SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 143
Barriers to movement
Ambiguity
Is it a duck?
Is it a rabbit?
Woman’s face
Saxophone player
Faces
Vase/goblet
Ambiguity in language
• Why did the little girl eat her homework?
• Because her teacher said it was a piece of cake
• They told Snow White to choose a password
with less than 8 characters
• So she chose TheSevenDwarfs
• A: Can you teach me advanced yoga?
• B: How flexible are you?
• A: I can’t make Tuesdays?
• I went to the doctor
• I asked him if he had anything for wind.
• He gave me a kite.
• A sandwich walks into a bar …
• The waiter said I’m sorry we don’t serve food
in here.
• We don’t serve food
• We don’t serve customers who are food
• Four fonts (Century, New Times Roman,
Palatino, and MS ゴシック) walk into a bar
• The barman said, “Get out. We don’t want
your type in here.”
• I tried playing water polo
• But my horse drowned
• I went into the corner shop
• I bought four corners
• OK, that’s enough stupid jokes
More than you love most people?
Or more than most people love
ambiguity?
Camouflaged vehicle disappears?!
Somebody stole it?!
Or really great camouflage?!
Whose death?
Topless?
Gas?
Is this ambiguity?
Or just stupid?
Really?
What are you trying to say?
• Mom leaves kid outside a bar, in the rain, to
drink beer
• One-armed man applauds the kindness of
strangers
Yes…?
What?
Food poisoning?
Or monster alien pork chop?
What kind of joint?
Surely not the whole story
We knew that
Context
Balls?
A serious one
Who has the bowl of spaghetti?
Is it the woman or the man?
How about this?
• We talked about the fact that you slept for
hours.
• Two meanings.
• It’s ambiguous.
• Why?
• Don’t care?
• We talked about the fact that you slept for
hours.
• Maybe we talked for hours.
• Maybe you slept for hours.
• Still don’t care?
Anyway, how do you explain it?
• We talked about the fact that you slept for
hours.
• We talked about [the fact that you slept for
hours].
• We talked about [the fact that you slept] [for
hours].
Anyway, how do you explain it?
• We talked about the fact that you slept for
hours.
• We talked about [the fact that you slept for
hours].
• The fact is that you slept for hours
• Because you’re lazy!
Anyway, how do you explain it?
• We talked about the fact that you slept for
hours.
• We talked about [the fact that you slept] [for
hours].
• We talked for hours
• About the fact that you slept
• Because we have nothing better to do
• Our lives are meaningless
One prepositional phrase
You slept for hours
You lazy person!
The fact that you slept for hours
The PP is inside the “slept” VP
You definitely slept for hours!
You are definitely lazy!
Two prepositional phrases
“for hours” is in the “talked” VP
We talked for hours
We have boring, meaningless lives!
We talked for hours
You slept for hours
Syntactic structure ….
… shows the different meaning
We talked for hours
You slept for hours
Stress in speaking can also show this
Try it
Try saying this
Try saying this
OK, now let’s try moving the NPs
No problem. We’re moving the whole
NP
It’s OK
• The fact that you slept, we talked about for
hours.
• [The fact that you slept], we [talked about x]
for hours.
• We talked for hours
• You didn’t necessarily sleep for hours
This meaning is OK
You slept (and we talked for hours)
The fact that you slept, we talked
about for hours
We are boring, meaningless people
with nothing better to talk about
But what about this?
We talked about [the fact that you
slept for hours].
The fact that you slept, we talked
about for hours
• We talked about [the fact that you slept for
hours]
• You slept for hours
• We didn’t necessarily talk for hours
• Try moving “the fact that you slept”
• The fact that you slept, we talked about [ x for
hours]
It’s inside this NP
Try to move it out of it’s NP!!
It doesn’t work
Can’t get that “slept for hours”
meaning
The NP is an island!
Try to move it out of it’s NP!!
Can’t do it!!
Can’t get this meaning!!
The NP is an island
Can’t move off the island
There’s no boat!
You can’t swim
There are sharks!
Do something about the sharks!!
Anyway, NPs are islands for movement
Here’s another example
You saw the man that likes Hanako
Too much I-bar!
Make it a bit simpler
There’s a complex NP
You saw [the man that likes Hanako]
NPs are islands
Can Hanako escape from the island?
You don’t care?!
Let’s try, anyway.
Hanako, you saw the man that likes x
Sounds a bit strange
Complex NPs ARE islands
How about wh-movement?
Who did you see [the man that likes
x]?
“who” moves out of a complex NP
Definitely sounds a bit strange
Here it is with more I-bars
Too much I-bar!!!
And a bit simpler
Any other islands?
Let’s simplify
You know Taro bought [which books]
[where]?
You know Taro bought [those TOEIC
textbooks] [in Books Kato]
• You know Taro bought [the TOEIC textbooks]
[in Books Kato]
• You know Taro bought [which books] [where]?
• [Which books] do you know [where] Taro
bought?
• [Which books/x] do you know [where/y] Taro
bought x y?
Which books do you know where Taro
bought?
“Which books” has to move to the top
Spec CP
But “where” also wants to move
The wh-words bump into each other!!
There’s a big fight and “where” ends
up in hospital with a broken nose!!
Wh-words are super-violent!!
Wh-words fighting: it has a name
Subjacency
Crazy name!
Crazy idea!
Which books do you know where Taro
bought?
Doesn’t sound bad to me!!!
A more important question
Is there really movement?
What about this?
• I am the boss
• Am I the boss?
• I am not the boss
• I’m not the boss
• Am I not the boss?
• Aren’t I the boss?
• ‘m not I the boss? (????)
• Amn’t I the boss? (????)
• Seems like some kind of rule
• But maybe not movement
He looked at [the man with glasses]
He looked at [the man][with glasses]
You slept for hours
We talked for hours
The painting was found by a tree
• “by” could indicate the position
• Like “benearth” or “next to”
• “by” could also indicate the logical subject
A tree found the painting

