Roman architecture was heavily influenced by the Etruscans and Greeks. The Romans perfected wide-span construction using concrete and innovative arch designs. Their most iconic structures included temples, aqueducts, amphitheaters like the Colosseum, and public baths. Roman architecture emphasized durable construction on a grand scale to impress and serve large populations in expanding cities and across their empire.
The document provides information on ancient Greek architecture from its origins to key structures. It discusses that architecture originated from wood structures and evolved to use stone. The three classical orders of Doric, Ionic and Corinthian are described in detail. Important temples like the Parthenon and Erechtheion on the Acropolis in Athens are summarized, including their design, materials, and religious significance. Other aspects covered include the polis system of city-states and key buildings within the agora like stoas and temples.
The document provides information on various architectural orders used in classical Greek and Roman buildings. It describes the key characteristics of the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders including fluting, columns, capitals, and entablatures. It provides examples of temples, theaters, and other structures from ancient Greece and Rome that demonstrate these orders such as the Parthenon, Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, and the Pantheon.
Early Greek architecture originated from wood construction but transitioned to stone by the 6th century BC while retaining wooden design elements. The three classical orders of Greek architecture - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian - are defined by their column capitals and other distinguishing features. Greek temples generally followed set forms and served as homes for the community's gods, with outdoor ceremonies, and included a naos, pronaos, columns, entablature, and pediment. The Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis was the pinnacle of classical Greek architecture, known for its refined proportions and sculptural details. Greek architectural forms had a lasting influence adopted by later cultures like the Romans and remain integral to architecture worldwide.
Roman architecture was influenced by the cultures they conquered, including the practical functionalism of early Italian cultures, the urban planning of the Etruscans, and the art, philosophy and literature of the Greeks. Roman architecture is characterized by monumentality, technical advances, and integration of beauty with practicality. Buildings were constructed with various vaulting techniques and durable materials like stone, concrete and brick. Roman cities had defined urban plans centered around forums and crossed by main roads, and included infrastructure like aqueducts, bridges and harbors. Major building types included temples, basilicas, baths, theatres, amphitheatres and circuses.
Egyptian architecture featured massive stone structures for temples and tombs, while domestic buildings used mud brick. Pyramids evolved from mastabas and step pyramids as ways to provide passage to the afterlife. The Great Pyramids of Giza, among the largest constructions ever built, housed tombs for pharaohs. Later pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings, with hidden entrances and richly decorated tombs. Temples followed a structured layout and used light and shadow symbolically through clerestory windows and column placement.
The document provides details about Roman architecture based on a lecture about the topic. It discusses Roman influences from Greek architecture as well as innovations the Romans developed. A key example discussed is the Colosseum, described as the largest amphitheater in the world. The Colosseum could accommodate 50,000 spectators and featured an arena and multiple levels of seating. It was constructed out of stone, concrete, and bricks to impressive sizes that demonstrated Roman engineering capabilities.
The document provides an overview of Egyptian architecture spanning over 10,000 years. It describes some key characteristics including the predominant building materials of mud bricks and stone. It highlights some of Egypt's most famous structures like the Great Pyramids of Giza and the Great Sphinx. The document also provides details about Egyptian temples, sarcophagi, and other architectural elements like obelisks and reliefs.
The document discusses the three main Greek architectural orders - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. It describes the origins and characteristics of each order, including details about their columns, capitals, and time periods. The Doric order is the oldest and simplest, originating in the 7th century BCE. The Ionic order is more elegant with scroll-like capitals and originated in Ionia in the 6th century BCE. The most exquisite is the Corinthian order from the 4th century BCE, characterized by acanthus leaves and floral decorations.
The document provides information on ancient Greek architecture from its origins to key structures. It discusses that architecture originated from wood structures and evolved to use stone. The three classical orders of Doric, Ionic and Corinthian are described in detail. Important temples like the Parthenon and Erechtheion on the Acropolis in Athens are summarized, including their design, materials, and religious significance. Other aspects covered include the polis system of city-states and key buildings within the agora like stoas and temples.
The document provides information on various architectural orders used in classical Greek and Roman buildings. It describes the key characteristics of the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders including fluting, columns, capitals, and entablatures. It provides examples of temples, theaters, and other structures from ancient Greece and Rome that demonstrate these orders such as the Parthenon, Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, and the Pantheon.
Early Greek architecture originated from wood construction but transitioned to stone by the 6th century BC while retaining wooden design elements. The three classical orders of Greek architecture - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian - are defined by their column capitals and other distinguishing features. Greek temples generally followed set forms and served as homes for the community's gods, with outdoor ceremonies, and included a naos, pronaos, columns, entablature, and pediment. The Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis was the pinnacle of classical Greek architecture, known for its refined proportions and sculptural details. Greek architectural forms had a lasting influence adopted by later cultures like the Romans and remain integral to architecture worldwide.
Roman architecture was influenced by the cultures they conquered, including the practical functionalism of early Italian cultures, the urban planning of the Etruscans, and the art, philosophy and literature of the Greeks. Roman architecture is characterized by monumentality, technical advances, and integration of beauty with practicality. Buildings were constructed with various vaulting techniques and durable materials like stone, concrete and brick. Roman cities had defined urban plans centered around forums and crossed by main roads, and included infrastructure like aqueducts, bridges and harbors. Major building types included temples, basilicas, baths, theatres, amphitheatres and circuses.
Egyptian architecture featured massive stone structures for temples and tombs, while domestic buildings used mud brick. Pyramids evolved from mastabas and step pyramids as ways to provide passage to the afterlife. The Great Pyramids of Giza, among the largest constructions ever built, housed tombs for pharaohs. Later pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings, with hidden entrances and richly decorated tombs. Temples followed a structured layout and used light and shadow symbolically through clerestory windows and column placement.
The document provides details about Roman architecture based on a lecture about the topic. It discusses Roman influences from Greek architecture as well as innovations the Romans developed. A key example discussed is the Colosseum, described as the largest amphitheater in the world. The Colosseum could accommodate 50,000 spectators and featured an arena and multiple levels of seating. It was constructed out of stone, concrete, and bricks to impressive sizes that demonstrated Roman engineering capabilities.
The document provides an overview of Egyptian architecture spanning over 10,000 years. It describes some key characteristics including the predominant building materials of mud bricks and stone. It highlights some of Egypt's most famous structures like the Great Pyramids of Giza and the Great Sphinx. The document also provides details about Egyptian temples, sarcophagi, and other architectural elements like obelisks and reliefs.
The document discusses the three main Greek architectural orders - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. It describes the origins and characteristics of each order, including details about their columns, capitals, and time periods. The Doric order is the oldest and simplest, originating in the 7th century BCE. The Ionic order is more elegant with scroll-like capitals and originated in Ionia in the 6th century BCE. The most exquisite is the Corinthian order from the 4th century BCE, characterized by acanthus leaves and floral decorations.
