban-rural interactions and regional
performance
8. 4. From linkages to partnerships
Definition
Rural-urban partnerships are mechanisms of co-
operation between urban and rural stakeholders in order
to reach common objectives.
Distinctive features:
1. a membership mix that includes the relevant rural and urban stakeholders
2. initiatives aimed at yielding collective benefits to urban and rural partners
Characteristics:
• Members of R-U partnerships can belong to the private or public sector,
depending on the context and on the purpose of the initiative.
• The public sector is often the key promoter of the R-U partnership, which can
range from a formal body with delegated power to an informal co-operation
platform
9. 4. From linkages to partnerships
Some observed purposes of R-U partnerships
Category of benefit observed Example of sub-type of objective Example of practical experience
Production of public goods
Landscape preservation
Better management of natural resources
Larger and more integrated markets
Urban agriculture (Rennes, FR): small scale
farming activities in peri-urban spaces
Promotion of an integrated food supply chain
(Forli, IT; Nuremberg, DE): connecting rural-
areas to the market, through co-operation
between urban and rural actors
Common Management of water resources
(Forli, IT): mountain municipalities providing
water benefit from a share of revenues,
investments in cultural heritage and tourism
development initiatives
Achieving higher economies
of scale
Providing better and cheaper services to both
urban and rural communities
Education and health care through the use of
ICT (Central Finland)
Waste management (West Pomerania, PL):
through co-operation between R and U
municipal.
Capacity building
Improve capacity of local administrations to
carry out policy
Manage conflicts for land use conflicts for land
use between farming and housing (Geelong,
AU)
Account for negative cross-
border externalities
Housing and land use policy that account for
the need of landscape preservation (Limiting
“sprawl”)
Integrated spatial plan: housing, land use
policy and transportation are co-ordinated at
the level of functional region (Pays de
Rennes)
Overcoming co-ordination
failures
Building a common vision for development
and matching investment decisions
Common plan for economic development
(Geelong, AU; Nuremberg, DE)
10. The case of Forlì-Cesena, Italy: different geographies for different functions
Labour market areas (LLSs) Rural-urban. agro-industry partnership Tourism and water: the area of
Romagna (territorial identity – soft factor)
Forli
Cesena
different regions for different functions
labour market areas are not large enough to catch all the territory of the R-U partnership
soft factors such as a strong territorial identity (e.g. ‘Romagna”) plays a role for the
identification some of the partnerships (tourism, water, etc.)
4. From linkages to partnership
The spaces of co-operation (case studies)
11. 4. From linkages to partnership
The example of urban agriculture in Rennes Métropole (RM)
Context: political choice for “ville archipel” (agriculture between urban centres)
Tool: Local Agricultural Programme within a Common inter-municipal plan (SCoT)
Rural areas
- Ecosystem services
- Niche food products
- Landscape
- Quality of life
Urban areas
- Advanced services
- Access to large
market
- Diversification
Meta-objectives:
- Set-up an agricultural observatory to monitor economic dynamics
- Combine planning, land and agriculture
- Strengthen the grove in its multiple roles
- Adapt to the new energy and climate context
- Strengthen the linkages between agriculture and citizens (communication; short circuits
and local identity of products; support agricultural diversification)
RM gave to farmers financial subsidy in two cases: a) support the "agricultural diversification":
(for 20% max of the investment - farm products stores led by farmers groups;
b)Under the program "Breizh bocage" : RM contributes for 100% to the plantation of
hedgerows (mulching, plantations, soil preparation, maintenance during 3 years ).
12. 4. From linkages to partnership
Four governance approaches to R-U partnerships
Explicit rural-urban
partnership
Partnership deliberately
addresses the management
of rural-urban relationships.
Implicit rural-urban
partnership
Co-operation is driven by
objectives mandating the
involvement of urban and rural
areas.
No delegated
functions
High flexibility (large and
diverse set of actors)
Lower access to resources
Potential discord between
actors
Example: Nuremberg
Metropolitan Region
With delegated
functions
High access to resources
High influence
Low flexibility
Example: Rennes
Métropole
With delegated
functions
High access to
resources
Need comprehension
of U-R issues
Example: Province of
Forlì-Cesena
No delegated
functions
Soft co-operation
High flexibility
Sectoral approach
Example: Prague and
nearby municipalities
in Central Bohemia
13. 5. Building effective R-U partnerships: a
strategy
Matching
..the appropriate scale
Including
..the relevant stakeholder
Learning
..to be more effective
1. Better understanding of R-U
conditions and interactions
2. Addressing territorial challenges
through a functional approach
3. Working towards a common agenda
for urban and rural policy
4. Building a enabling environment for
R-U partnership
5. Clarifying the partnership objectives
and related measures
Editor's Notes
This presentation tries to answer to the question: Do we have economic reasons to foster rural-urban partnerships? Answers are based on theory and on the evidence provided through the case-study analysis.
In order to justify a policy intervention to help the formation of rural-urban partnerships we have to understand the following issues:
What are the main challenges that regions want to address through rural-urban partnerships?
How these challenges are based on specific linkages between urban and rural areas?
How the purposes of rural-urban partnerships change depending on the type of territory?
What are the observed outcome of rural-urban partnerships? What are their foundations?
What are the potential risks of rural-urban co-operation?
The building blocks are «local units» (i.e. municipalities, counties in the US, wards in the UK, etc.).
Our classification was built in the early 2000s with the OECD Working Party on Territorial Indicators. It’s a result of finding a common ground for the different countries at that time. The main objectives of such classification were: a) international comparisons; b) robust way to describe, with an international perspective, the entire territory of different countries; c) when possible, adhere to policy relevant units of analysis.
A region is classified as intermediate if the share of population living in rural local units is between 15% and 50%
This graph uses the OECD regional classification, which distinguishes all TL3 regions in “Predomanatly urban”, “Intermediate” and “predominantly rural”. The latter are further classified in “predominantly rural close to a city” and “remote rural regions”. The graph shows how total population that live in predominantly rural region is split in “close to a city” and “remote”.
Note: in order to be considered “close to a city”, at least 50% of regional population should be able to reach a city of at least 50 000 inhabitants in less than 45 minutes driving (60 minutes for American countries).
Regarding the convergence of rural regions, there is an important difference between rural remote regions and rural close to cities. The former in 1995 had on average a level of GDP per capita that was 93% of the average GDP per capita in the OECD. In 2011 this level decreased to 88%. On the other hand, the pattern for the rural close to cities has been opposite: levels of GDP per capita were 84% of the average level in 1995, while in 2011 it was 86%.
Production of public goods (or “club” goods)
Higher external visibility and attractiveness
Exploiting local productive linkages (e.g. agro-industry) and economic complementarities
Easier access to natural resources (incl. renewable energies)
Strengthen territorial identity and social capital
Achieve higher economies of scale
Network economies (e.g. overcoming limits of small-size business environments)
Higher political power, financial resources and better dialogue with other government levels
Improving quality, access or economic viability of services’ provision
Capacity building
Improving local government capacity to carry out tasks
Account for negative externalities
Coordinating land use policy (e.g. sprawl issues)
Limiting zero-sum competition among municipalities (e.g. tax competition)
Overcoming coordination failures
Setting and aligning priorities for economic development
Improving local knowledge through social learning and information sharing