More Related Content

Viewers also liked (7)

sima sadeghi gradual development of L2 phrase structure
sima sadeghi gradual development of L2 phrase structuresima sadeghi gradual development of L2 phrase structure
sima sadeghi gradual development of L2 phrase structure
 
4 phrasestrucrules86
4 phrasestrucrules864 phrasestrucrules86
4 phrasestrucrules86
 
How to-build-a-tree-diagrams-answer-key-for-homework-and-review1
How to-build-a-tree-diagrams-answer-key-for-homework-and-review1How to-build-a-tree-diagrams-answer-key-for-homework-and-review1
How to-build-a-tree-diagrams-answer-key-for-homework-and-review1
 
Wh Movement
Wh MovementWh Movement
Wh Movement
 
Syntax & Stylistics5
Syntax & Stylistics5Syntax & Stylistics5
Syntax & Stylistics5
 
TREE DIAGRAMS WH-QUESTION
TREE DIAGRAMS WH-QUESTIONTREE DIAGRAMS WH-QUESTION
TREE DIAGRAMS WH-QUESTION
 
Tree diagram
Tree diagramTree diagram
Tree diagram
 

Similar to BarriersUpgrade

Spoken english flourish your language
Spoken english flourish your languageSpoken english flourish your language
Spoken english flourish your language
Ram's Onnaram
 
On tap av ch_bk
On tap av ch_bkOn tap av ch_bk
On tap av ch_bk
Bao Long
 
2. simple present
2. simple present2. simple present
2. simple present
IECP
 
Speaking tesol 2012
Speaking tesol 2012Speaking tesol 2012
Speaking tesol 2012
Gerard58
 
English 2 lesson 13
English 2 lesson 13English 2 lesson 13
English 2 lesson 13
Kit Fuderich
 
презентация Microsoft power point
презентация Microsoft power pointпрезентация Microsoft power point
презентация Microsoft power point
milanapurt
 

Similar to BarriersUpgrade (20)

Spoken english flourish your language
Spoken english flourish your languageSpoken english flourish your language
Spoken english flourish your language
 
The article
The articleThe article
The article
 
よちよちトドラークラス
よちよちトドラークラスよちよちトドラークラス
よちよちトドラークラス
 
On tap av ch_bk
On tap av ch_bkOn tap av ch_bk
On tap av ch_bk
 
personal .Pronouns for. esl students.ppt
personal .Pronouns for. esl students.pptpersonal .Pronouns for. esl students.ppt
personal .Pronouns for. esl students.ppt
 
Future going to
Future going toFuture going to
Future going to
 
2. simple present
2. simple present2. simple present
2. simple present
 
Speaking tesol 2012
Speaking tesol 2012Speaking tesol 2012
Speaking tesol 2012
 
English 2 lesson 13
English 2 lesson 13English 2 lesson 13
English 2 lesson 13
 
Indirect speech
Indirect speechIndirect speech
Indirect speech
 
Use of English
Use of EnglishUse of English
Use of English
 
презентация Microsoft power point
презентация Microsoft power pointпрезентация Microsoft power point
презентация Microsoft power point
 