The document summarizes key aspects of ancient Greek architecture from its origins to important structures. It discusses how Greek architecture originated from wood construction and adapted stone features. The three classical orders of Doric, Ionic and Corinthian are described. Important parts of Greek temples like the colonnade, entablature and pediment are outlined. Famous structures on the Acropolis like the Parthenon and Erechtheum are summarized. The lasting influence of Greek architecture is noted.
Greek architecture flourished between the 9th century BCE and 6th century CE. It was influenced by Greece's geography, geology, climate, and polytheistic religion. The Greeks are credited with developing the three classical orders of architecture - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. Greek architecture is best known for its temples, which featured rectangular plans and orders consisting of a base, shaft, and capital that represented the human form. Common temple structures included the pronaos, cella, and opisthodomos.
The document summarizes Roman architecture from the Republican period through the Late Empire. During the Early and High Empire periods (27 BCE - 192 CE), Roman architecture advanced with developments like concrete construction, which allowed grand vaulted spaces and domes. Iconic buildings from this era included the Pantheon with its record-breaking concrete dome, as well as amphitheaters like the Colosseum in Rome. Aqueduct engineering also flourished as the Romans built bridges and channels to carry water over long distances. Monumental arches like the Arch of Titus commemorated imperial accomplishments.
Egyptian architecture was heavily influenced by geographical, geological, climatic, historical, social, and religious factors. The Nile river provided resources and trade routes, and abundant stone like limestone was used for construction. Egypt's hot climate led to simple designs with massive unbroken walls. Egyptian architectural styles included temples, pyramids, mastabas, and rock-cut tombs. Columns resembled bundles of plant stems and capitals took forms like lotus buds. Temples had imposing gateways and courtyards, while pyramids served as tombs for pharaohs. Hieroglyphics, columns, obelisks, and symbols like the scarab beetle and lotus plant decorated Egyptian
Roman architecture : Elements and innovations.jainvijaya
Hey! i am an architecture student. This presentation i made was for a college submission. Hope it works out for you. All the best. And don't forget to like it...!!!
Ancient Greek architecture had a profound influence on Western architecture. The Greeks excelled in fields like art, music, and architecture for hundreds of years between 900 BCE to 600 CE. Their architecture is distinguished by its formal structures and ornamentation. The most common building was the temple, built with the classical orders of Doric, Ionic, or Corinthian columns. Other structures included theaters, gates, and civic buildings. Greek architectural designs and orders like the column and pediment were widely adopted by later cultures like the Romans and still influence architecture today.
The Romans borrowed from Greek and Etruscan architecture but innovated in several ways. They added the Tuscan and Composite orders. They pioneered the use of concrete which allowed massive structures like aqueducts, baths, and amphitheaters to be built. Domes, arches, and plumbing systems were developed. Their innovative road network spanned the empire and is still used as a model today.
The document discusses Byzantine architecture from the 5th-15th centuries. Some key developments include the use of pendentives and domes on pendentives, which allowed domes to be placed over square buildings. Important early examples include Hagia Sophia and St. Vitale, with Hagia Sophia being the greatest architectural achievement. Byzantine architecture influenced buildings throughout the Byzantine Empire and beyond, adapting to regional styles.
Byzantine architecture was influenced by its location between Europe and Asia at the junction of important trade routes. Buildings used local materials like brick and stone with marble imported from quarries. The hot climate led to small, high windows and domes with arcaded courtyards. Byzantine architecture fused oriental and Roman styles, using massive decoration and introducing dome construction. Churches often had a central dome surrounded by smaller domes with a smooth external profile and internal/external correspondence. Famous examples include Hagia Sophia, built in 532-537 AD with a large central dome carried by pendentives, and St. Mark's Basilica in Venice symbolizing the city's history.
Theory of Architecture 2 class
Report by: Michelle S. Estrada & Caren V.Cuevas
Central Colleges of the Philippines
College of Architecture
2nd Semester S.Y. 2015-16
December 2015
The document provides an overview of classical Greek architecture, beginning with the origins of post-and-lintel construction in Greek temples and Egyptian hypostyle halls. By the 6th century BCE, stone had replaced wood in important temples, though designs still reflected wooden origins. Greeks adapted to stone's properties by designing temples with towering, spaced columns and solid superstructures. Temple interiors housed cult images rather than being places of worship. The document outlines the distinctive parts of Greek temples and the three classical orders - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian - distinguished by column design. Later sections cover refinements like entasis, temple floor plans ranging from simple naos to grand dipteral structures, and the lasting influence of Greek
Ancient Greek architecture developed between 900 BC to 1st century AD and was influenced by earlier civilizations like Egypt. The Greeks used post-lintel construction and three classical orders - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. Temples were the main buildings and were used for religious purposes to show power. Other structures included houses, theaters, and markets. Materials included bricks, stone, wood and marble. Architecture progressed through Geometric, Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic periods, with innovations like stone temples and complex theater designs in the Archaic and Classical eras.
Mesopotamian architecture was characterized by massive monumental structures like ziggurats and palaces. Ziggurats were large stepped towers built out of mudbricks that served both practical and religious purposes. They dominated cities and symbolized the rule of gods. Some notable ziggurats included those at Uruk, Borsippa, and Ur. Palaces were also grand architectural feats, such as Sargon's palace at Dur-Sharrukin in Assyria and the structures built by Persian kings at Pasargadae and Persepolis, including the Apadana palace and Hall of 100 Columns.
(History of Architecture 2) Sept 2012 romanesque architectureCarla Faner
Romanesque architecture developed in medieval Europe between 1000-1200 AD. It was characterized by thick walls, rounded arches, barrel vaults, and small windows that provided structural support and security. Prominent building types included churches, monasteries, castles, and fortified towns that reflected the religious and military needs of the time. Local materials like stone, brick, and wood were used depending on availability, contributing to regional variations within the overall Romanesque style.
The Roman Empire had a significant influence on architecture across Europe and the Mediterranean. They adopted architectural styles from the Greeks and Etruscans but also developed many innovations. The Romans were skilled builders known for complex construction utilizing stone, brick, concrete and marble. They constructed grand structures such as aqueducts, bridges, and amphitheaters that demonstrated the capabilities of the Roman arch and vault. The most iconic buildings were forums, temples, baths and the magnificent Colosseum which endured as a symbol of Roman engineering prowess.
The document discusses the Acropolis, which refers to a citadel or fortified settlement built on elevated ground, often a hill with steep sides, for defensive purposes. Archaeologists use the term to describe hilltop settlements in Northwest Iberia. The Acropolis was where the major temples of a city were located and was built to glorify the gods. Athens is provided as an example of a typical ancient Greek city, with its Acropolis located on one of the hills containing religious buildings like the Parthenon. The restoration project for the Acropolis in Athens began in 1975.
The Parthenon, Acropolis of Athens, Greek.Nekumi Kida
The Parthenon was a large 5th century BC temple on the Acropolis in Athens dedicated to the goddess Athena. It was commissioned by Pericles as both a temple and national treasury after Athens had been destroyed by the Persians. Considered one of the greatest cultural achievements of Ancient Greece, the Parthenon was precisely constructed using optical refinements and golden ratios. However, it suffered damage over the centuries due to wars and the removal of sculptures to England in the 19th century. Reconstruction efforts continue today to restore this important symbol of Athenian democracy.
