The document summarizes the female reproductive system. It describes the external and internal reproductive organs, including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina. It discusses the functions of these organs, such as producing eggs and hormones, transporting eggs to the uterus, and providing a site for implantation and childbirth. The document also covers topics like menstruation, the menstrual cycle, and hormones that influence oogenesis and reproduction.

1. Ela Rahmawati 4401410073
Queena Lupita 4401410049
Biology Education
First Group
Semarang State University

3. To product ovum
delivering eggs to the place where
the egg is fertilized by the
spermatozoa
Provide the site of implantation to
pregnancy and childbirth.
Tool of sexual activity

4. Divided into:
 External reproductive
consist of vulva
surrounding the
clitoris and vaginal
opening.
 Internal reproductive
consist of a pair of
gonads (ovaries) and
a system of ducts and
chambers.

5.  Functions : as the entrance of sperm into the
woman's body and as a protector of the
genital organs from infectious organisms.
 Consist of:
 Vulva : labia majora and labia minora
 Clitoris
 Bartholin’s glands
 Hymen
 Urethral opening

6. Genital organs form a
pathway (the genital
tract), which consists
of:
•The ovaries (ovarian),
•Fallopian tubes
(oviduct),
•Womb (uterus),
•The vagina.

7. Is the genital glands that
produce ovum and secrete
hormones estrogen and
progesterone
A pair
Mesovarium :the hanger of
ovaries
Located in the abdominal
cavity and enclosed in a
tough protective capsule.
Attached by mesentery to
the uterus.
Each ovary contains follicles.

8.  Channels in the
abdominal cavity
 Serves to channel the
egg to the uterus
(womb) with a
peristaltic
movement, and aided
by the movement of
cilia on the walls.

9.  Avocado-shaped
 Uterine wall tissue
prepared by proponent =
mesometrium (3 layers):
1. Endometrium: contain
many blood
2. Myometrium - the
smooth muscle
3. Perimetrium - the
outermost layer
 Cervix: neck of the
uterus, the opens into
the vagina

10. Is a place the penis
during copulation and as
a way out baby at birth

11. Ovulation is the release of an ovum from the
ovary.
Ovum will move into the uterus, along with
the process, in the uterine wall becomes
thick like a sponge full of blood vessels that
are ready to receive the zygote.

12. Mammary glands
 Are present in both males and
females but normally function only
in women
 Consist of small sacs of epithelial
tissue that secrete milk.
 Milk drains into a series of ducts
opening at the nipple.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

15.  Corona radiata: a layer
of granulosa cells
attached on the outer
side of the oocyte.
 Zona pellucida: a
glycoprotein that
surrounds the oocyte.

16. Structure of Ovum

17. Vitelline membrane
It is a primary egg membrane secreted by the
ovum. The ovum Is surrounded immediately by
this thinand transparent membrane.
Zona pellucida
It is thick, transparent and noncellular an
disaprimary membrane. Between the vitelline
membrane and Zona pellucidalies the perivitel
line space.
Corona radiata
The outer most thick membrane formed by the
follicular cells is called corona radiata. It is a
secondary egg membrane. It is not smoot hand
radially elongated cells form this membrane.
Ovulation
When the ovum is mature it is released from
the Graafian follicle into the a bdominal cavity.
This Is called ovulation.

18. Peniati, Endah. 2012. Petunjuk Praktikum
Embriologi Hewan. Semarang: Laboraturium
Jurusan Biologi FMIPA Unnes.
Campbell, Neil A. et al. 2002. Biologi Edisi
Kelima- Jilid 3. Jakarta: Erlangga.
http://www.google.com/
http://e-dukasi.net/
http://erlangga.com/

19. Uterus Simpleks
Have been by primata and mamalia’s else.
This type have servik uteri, corpus uteri is
evident and dont have kornua uteri.
Uterus Bikornis
have been by pig. Corpus uterus is very
short, have one servik and kornua uteri long
also in of truns.
Uterus Duplek
have been by rat, rabbit,and ginea pig. This
type have two corpus uteri, and two servik.
Uterus Delphia
have been by marsupials, like opossum,
kanguru, and platypus. All genital tract
divided by two kornua uteri, two korpus
uteri, two servik, and two vagina.
Uterus Bipartitus
have been by cow,sheep,dog, cat,and horse. This type have servik uteri one
servik, korpus uteri is evident especially in horse, have kornua uteri, and
there is a gap septum between kornua uteri.

20. Based on:
1. Amount of Yolk
2. Yolk Distribution
2011
Types of Ovum

21. 1. Based on Amount of Yolk
a. Microlecithal/oligolecithalegg
When the egg contains a small
amount of yolk. Eg: Amphioxus
b. Mesolecithaleggs
The eggs that have a moderate
amount of yolk. Eg: Frogs, annelid
worms, molluscs, etc.
c. Megalecithal/Macrolecithaleggs
The eggs that contain large quantity
of yolk. Amount of deutroplasm, it
form layer that contain all part of
egg, but the nucleus and cytoplasm
only in polar peak animal. Eg: Birds,
reptiles.