Harjoittele suomen puhekieltä
Harjoittele suomen puhekieltäHarjoittele suomen puhekieltä
Harjoittele suomen puhekieltä
 
Power point de grammar 1
Power point de grammar 1Power point de grammar 1
Power point de grammar 1
 
Future will v going to
Future will v going toFuture will v going to
Future will v going to
 
よちよちトドラークラス201608公開用
よちよちトドラークラス201608公開用よちよちトドラークラス201608公開用
よちよちトドラークラス201608公開用
 
Lesson 5 dec 3rd
Lesson 5 dec 3rdLesson 5 dec 3rd
Lesson 5 dec 3rd
 
はいはいベイビークラス201701公開用
はいはいベイビークラス201701公開用はいはいベイビークラス201701公開用
はいはいベイビークラス201701公開用
 
Writing Dialogue: Intro
Writing Dialogue: IntroWriting Dialogue: Intro
Writing Dialogue: Intro
 
Diploma in English 1
Diploma in English 1Diploma in English 1
Diploma in English 1
 

More from Hywel Evans

More from Hywel Evans (20)

Sem9
Sem9Sem9
Sem9
 
Sem8
Sem8Sem8
Sem8
 
Sem7
Sem7Sem7
Sem7
 
Sem6 up
Sem6 upSem6 up
Sem6 up
 
Sem2 oct42019
Sem2 oct42019Sem2 oct42019
Sem2 oct42019
 
Test Review
Test ReviewTest Review
Test Review
 
Predicate calculus up
Predicate calculus upPredicate calculus up
Predicate calculus up
 
Predicate calculus
Predicate calculusPredicate calculus
Predicate calculus
 
Sentence sem1update
Sentence sem1updateSentence sem1update
Sentence sem1update
 
Sem6 up
Sem6 upSem6 up
Sem6 up
 
Sem6
Sem6Sem6
Sem6
 
Sem5
Sem5Sem5
Sem5
 
Sem3
Sem3Sem3
Sem3
 
Sem4
Sem4Sem4
Sem4
 
Bare phrasestructure II
Bare phrasestructure IIBare phrasestructure II
Bare phrasestructure II
 
Bare phrase structure
Bare phrase structureBare phrase structure
Bare phrase structure
 
65 86 ling3
65 86 ling365 86 ling3
65 86 ling3
 
Phrase Structure Rules from 57
Phrase Structure Rules from 57Phrase Structure Rules from 57
Phrase Structure Rules from 57
 
Merge rec2
Merge rec2Merge rec2
Merge rec2
 
Ling2 gengram
Ling2 gengramLing2 gengram
Ling2 gengram
 

Recently uploaded

SPLICE Working Group: Reusable Code Examples
SPLICE Working Group:Reusable Code ExamplesSPLICE Working Group:Reusable Code Examples
SPLICE Working Group: Reusable Code Examples
Peter Brusilovsky
 
會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文
會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文
會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文
中 央社
 
Contoh Aksi Nyata Refleksi Diri ( NUR ).pdf
Contoh Aksi Nyata Refleksi Diri ( NUR ).pdfContoh Aksi Nyata Refleksi Diri ( NUR ).pdf
Contoh Aksi Nyata Refleksi Diri ( NUR ).pdf
cupulin
 

Recently uploaded (20)

How to Manage Website in Odoo 17 Studio App.pptx
How to Manage Website in Odoo 17 Studio App.pptxHow to Manage Website in Odoo 17 Studio App.pptx
How to Manage Website in Odoo 17 Studio App.pptx
 
PSYPACT- Practicing Over State Lines May 2024.pptx
PSYPACT- Practicing Over State Lines May 2024.pptxPSYPACT- Practicing Over State Lines May 2024.pptx
PSYPACT- Practicing Over State Lines May 2024.pptx
 
SPLICE Working Group: Reusable Code Examples
SPLICE Working Group:Reusable Code ExamplesSPLICE Working Group:Reusable Code Examples
SPLICE Working Group: Reusable Code Examples
 