Roman architecture was heavily influenced by earlier Etruscan and Greek styles, but the Romans also innovated, particularly with the use of concrete and arched structures like aqueducts. They developed standardized city plans with gridded streets and public forums. Important building types included basilicas, which served civic and religious functions, and temples which often had colonnaded porches and cellas. The Pantheon featured the innovative use of a dome structure. Aqueducts brought water into cities using arches to support elevated stone channels.
Roman architecture evolved from Etruscan and Greek influences, developing new techniques like the arch, vault and concrete that allowed for larger structures. Some key examples include the Pont du Gard aqueduct, the Colosseum which could seat 50,000, and the Pantheon's monumental dome. Public architecture and facilities like baths and forums reinforced imperial power and provided entertainment for citizens.
The early Christian architecture began in Rome and Constantinople in the early 4th century AD. With Christianity becoming the official state religion under Emperor Constantine, new church buildings were needed for worship. The most common church design was the basilica, adapted from Roman civic buildings. Two prominent early basilica churches were St. John Lateran in Rome (313-320 AD) and St. Peter's in Rome (333 AD), which had a nave and aisles topped by timber roofs. Alternative centralized plans like baptisteries were also sometimes used starting in the 5th century.
The document summarizes key aspects of ancient Greek architecture from its origins to important structures. It discusses how Greek architecture originated from wood construction and adapted stone features. The three classical orders of Doric, Ionic and Corinthian are described. Important parts of Greek temples like the colonnade, entablature and pediment are outlined. Famous structures on the Acropolis like the Parthenon and Erechtheum are summarized. The lasting influence of Greek architecture is noted.
Greek architecture flourished between the 9th century BCE and 6th century CE. It was influenced by Greece's geography, geology, climate, and polytheistic religion. The Greeks are credited with developing the three classical orders of architecture - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. Greek architecture is best known for its temples, which featured rectangular plans and orders consisting of a base, shaft, and capital that represented the human form. Common temple structures included the pronaos, cella, and opisthodomos.
The document summarizes Roman architecture from the Republican period through the Late Empire. During the Early and High Empire periods (27 BCE - 192 CE), Roman architecture advanced with developments like concrete construction, which allowed grand vaulted spaces and domes. Iconic buildings from this era included the Pantheon with its record-breaking concrete dome, as well as amphitheaters like the Colosseum in Rome. Aqueduct engineering also flourished as the Romans built bridges and channels to carry water over long distances. Monumental arches like the Arch of Titus commemorated imperial accomplishments.
Egyptian architecture was heavily influenced by geographical, geological, climatic, historical, social, and religious factors. The Nile river provided resources and trade routes, and abundant stone like limestone was used for construction. Egypt's hot climate led to simple designs with massive unbroken walls. Egyptian architectural styles included temples, pyramids, mastabas, and rock-cut tombs. Columns resembled bundles of plant stems and capitals took forms like lotus buds. Temples had imposing gateways and courtyards, while pyramids served as tombs for pharaohs. Hieroglyphics, columns, obelisks, and symbols like the scarab beetle and lotus plant decorated Egyptian
Roman architecture : Elements and innovations.jainvijaya
Hey! i am an architecture student. This presentation i made was for a college submission. Hope it works out for you. All the best. And don't forget to like it...!!!
Ancient Greek architecture had a profound influence on Western architecture. The Greeks excelled in fields like art, music, and architecture for hundreds of years between 900 BCE to 600 CE. Their architecture is distinguished by its formal structures and ornamentation. The most common building was the temple, built with the classical orders of Doric, Ionic, or Corinthian columns. Other structures included theaters, gates, and civic buildings. Greek architectural designs and orders like the column and pediment were widely adopted by later cultures like the Romans and still influence architecture today.
The Romans borrowed from Greek and Etruscan architecture but innovated in several ways. They added the Tuscan and Composite orders. They pioneered the use of concrete which allowed massive structures like aqueducts, baths, and amphitheaters to be built. Domes, arches, and plumbing systems were developed. Their innovative road network spanned the empire and is still used as a model today.
The document discusses Byzantine architecture from the 5th-15th centuries. Some key developments include the use of pendentives and domes on pendentives, which allowed domes to be placed over square buildings. Important early examples include Hagia Sophia and St. Vitale, with Hagia Sophia being the greatest architectural achievement. Byzantine architecture influenced buildings throughout the Byzantine Empire and beyond, adapting to regional styles.
Byzantine architecture was influenced by its location between Europe and Asia at the junction of important trade routes. Buildings used local materials like brick and stone with marble imported from quarries. The hot climate led to small, high windows and domes with arcaded courtyards. Byzantine architecture fused oriental and Roman styles, using massive decoration and introducing dome construction. Churches often had a central dome surrounded by smaller domes with a smooth external profile and internal/external correspondence. Famous examples include Hagia Sophia, built in 532-537 AD with a large central dome carried by pendentives, and St. Mark's Basilica in Venice symbolizing the city's history.
Theory of Architecture 2 class
Report by: Michelle S. Estrada & Caren V.Cuevas
Central Colleges of the Philippines
College of Architecture
2nd Semester S.Y. 2015-16
December 2015
The document provides an overview of classical Greek architecture, beginning with the origins of post-and-lintel construction in Greek temples and Egyptian hypostyle halls. By the 6th century BCE, stone had replaced wood in important temples, though designs still reflected wooden origins. Greeks adapted to stone's properties by designing temples with towering, spaced columns and solid superstructures. Temple interiors housed cult images rather than being places of worship. The document outlines the distinctive parts of Greek temples and the three classical orders - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian - distinguished by column design. Later sections cover refinements like entasis, temple floor plans ranging from simple naos to grand dipteral structures, and the lasting influence of Greek
Ancient Greek architecture developed between 900 BC to 1st century AD and was influenced by earlier civilizations like Egypt. The Greeks used post-lintel construction and three classical orders - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. Temples were the main buildings and were used for religious purposes to show power. Other structures included houses, theaters, and markets. Materials included bricks, stone, wood and marble. Architecture progressed through Geometric, Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic periods, with innovations like stone temples and complex theater designs in the Archaic and Classical eras.
Mesopotamian architecture was characterized by massive monumental structures like ziggurats and palaces. Ziggurats were large stepped towers built out of mudbricks that served both practical and religious purposes. They dominated cities and symbolized the rule of gods. Some notable ziggurats included those at Uruk, Borsippa, and Ur. Palaces were also grand architectural feats, such as Sargon's palace at Dur-Sharrukin in Assyria and the structures built by Persian kings at Pasargadae and Persepolis, including the Apadana palace and Hall of 100 Columns.
(History of Architecture 2) Sept 2012 romanesque architectureCarla Faner
Romanesque architecture developed in medieval Europe between 1000-1200 AD. It was characterized by thick walls, rounded arches, barrel vaults, and small windows that provided structural support and security. Prominent building types included churches, monasteries, castles, and fortified towns that reflected the religious and military needs of the time. Local materials like stone, brick, and wood were used depending on availability, contributing to regional variations within the overall Romanesque style.