23. 2. Based on Yolk
Distribution
a. Isolecithal/Homolecithal: distribution of yolk
throughout the cytoplasm. A little yolk (deutroplasm)
wide spread in cytoplasm contained in amphioxus and
metatheria and eutheria. Eg. Amphioxus, and All
microlecithaleggs have this type
b. Telolecithal: Yolk concentrated at one pole (the yolk
will normally get concentrated in the vegetal pole).
enough yolk (deutroplasm) consists of layer in egg
vegetal pole. Eg: most vertebrate eggs are
telolecithal.
c. Centrolecithal: Yolk is concentrated at the center of
the egg. Cytoplasm forms a superficial cortex around
the surface. deutroplasm is more than egg volum but
its located I the middle cytoplasm outside. Eg.
Arthropods, insects

25. HORMON YANG BERPENGARUH PADA PROSES OOGENESIS
 Hormon FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
Berfungsi untuk merangsang pertumbuhan
sel-sel folikel
 Hormon LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
Berfungsi merangsang
terjadinya ovulasi (yaitu proses
pengeluaran sel ovum)
 Hormon estrogen
Estrogen berfungsi menimbulkan sifat
kelamin sekunder
 Hormon progesteron
Hormon progesteron berfungsi juga untuk
menebalkan dinding endometrium.

26. Oksitosin, have role to stimulate initial contraction of
uterus muscle when birth process occurs.
Relaxin, have role to stimulate ligamen pelvis to do
relaxation when birth process occurs.
Lactogen, together with progesteron to stimulate
mamae glands to produce milk.
GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone), Controls
pituitary secretion
HORMON YANG BERPENGARUH
PADA PROSES OOGENESIS

27. DAUR PEMBIAKAN
Daur pembiakan dibagi atas 7
macam menurut daerah genitalia
yang mengalaminya :
Daur ovarium
Daur tuba
Daur uterus
Daur cervix
Daur vagina
Daur kelenjar susu

28. Hormonal Control of Oogenesis

29. Life endurance Of ovum
SPECIES DURABLE
(in hours)
Rabbit 8
Mouse & Rat 12
Guinea Pig 20
Cow 18-20
Sheep 24
Ape 23
Human 24
After ovulation (out from ovarium)

30. Menstruasi merupakan
pendarahan yang terjadi akibat
luruhnya dinding sebelah dalam
rahim (endometrium) yang
banyak mengandung pembuluh
darah.

31. Pada tiap siklus dikenal 3 masa utama yaitu:
1. Masa menstruasi yang berlangsung selama 2-8 hari. Pada saat
itu endometrium (selaput rahim) dilepaskan sehingga timbul
perdarahan dan hormon-hormon ovarium berada dalam kadar
paling rendah
2. Masa proliferasi dari berhenti darah menstruasi sampai hari ke-
14. Setelah menstruasi berakhir, dimulailah fase proliferasi
dimana terjadi pertumbuhan dari desidua fungsionalis untuk
mempersiapkan rahim untuk perlekatan janin. Pada fase ini
endometrium tumbuh kembali. Antara hari ke-12 sampai 14
dapat terjadi pelepasan sel telur dari indung telur (disebut
ovulasi)
3. Masa sekresi. Masa sekresi adalah masa sesudah terjadinya
ovulasi. Hormon progesteron dikeluarkan dan mempengaruhi
pertumbuhan endometrium untuk membuat kondisi rahim siap
untuk implantasi (perlekatan janin ke rahim)

32. Estrus cycle
 diagram illustrates the
changes that occur in the estrous
cycle (cow as the example). Top
panel shows the changes in the
hormones secreted by the
 ovary (estrogen &
progesterone).
 pituitary gland (LH & FSH)
 2nd panel shows the events
that occur in the ovary,
 3rd panel indicates the day of
cycle (Bovine Estrous Cycle)
 4th panel shows the events
that occur in the wall of the
uterus.

33. Frequency of female estrous
cycles in several mammals:
 Cow - 21 days
 Elephant - 16 weeks
 Goat - 21 days
 Rodents - 4–6 days

34. The Differences Between
Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis
Spermatogenesis:
1. Meitotic divisions are equal
2. At the end of second meitotic
division 4 spermatids are
formed
3. Growth phase is insignificant
4. Spermatids undergo
spermiogenesis
5. The functional sperm is
motile
Oogenesis:
1. Meiotic divisions are unequal
2. At the end of second meiotic
division only an ootid formed
3. Growth phase is significant
4. No such changes are seen in
the ootid
5. The ovum is non-motile

36. Thank You