Sternal Fractures & Dislocations - EMGuidewire Radiology Reading Room
Sternal Fractures & Dislocations - EMGuidewire Radiology Reading RoomSternal Fractures & Dislocations - EMGuidewire Radiology Reading Room
Sternal Fractures & Dislocations - EMGuidewire Radiology Reading Room
 
ESSENTIAL of (CS/IT/IS) class 07 (Networks)
ESSENTIAL of (CS/IT/IS) class 07 (Networks)ESSENTIAL of (CS/IT/IS) class 07 (Networks)
ESSENTIAL of (CS/IT/IS) class 07 (Networks)
 
Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: Named Entity Recognition"
Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: Named Entity Recognition"Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: Named Entity Recognition"
Mattingly "AI & Prompt Design: Named Entity Recognition"
 
The Liver & Gallbladder (Anatomy & Physiology).pptx
The Liver &  Gallbladder (Anatomy & Physiology).pptxThe Liver &  Gallbladder (Anatomy & Physiology).pptx
The Liver & Gallbladder (Anatomy & Physiology).pptx
 
Supporting Newcomer Multilingual Learners
Supporting Newcomer  Multilingual LearnersSupporting Newcomer  Multilingual Learners
Supporting Newcomer Multilingual Learners
 
Observing-Correct-Grammar-in-Making-Definitions.pptx
Observing-Correct-Grammar-in-Making-Definitions.pptxObserving-Correct-Grammar-in-Making-Definitions.pptx
Observing-Correct-Grammar-in-Making-Definitions.pptx
 
會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文
會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文
會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文會考英文
 
Major project report on Tata Motors and its marketing strategies
Major project report on Tata Motors and its marketing strategiesMajor project report on Tata Motors and its marketing strategies
Major project report on Tata Motors and its marketing strategies
 
TỔNG HỢP HƠN 100 ĐỀ THI THỬ TỐT NGHIỆP THPT TOÁN 2024 - TỪ CÁC TRƯỜNG, TRƯỜNG...
TỔNG HỢP HƠN 100 ĐỀ THI THỬ TỐT NGHIỆP THPT TOÁN 2024 - TỪ CÁC TRƯỜNG, TRƯỜNG...TỔNG HỢP HƠN 100 ĐỀ THI THỬ TỐT NGHIỆP THPT TOÁN 2024 - TỪ CÁC TRƯỜNG, TRƯỜNG...
TỔNG HỢP HƠN 100 ĐỀ THI THỬ TỐT NGHIỆP THPT TOÁN 2024 - TỪ CÁC TRƯỜNG, TRƯỜNG...
 
An overview of the various scriptures in Hinduism
An overview of the various scriptures in HinduismAn overview of the various scriptures in Hinduism
An overview of the various scriptures in Hinduism
 
Contoh Aksi Nyata Refleksi Diri ( NUR ).pdf
Contoh Aksi Nyata Refleksi Diri ( NUR ).pdfContoh Aksi Nyata Refleksi Diri ( NUR ).pdf
Contoh Aksi Nyata Refleksi Diri ( NUR ).pdf
 
VAMOS CUIDAR DO NOSSO PLANETA! .
VAMOS CUIDAR DO NOSSO PLANETA!                    .VAMOS CUIDAR DO NOSSO PLANETA!                    .
VAMOS CUIDAR DO NOSSO PLANETA! .
 
diagnosting testing bsc 2nd sem.pptx....
diagnosting testing bsc 2nd sem.pptx....diagnosting testing bsc 2nd sem.pptx....
diagnosting testing bsc 2nd sem.pptx....
 
Rich Dad Poor Dad ( PDFDrive.com )--.pdf
Rich Dad Poor Dad ( PDFDrive.com )--.pdfRich Dad Poor Dad ( PDFDrive.com )--.pdf
Rich Dad Poor Dad ( PDFDrive.com )--.pdf
 
8 Tips for Effective Working Capital Management
8 Tips for Effective Working Capital Management8 Tips for Effective Working Capital Management
8 Tips for Effective Working Capital Management
 
The Story of Village Palampur Class 9 Free Study Material PDF
The Story of Village Palampur Class 9 Free Study Material PDFThe Story of Village Palampur Class 9 Free Study Material PDF
The Story of Village Palampur Class 9 Free Study Material PDF
 
Mattingly "AI and Prompt Design: LLMs with NER"
Mattingly "AI and Prompt Design: LLMs with NER"Mattingly "AI and Prompt Design: LLMs with NER"
Mattingly "AI and Prompt Design: LLMs with NER"
 

BarriersUpgrade