The Roman Empire had a significant influence on architecture across Europe and the Mediterranean. They adopted architectural styles from the Greeks and Etruscans but also developed many innovations. The Romans were skilled builders known for complex construction utilizing stone, brick, concrete and marble. They constructed grand structures such as aqueducts, bridges, and amphitheaters that demonstrated the capabilities of the Roman arch and vault. The most iconic buildings were forums, temples, baths and the magnificent Colosseum which endured as a symbol of Roman engineering prowess.
The document discusses the Acropolis, which refers to a citadel or fortified settlement built on elevated ground, often a hill with steep sides, for defensive purposes. Archaeologists use the term to describe hilltop settlements in Northwest Iberia. The Acropolis was where the major temples of a city were located and was built to glorify the gods. Athens is provided as an example of a typical ancient Greek city, with its Acropolis located on one of the hills containing religious buildings like the Parthenon. The restoration project for the Acropolis in Athens began in 1975.
The Parthenon, Acropolis of Athens, Greek.Nekumi Kida
The Parthenon was a large 5th century BC temple on the Acropolis in Athens dedicated to the goddess Athena. It was commissioned by Pericles as both a temple and national treasury after Athens had been destroyed by the Persians. Considered one of the greatest cultural achievements of Ancient Greece, the Parthenon was precisely constructed using optical refinements and golden ratios. However, it suffered damage over the centuries due to wars and the removal of sculptures to England in the 19th century. Reconstruction efforts continue today to restore this important symbol of Athenian democracy.
Roman architecture was heavily influenced by earlier Etruscan and Greek styles, but the Romans also innovated, particularly with the use of concrete and arched structures like aqueducts. They developed standardized city plans with gridded streets and public forums. Important building types included basilicas, which served civic and religious functions, and temples which often had colonnaded porches and cellas. The Pantheon featured the innovative use of a dome structure. Aqueducts brought water into cities using arches to support elevated stone channels.
Roman architecture evolved from Etruscan and Greek influences, developing new techniques like the arch, vault and concrete that allowed for larger structures. Some key examples include the Pont du Gard aqueduct, the Colosseum which could seat 50,000, and the Pantheon's monumental dome. Public architecture and facilities like baths and forums reinforced imperial power and provided entertainment for citizens.
The early Christian architecture began in Rome and Constantinople in the early 4th century AD. With Christianity becoming the official state religion under Emperor Constantine, new church buildings were needed for worship. The most common church design was the basilica, adapted from Roman civic buildings. Two prominent early basilica churches were St. John Lateran in Rome (313-320 AD) and St. Peter's in Rome (333 AD), which had a nave and aisles topped by timber roofs. Alternative centralized plans like baptisteries were also sometimes used starting in the 5th century.
The document provides an overview of Roman architecture and design from 117 AD to the 4th century AD. It discusses the Roman Empire and use of Latin as the dominant language. It then covers various aspects of Roman architecture such as building typology (e.g. basilicas, theaters), materials used (e.g. concrete, tiles), orders (Tuscan, Composite), structures (e.g. aqueducts, forums), and interior designs (e.g. mosaics, wall paintings). The document concludes with descriptions of important sites like the Colosseum in Rome.
The ancient Romans borrowed from Greek and Etruscan architecture, improving construction techniques like arches and vaults. They used various building materials and tools to construct monumental structures like the Colosseum and public baths. Roman architectural styles included columns, arches, domes, and elaborate wall construction methods. Major buildings showcased these styles, some of which are still standing today.
The document discusses the history and evolution of amphitheaters in ancient Rome, beginning with early temporary structures and culminating in the iconic Colosseum. It describes the development of amphitheater construction from simple excavated pits to sophisticated stone structures like the Colosseum with its elaborate subterranean network. The document also examines other notable amphitheaters throughout the Roman Empire.
The document summarizes information about the Colosseum in Rome. It provides an overview and introduction, then discusses the history in the ancient, medieval, and modern periods. It describes the physical exterior and interior, noting its size and materials used. It concludes with some facts about the Colosseum, and its status today as a major tourist attraction.
The document discusses several key concepts in architectural design including scale, proportion, human scale, hierarchy, symmetry, rhythm, and axis. It provides definitions and examples to illustrate each concept. Scale refers to size relative to a standard, while proportion is the relationship between parts and the whole. Elements like windowsills and door frames give buildings a human scale. Hierarchy is expressed through varying size, shape or placement of elements to show importance. Symmetry involves balanced patterns around a center. Rhythm uses repetition of shapes, progression of sizes, or line movement. An axis establishes a line of organization.
The document discusses various aspects of Roman architecture and art. It describes some key structures like aqueducts, roads, and the Pantheon. It also discusses Roman construction techniques like brick making and the use of concrete. Roman art incorporated styles from Greece and other conquered lands. Sculptures and mosaics decorated buildings. Architecture included large structures like the Colosseum and innovative designs like the Pantheon's dome.
The document discusses various works of Greek and Roman art and architecture from different historical periods, including sculptures like the Sekhmet Goddess and Kritios Boy from Ancient Egypt and the Renaissance respectively, as well as structures like Stonehenge, the Pantheon, and the Coliseum, alongside references to representations of Zeus and Egyptian pharaohs.
Renaissance architecture developed from Gothic architecture and was influenced by classical Roman forms. Key aspects included symmetrical designs with columns, semicircular arches, domes and an emphasis on order and proportion. Notable early Renaissance architects like Brunelleschi helped spread the style across Italy and then Europe through secular buildings like churches, palaces and universities built with stone, domes and columns. Styles like Elizabethan architecture mixed Renaissance motifs with Gothic styles and ornamentation.
The document provides a summary of the history, physical description, uses, and key features of the Colosseum in Rome. It began construction in 70-72 AD under Emperor Vespasian and was completed in 80 AD. Through the medieval period it underwent changes like being converted to a church and cemetery. Today it is a popular tourist attraction. Some key details are its size of 189m by 156m base and original capacity of 80,000 spectators, its 83m by 48m arena, and uses for gladiator battles and other events.
The Colosseum was built in Rome, Italy between 70-72 AD under Emperor Vespasian to host gladiator contests and other entertainments for the public. At 189 meters long and 156 meters wide with a capacity of 50,000 spectators, it was constructed out of stone and concrete. Today, the Colosseum is one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions, preserving an iconic landmark from ancient Roman civilization.
Robert Venturi was a prominent American architect known for coining the phrase "Less is a bore" and helping redirect architecture away from modernism. Some of his notable works include the Vanna Venturi House built in 1962-1964, which featured an asymmetrical facade and centralized chimney. He also designed Freedom Plaza in Washington D.C. in 1980, which uses stonework and inlaid designs and is raised above street level.
The document summarizes key architectural structures from Ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. It outlines the three main Greek architectural orders of Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian, as well as two Roman orders of Tuscan and Composite. It then provides details on major Greek temples including the Parthenon in Athens and Temple of Hephaestus, and Roman structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and Trajan's Column. The document serves as an overview of prominent architectural styles and buildings that exemplified Ancient Greek and Roman design.
Beyond the visual: The Body in Contemporary ArtDeborahJ
When we think of the Body in Contemporary Art we could consider a number of different and relevant aspects. For instance, the body - the human form - is central in art, traditionally the body was often used to explore allegory, beauty and sexuality and so on. But in the twentieth century there was a significant shift in both how the body was perceived, and how it was used to create art across a range of media, from painting and sculpture to installation, photography, video art, performance and participatory art. By considering the different roles played by the body in art, we can identify that there has been a shift from being the subject, for example, in a portraiture, to becoming an active presence in live and participatory events. Alongside this there has also been a significant transformation of the role of the audience, broadly speaking, from passive viewer to active participant.
The document discusses several architectural theories and styles including deconstructivism, postmodernism, parametric design, futuristic design, and cybertecture. Deconstructivism focuses on non-rectilinear forms and fragmented features. Postmodernism incorporates references from multiple historical styles. Parametric design uses computer software to generate complex shapes. Futuristic designs presented use bio-inspired vertical designs and sustainability. Cybertecture proposes buildings that incorporate technology, multimedia, and intelligence.
The document summarizes Roman art and architecture from the rise of the Roman Republic to the height of the Roman Empire. It describes how the Romans adopted many artistic styles from the Etruscans and Greeks, but made innovations in architecture like the arch, vault, and widespread use of concrete which allowed for grand structures like aqueducts, amphitheaters, baths and basilicas. Roman portraiture and murals strived for realistic representation. Major works discussed include the Colosseum, Pantheon and Arch of Constantine.
The Roman Empire spanned over 1/9th of the Earth's surface and ruled over a quarter of humanity across three continents at the height of its power. Roman architecture and town planning had a lasting legacy. They developed advanced building techniques like concrete and the arch, which enabled massive structures like the Colosseum and aqueducts. Roman towns were planned with gridded streets and usually centered around a forum. Notable architectural achievements included amphitheaters, temples, bath complexes, and the iconic Pantheon dome. Roman dress varied by class, gender, and occasion, with tunics and togas for citizens and more elaborate versions for elites.
Roman art served as a demonstration of power from 753 BCE to 410 CE. Roman architecture was revolutionary due to their understanding of the arch, vault and concrete, which allowed them to build monumental structures like aqueducts, temples, arenas and basilicas. While greatly admiring Greek art, Roman art had no unique style but was diverse and incorporated influences from territories across the Roman Empire. Wealthy patrons and the government sponsored art that proclaimed their glory.
The Romans were effective conquerors who created a unified national identity across regions through architecture and construction. To support their grand vision, Romans innovated new building materials and techniques. They invented concrete, which allowed larger structures, and developed arched and vaulted designs that distributed weight efficiently. The dome also provided new possibilities. These innovations enabled monumental structures like aqueducts, baths, amphitheaters, and arches that dominated the landscape and consolidated Roman power.
The document provides information on Roman architecture and its characteristics. It discusses the geographical, geological, climatic, and religious conditions that influenced Roman architecture. Some key points:
- The Romans adapted the Greek columnar style and Etruscan arch and vault in their architecture. They widely used arches, vaults and domes to span large spaces.
- Important building materials included stone, timber, iron, copper, bricks and the extensive use of lime concrete for walls, vaults and domes.
- Major building types included temples, basilicas, amphitheaters, circuses, baths and aqueducts. Large public structures like the Colosseum and Baths of
Roman architecture was influenced by earlier Etruscan and Greek styles. The Romans developed architectural techniques like the true arch, vaults, and concrete which allowed for grand civic structures like aqueducts, amphitheaters, baths and basilicas. Common building materials included various types of stone, brick and decorative concrete facings. Interior spaces were highly valued with an emphasis on vaulted ceilings, arches and walls. Roman architectural ideals focused on functionality and extravagance to serve both practical needs and display power and wealth.
The document provides historical background on Roman architecture from 753 BC to 476 AD. It discusses the location of Rome and the extent of the Roman Empire. Key architectural features are summarized, including temples, basilicas, aqueducts, thermae, amphitheaters, and the Pantheon. The Pantheon had an entrance portico and circular interior structure capped by a magnificent dome. Engineering innovations like arches, vaults, and concrete allowed Romans to construct monumental structures that remained unsurpassed for centuries.
The document summarizes key aspects of Roman architecture from 300 BC to AD 365. It discusses their significant innovation of concrete and how it enabled strong walls and structures. It also describes important Roman architectural structures like aqueducts, bridges, theaters, arenas, baths, temples, basilicas, houses, villas and tombs. The forum is introduced as the central public space in Roman cities.
Rimska arkhitektura chasiv_rimskoyi_imperiyiorestznak
The document summarizes key architectural structures in ancient Rome. It describes the Roman Forum as the center of public life where people traded and celebrated. Major landmarks in the Forum included the Temple of Saturn, the Temple of Vespasian, and the Arch of Septimius Severus. Entertainment structures like the Colosseum and Circus Maximus hosted games and events. Large residences like Nero's Domus Aurea and Hadrian's Mausoleum displayed the emperors' wealth and power. The architecture of Rome demonstrated the engineering abilities of the ancient Romans and their skills in organizing urban spaces.
The document provides information on ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Roman architecture through descriptions of key buildings from each period. It discusses notable structures like the pyramids of Giza in Egypt, the Parthenon and other buildings on the Acropolis in Athens, and buildings in Roman cities as well as structures like the Colosseum and Pantheon in Rome. It also briefly covers early Christian architecture like buildings from the Carolingian empire and monasteries in Germany.
Roman culture was influenced by earlier cultures like the Etruscans and Greeks. Roman art had several general characteristics - it was practical, focused on engineering works, large-scale, and used art for propaganda. Architecture used vaults, arches, and domes. Cities were planned around cardo and decumanus roads intersecting at a central forum. Infrastructure like aqueducts, bridges and roads connected the empire while amphitheaters, theaters and baths entertained citizens.
Roman architecture developed from Etruscan and Greek influences and was characterized by the widespread use of the arch, vault and dome. The Romans adopted traditional building materials like stone, brick and concrete but also made innovations like waterproof concrete made with pozzolana. Notable Roman architectural achievements included massive public works like aqueducts, amphitheaters and thermal baths as well as architectural orders and structures for civic purposes. The Pantheon and Colosseum are among the most famous and well-preserved examples of Roman architecture.
Roman classical architecture developed in ancient Rome and was used throughout the Roman Empire. It reflected the Romans' engineering skills and organizational abilities. The Romans were skilled engineers who built extensive road networks and advanced structures like aqueducts, amphitheaters, and exquisite temples. They pioneered architectural techniques like the arch, vault and dome, which allowed them to construct large civic and religious buildings. Roman architecture is characterized by the use of materials like concrete and the orders of columns.
The document provides details on various aspects of Roman architecture and engineering. It describes how the Romans built extensive road networks, aqueducts, and lighthouses. It then focuses on construction techniques like concrete and brick masonry that were widely used. Specific structures discussed include the Colosseum, Baths of Caracalla, Pantheon, and temples. The Pantheon had a magnificent dome structure and its oculus provided natural lighting, exemplifying advanced Roman engineering skills. Overall, the document outlines the Romans' architectural achievements and influential building designs and materials.
This document provides an overview of Roman art and architecture from the founding of Rome to the Early Empire period. It discusses Roman foundation myths, the origins of Rome along the Tiber River in the 8th century BCE, and the establishment of the Roman Republic in 509 BCE. Key developments included the republican period, the expansion of Roman territory through military conquests, and the transition to a Roman Empire under Augustus in 27 BCE. The document also outlines Roman artistic patronage, innovations in architecture like concrete, vaults and domes, and examples of portrait sculpture and wall paintings found in Pompeii.
Roman architecture made significant contributions, including basilicas for large gatherings and the Pantheon with its iconic dome. The Colosseum hosted gladiator battles and other events, using trap doors and draining systems. Aqueducts brought water into cities using arches and gravity. Roman baths were social centers with hot and cold pools maintained by underground fires. Sculptures and paintings decorated homes, with portraits striving for realism over idealized forms.
The document provides information about the Pantheon in Rome, including its location, historical background, structure, and materials. It describes how the original Pantheon was built in 27 AD and rebuilt twice after fires, with the current domed structure being commissioned by Emperor Hadrian in 126 AD. Key facts noted are that the Pantheon's dome was the largest in the world for over 1000 years and has a diameter of 142 feet, supported by granite columns and featuring an oculus opening at its peak.
During ancient Greece's Golden Age in the 5th century BCE, Athens emerged as the dominant city-state after defeating the Persians. Athens used its wealth and power to fund the arts and culture, leading to advances in architecture, sculpture, and pottery. Greek art and architecture aimed for realistic yet idealized representations of the human form and natural world. This set the standard for Western civilization. The Roman Empire later built upon Greek influences, combining functionalism with elegance. They innovated concrete and architectural forms like arches, vaults, and domes. The Byzantine Empire that emerged adopted Greek artistic motifs but imbued them with Christian symbolism, fusing secular and religious influences in lavish mosaics and
The document discusses several key aspects of ancient Roman architecture. It describes how the Romans borrowed from Greek and Etruscan styles but improved architectural elements like arches and vaults. Some of their major achievements included innovative uses of concrete, arches, domes, and aqueducts to construct large buildings and engineering works. Examples provided include the Colosseum, Pantheon, aqueducts, and road networks that demonstrated the Romans' skill in civil engineering projects.
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Lecture 8 heating ventilation & air-conditioningBekark
This document discusses heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. It begins by explaining how HVAC principles influence architectural design. It then provides descriptions of common HVAC components and systems, including air handlers, makeup air units, rooftop units, fan coil units, constant air volume systems, and variable air volume systems. The document also discusses heating systems such as fireplaces, stoves, heat pumps, solar heating, and portable units. It covers ventilation methods and factors like indoor air quality. Finally, it addresses HVAC energy efficiency considerations for heating, air conditioning, and thermodynamics.
Thermal insulation materials and methods are used to reduce heat transfer between environments of different temperatures. Insulation works by inhibiting conduction, convection, and radiation heat transfer. Common insulating materials create air pockets that provide thermal resistance. Proper building insulation can significantly reduce heating and cooling costs by maintaining comfortable interior temperatures while preventing exterior temperature fluctuations. The R-value quantifies a material's thermal resistance and insulation effectiveness.
Heat is a form of energy that is transferred between objects in contact with each other or at different temperatures. There are three main mechanisms of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction requires physical contact, convection occurs through the motion of fluids, and radiation can occur through empty space. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of molecular motion and is measured using thermometers on standardized scales like Celsius and Kelvin. The amount of heat required to change the temperature of a substance depends on its specific heat. Architectural design can influence heat transfer through a building's envelope and systems.
The document discusses the principles and techniques of passive solar design, which aims to provide thermal comfort in buildings by harnessing solar energy through architectural design features like building orientation, thermal mass, sunspaces, and shading without mechanical systems. These passive design strategies use natural ventilation and materials like masonry floors and walls to collect, store, and distribute solar heat in winter and reject it in summer for environmentally friendly space heating and cooling. Elements of passive design include apertures to collect sunlight, thermal mass to absorb and store heat, and control mechanisms to regulate solar gain seasonally.
Natural ventilation utilizes stack effect and wind pressure to supply outdoor air into buildings for ventilation and cooling without fans or mechanical systems. It reduces energy consumption for air conditioning. Key concepts include an airtight building envelope with operable windows and exhaust units located high with intakes low to facilitate airflow. Benefits include reduced costs and energy usage while providing thermal comfort, though effectiveness varies with outdoor conditions. Application requires considering factors like prevailing winds, vegetation, inlet/outlet placement and sizing.
2. The document outlines various factors that influence human thermal comfort, including physical conditions like temperature, humidity, air movement, and radiant sources, as well as physiological conditions like sex, age, health, and activity level. It provides recommendations for
The document discusses various climatic zones and elements that define them. It begins by defining key terms like climate, macroclimate, microclimate and room climate. It then examines four basic climatic elements - precipitation, temperature, pressure/winds and humidity. Several climatic zones of Ethiopia are also outlined based on location, topography, vegetation, temperature, humidity and rainfall. The document emphasizes that architecture must adapt to the local climate and that vernacular building forms evolved in response to specific climatic conditions. Microclimates are also influenced by topography. In conclusion, the assignment asks students to study the impact of climate on design considerations, available materials and unique characteristics for one of Ethiopia's climatic zones.
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World trade center live proposal in kerala.
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2. Rome
Background
• The legendary origin of the city's name is from the traditional
founder and first ruler, Romulus ( his brother was Remus)
• traditionally Rome was founded around 750 bc.
5. Roman architecture
• “In contrast to Greek architecture, which can be
described as sculptural masses set in balanced contrast
to the landscape, Roman architecture is an architecture
of space, enclosed internal space and outdoor space, on
a grand scale.”
• The Egyptians and the Greeks shaped powerfully
evocative buildings, but seldom were these buildings
meant to contain groups of people; public life was
conducted in the out - of - doors
6.
7. Roman architecture
Regional influence
• The Etruscans influenced most of the northern part of Italy
• The Romans learned to build temples from them, and the
Etruscans may have introduced the worship of a triad of gods
• The Etruscans also supplied the Romans with the knowledge
of hydraulics and constructing an arch
• Romans were also heavily influenced by the Greek cities in
the South, mainly through trade.
8. Roman architecture
MATERIAL
• Innovation started in the first century BC., with the invention
of concrete, a strong and readily available substitute for
stone.
• great pillars supporting broad arches and domes rather
than dense lines of columns suspending flat architraves.
• In smaller-scale architecture, concrete's strength freed the floor
plan from rectangular cells to a more free-flowing
environment.
9. Roman architecture
MATERIAL
• Ancient Roman concrete was a mixture of mortar, sand,
water, and stones.
• Concrete construction proved to be more flexible and less
costly than building solid stone buildings.
• The materials were readily available and not difficult to
transport.
• Mosaic is another material for decorations and paintings.
10. Roman architecture
Architectural influence
• The Architecture of ancient Rome
adopted the external Greek
architecture for their own purposes
• The two styles are often considered
one body of classical architecture
• The Romans, similarly, were indebted
to their Etruscan neighbors and
forefathers who supplied them with a
wealth of knowledge essential for
future architectural solutions, such as
hydraulics and in the construction of
arches.
11. Roman architecture
Social influences
• Social elements such as wealth and high population densities in
cities forced the ancient Romans to discover new (architectural)
solutions of their own.
• Political propaganda demanded that these buildings should be made
to impress as well as perform a public function.
• The Romans didn't feel restricted by Greek aesthetic axioms alone
in order to achieve these objectives.
12. Roman architecture
• The Romans perfected the art of the take-over
• First they took over the Etruscans, then Italy and finally they
took over the whole world…or what they thought then was the
whole world…Europe, Asia minor, north Africa
• They took over Greek ideas and inflated them into big vulgar
productions for the benefit of the state
• Colonizing became conquering
• Administration became bureaucracy
• And architecture became engineering
13. Characteristic of Roman
architecture
Arches
• The size of the Greek post and lintel
was limited by the length a single
piece of stone can span
• the arch originated with the
Romans??...... NO!
• the Romans didn’t invent the arch
but they are the ones to apply it
extensively
• The Romans employed arches into a
great practical and aesthetic effect
14. Characteristic of Roman
architecture
Architectural orders
• To the three Greek orders the
Romans added the composite
order, a blend that
superimposed the scroll-like
volutes of the Ionic capital over
Corinthian acanthus
• They also made a composite
base by introducing an Ionic
base into a Doric shaft
15. Characteristic of Roman architecture
Circular plans
• Roman emperors were much taken by circular and oval plans,
and others that made dramatic use of curves rather than
Classical straight lines
16. Elements of Roman
architecture
• Temples
• Aqueducts
• The forum
• Theatres,
amphitheaters, the
coliseum, circuses
• Public baths and
thermae
• Villas, domestic
houses
• Monuments
• Triumphal arches,
gates
17. Temples
• Rectangular sometimes circular in plan
• a blend of Etruscan and Greek elements
• a deep porch with freestanding columns
• a frontal staircase giving access to its high plinth, or platform.
• The traditional Greek orders, or canons (Doric, Ionic,
Corinthian), were usually retained, but the Romans also
developed a new type of column capital called the composite
capital, a mixture of Ionic and Corinthian elements.
18.
19.
20. Temples
The pantheon
• The first Pantheon which
was small rectangular and
had north entrance was
built in 27 B.C. by Marcus
Vipsanius Agrippa.
After it burned down
twice by fire, the Emperor
Hadrian built it again with
huge round hall and dome.
• The Pantheon is the first
temple to combine the
technique of concrete
construction with Greek
classical orders.
21. Temples
The pantheon
• The porch has 24 Egyptian
gray granite columns in
front and side, four Egyptian
red granite columns beside
the entrance, their height is
14m.
• The capital and the base of
columns are white marble
which are same product of
Parthenon.
• The Roman Pantheon is
the largest unreinforced
solid concrete dome in the
world,
22. Temples
The pantheon interior
• The interior is a perfect circle its diameter and height are
exactly same, 43m.
• The circular plan represents the sphere of the world
23. Temples
The pantheon interior
• The wall is 6.05m thick and
on the lower level are seven
niches with a pair of
Corinthian columns.
• The lower level and the
second level are divided by
the cronies in the ratio of a
square root of 2 to 1.
24. Temples
The pantheon interior
• The hemispherical dome has the
skylight oculus of 8.9m in
diameter.
• The void oculus brings the
silent light to the real wall and it
moves in the time and the
space.
• The floor is paved by the
marble with circular and cubic
pattern. The wall is covered
with marbles which colors are
basically yellowish brown,
white, green and reddish-brown.
25.
26. Temples
Temple of Fortuna Virilis
(temple of Portumnus)
• The temple was dedicated to
the god Portumnus, protector
of harbors and sea trade.
• The small and elegant
building stand on tall base
and travertine columns have
Ionic order.
27. Temples
Maison Carree; France (Nimes); approx. B.C.19
• It is a French name meaning “square house”
• In B.C.27, Nimes belong to the Rome under the reign of
Augustus.
• Maison Carre is a pseudoperipteros temple with 6 Corinthian
columns in front in Early Imperial Rome period when the
Roman temples have been strongly influenced by Greek temple
style.
• The high podium, and wide front steps in the midst of front part
of podium are characteristics of Roman temples
29. Temples
Maison Carree
• The temple is 26.4m long and
15.55m wide with 3.3m high
podium.
• The steps were originally both in
front and sides.
• The Corinthian columns are
8.96m in height, 0.91m in
diameter.
• The height from the top of the
podium to cornice is 12.2m and
the height of entablature is 2.21m.
30. Amphitheaters and circuses
• Unlike Greek theaters, which were situated on natural slopes,
Roman theaters were supported by their own framework of
piers and vaults and thus could be constructed in the hearts
of cities.
• Amphitheaters (literally, double theaters) were elliptical in
plan with a central arena, where gladiatorial and animal
combats took place (Gladiator), and a surrounding seating area
built on the pattern of Roman theaters
31.
32. Amphitheaters and circuses
The Colosseum; Italy,
Rome; 72 A.D.
• Construction was initiated by
the Emperor Vespasian around
72 AD. His son Titus reigned
over its completion and the
official opening ceremonies,
about 8 years later, in 80 AD.
• It got its popular name, the
Colosseum, because of Nero's
colossus (120 ft. high) statue of
himself.
34. Amphitheaters and circuses
The Colosseum
• The huge theater was originally built encompassing
four floors. The first three had arched entrances, while
the fourth floor utilized rectangular doorways.
• The floors each measured between 10.5-13.9 meters in
height.
• The total height of the construction was approximately
48 meters
• The arena measured 79 x 45 meters and consisted of
wood and sand.
35. Amphitheaters and circuses
The Colloseum
• The Colloseum had a total spectator capacity of 45,000-55,000.
• The Amphitheater is built of travertine outside, and of tufa and brick
in the interior.
36. Amphitheaters and circuses
The Colloseum
• 100,000 cubic meters of
marble
• It has a total of 76 entrances
and 4 additional entrances for
the emperor, other VIPs and
the gladiators
• the entire audience could exit
the building in five minutes
• The interior was divided into
three parts: the arena, the
podium, and the cavea.
37. Amphitheaters and circuses
The Colloseum
• The audience, upon entering,
climbed sloping ramps to their
seats, according to gender and
social class.
• Arches make strong lights and
shadows. This is the main motif of
Greek and Roman Architecture.
38. Amphitheaters and circuses
Circus Maximus
• A large, oval track where the
chariot races took place.
• The chariots were open, two or
four-wheeled vehicles pulled by
horses and used for hunting,
battles, racing, and processions
• The Romans loved the races as
they were very exciting with
many spills and crashes. Often
charioteers were killed.
However, if they were good,
they might become popular
heroes.
39.
40. Public baths
• After a morning's work at the office or shop, most
Roman's enjoyed spending the afternoon at the
thermae or public bath. Men and women enjoyed
coming to the baths not only to get clean but to meet
with friends, exercise, or read at the library.
• There were around 952 public baths of varying sizes
in Rome
• Roman baths and thermae, were used for much more
than simply washing.
• They combined aspects of a modern health club
with that of a public library and school.
41.
42.
43. Public baths
Baths of Caracalla
• Built in the reign of the
emperor Marcus Aurelius
Antoninius better known as
Caracalla.
• Contained shops, restaurants,
exercise yards, libraries, and
lecture halls and reading
rooms all arranged around
spacious gardens filled with
sculptures.
• It was for the amusement of all
roman citizens not just for the
wealthy.
44.
45. Public baths
Baths of Caracalla
• More than 1600 bathers of one
gender could be accommodated
at one time
• It covers an area of 33 acres
(351m x 378m)
• Two levels of underground
stores, furnaces, and hot air
ducts heated the baths, while
complex plumbing ensured a
constant flow of water from the
Aqua Marcia aqueducts
46.
47. Public baths
Baths of Diocletian
• The grandest and most
extensive of all ancient
• It covers an area of 32 acres
(13ha.)
• It was similar in plan with the
baths of Caracalla it was
impossible in imperial Rome
to have too much of a good
thing.
48.
49.
50. Aqueducts
Pont Du Gard
• The highest aqueduct ever built
by the Romans
• Built of unadorned, precut stone
blocks
• It preserve original style of
Augustus era. Now the bridge
exists about 300m long, 49m
above of the river.
• The bottom arches, which spans
are 15.75m to 21.5m, are about
155m long, 20m high.
51. Aqueducts
Pont Du Gard
• On the top of the bottom arches is
a 7m wide road which has
expanded for the traffic of cars in
1743.
• The middle arches are same spans
of the bottom arches and the
length is about 265m in total. The
height of middle part is about
21m and width is 5m.
52. Aqueducts
Pont Du Gard
• On the top of the 35 small
arches, about 8.5m high 3m
wide, support the waterway.
• The big arch, the bottom arch
and middle arch, have 3 times
or 4 times of the small arch in
span and 6 times of the small
arch in height.
• There was only 17m fall from
the headwaters to Nimes and
that meant the incline was
34cm per 1km.
54. Forums
• The Forum (a Latin word meaning open space or market
place) was the administrative and corporate heart of Rome.
• Generally this word referred to the open space in any Roman
town where business, judicial, civic, or religious activities
were conducted.
• A typical forum might be surrounded by temples, shops, and
basilicas
• In Rome, there were several forums. The most famous, the
Roman Forum, was designed by the architect Vitruvius who
felt the proportions needed to be 3:2 (length to width).
• The Roman Forum became the spectacular showcase of the
Empire filled with beautiful statues and architecture.
55. The forum Romanum and the
imperial forums.
Forum of
Trajan
Forum of
Julius
Caesar
Forum
Romanum
Forum of
Augustus
Temple of
peace
61. Basilicas
ROMAN BASILICAS
• The basilicas served as a
meeting place for the
citizens, an exchange for
merchants, and a court of
justice.
• Basilicas employed
interior-facing colonnades
aligned as a peristyle to
create a raised second-story
aisle or "clerestory" and a
sense of interior
monumental space.
• The design was possibly
imported from Hellenistic
Greek buildings (the stoas).
62. Basilicas
Basilica of Constantine
• constructed of concrete
and high ceiling vaulted
brick arches in the early
fourth century AD.
• served as the architectural
model for Grand Central
Station in New York.
• The interior would have
been lavishly decked out
in rich marbles, enormous
Corinthian columns,
statues in recesses, and
glass windows.
63.
64. Basilicas
Basilica of Constantine
• The plan and general design of
the basilica were derived from
those of the great central halls
of imperial public baths
• The central nave is 80m long
by 25m wide roofed with
groined concrete vaults
reaching no less than 35m
65. Domestic architecture
• The floor plan of the Roman
house was also axially
arranged in a frontal manner,
so that visitors entering
the vestibule gained direct
“visual” access to the
paterfamilias or male head of
the household as he sat in his
office
• Italian domestic architecture employs an Italian variation of
peristyle construction known as the atrium, a smaller and more
enclosed central space than the Greek peristyle
66. Domestic architecture
• The common classes lived
in apartment like buildings
called the insula (islands).
• They were situated to cover
an entire city block, with
residential homes in the
interior and commercial
shops, restaurants, markets
or various organized clubs
around the street sides.
67. Domestic architecture
• Their villas were in more
intimate relation to the
landscape
• Located on the outskirts of the
city
• They have terraced
courtyards, gardens, and
orchards
• The larger villas are not only
for the satisfaction of practical
needs, they had luxurious
provision for dining, bathing,
exercise, and amusement.
68. Domestic architecture
Villa Hadrian
• It included, besides the
living quarters,
reproductions of the most
famous buildings of Greece.
• There were two theatres,
libraries, a stadium,
thermae, a so called
academy.
• The plan was purely of
Roman
69.
70. Monuments and triumphal
arches
Arch of Constantine
• This was the last of many triumphal arches erected
over the centuries in Rome.
• It was used not only to celebrate victories but to
bring order to the crowded streets of Rome, which at
this time had a population in the region of 1.25milion
• It was erected to celebrate Emperor Constantine’s
victory over Maxentius at the Battle of Milvian
bridge
• It is 21m high, 25.7m wide and 7.4m deep.
72. Conclusion
• The Romans perfected an architecture unlike that ever
seen before and spread it the length of the
Mediterranean world.
• A Greco-Roman architecture, it combined the
elegance of detail and refinement of form of Greece
with the pragmatic functionalism, civic scale, and
sense of power of Rome. It was a universal
architecture.
73. Conclusion
• Unlike Egyptian architecture, which focused on
the next world, Roman architecture focused on
this world
• Roman buildings, like the more elemental Greek
buildings which influenced them, addressed not
the mysteries of the hereafter but the problems of
the present.
74. Conclusion
• Having found a new material
which is concrete , Roman
architects discovered ways of
shaping and playing with
space, of molding light and
shadow, that has repeatedly
inspired architects ever since.
75. • Roman art is not just the art of the emperors, senators,
and aristocracy, but of all the peoples of Rome’s vast
empire, including middle-class business people,
freedmen, slaves, and soldiers in Italy and the
provinces.
• Roman monuments were designed to serve the needs
of their patrons rather than to express the artistic
temperaments of their makers.
76. Terms to remember
• Arch
• Triumphal arch
• Aqueduct
• Forum
• Basilica
• Composite order
• Public baths
• Circus
• Amphitheatre
• Colosseum
• Pantheon
• Oculus