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Sem8
- 3. Mike
- 4. Origins of Human Communication
- 5. The cultural origins of human cognition
- 6. Why are we different from animals? • Animals mostly in the jungle • We have technology • Communication systems • Organizations • We are different!
- 7. •How did it happen?
- 8. Noam: Grammar suddenly appeared in our brains
- 9. About 50,000 years ago
- 10. For no reason
- 12. ランダム（突然）変異
- 13. RANDOM MUTATION
- 14. Sudden and for no reason
- 15. By the way, it also allowed us to THINK
- 16. But it was RANDOM, and for no reason
- 17. Homo sapiens: well over 50,000 years ago
- 18. Homo sapiens: at least 200,000 years ago
- 19. 50,000 years is a short time for evolution
- 20. Very SUDDEN
- 21. Physically IDENTICAL to US
- 23. Big brains
- 24. Small guts
- 27. Not like this
- 28. Big differences
- 29. Able to make ALL the speech sounds we can
- 30. Able to make ALL the speech sounds we can
- 31. From 200,000 years ago
- 32. ALL the speech sounds!
- 33. Homo sapiens: Any sound you can make …
- 34. I can make it
- 35. Same teeth
- 36. Same lips
- 37. Same tongue
- 38. Same hard palate (硬口蓋)
- 39. Same soft palate (軟口蓋
- 40. Same voice box (発声器)
- 41. Same everything
- 43. They are US!
- 48. Why?!
- 50. From two million years ago
- 51. NOT exactly the same as us
- 52. Closer to us than chimpanzees and gorillas
- 53. But NOT the same
- 54. CANNOT make all the sounds yet
- 55. NOT the same lips, tongue etc.
- 56. Homo erectus is ON THE WAY to us
- 57. Then Homo Sapiens …
- 58. From 200,000 years ago …
- 59. Has the same speech ability as us!
- 60. … and THEN gets grammar!
- 61. … 50,000 years ago!
- 62. For no reason!
- 63. … by random mutation!
- 64. ランダム（突然）変異
- 65. … and starts speaking AFTER that!
- 66. Mike: No, that’s complete nonsense
- 67. Mike: CULTURE
- 68. Mike: humans got culture
- 69. Human culture started millions of years ago
- 70. Mike: humans COOPERATED to develop culture etc.
- 71. What do human individuals have that allows this?
- 72. Why are human individuals able to do this?
- 73. How does culture CHANGE individuals?
- 74. Compare ape learning and human learning
- 75. They can see things like us and remember
- 76. They understand why things happen
- 77. They recognize things and connections
- 78. They understand the emotions and goals of others
- 80. What CAN’T they do?
- 81. 9 month old baby
- 84. Shared Intentionality =work together for a goal
- 86. Work together and watch other people
- 87. One year old: Start “showing” things to others
- 88. “Look at this!” at around 12 months
- 89. Look at this! It’s cool!!
- 90. Joint attention
- 91. 共同注意
- 92. Show things and check out the other person
- 93. Chimpanzees are really intelligent
- 94. They are interested in things
- 95. They play with things
- 96. But they don’t look at others
- 97. They don’t point
- 98. They don’t show
- 99. They are kind of selfish!
- 100. Look at chimpanzee eyes
- 101. We can see eye DIRECTION
- 102. Chimpanzee follow HEAD movement
- 103. We also follow EYE movement
- 104. Chimpanzee: •You close your eyes and look up •The chimpanzee looks up •You look up with your eyes •The chimpanzee doesn’t look
- 105. Human child • You close your eyes and look up • The child just looks at your face • You open your eyes and look with just your eyes • The child follows your eyes
- 106. •Chimps follow the head •Children follow the eyes
- 107. We evolved to do things together
- 108. We show where we are looking
- 109. Because we want to cooperate
- 110. Chimpanzees HIDE where they’re looking
- 111. They are competing
- 112. Humans are much better at this
- 113. 共同の目的 役割X 役割Y
- 114. 共同の目的 役割X 役割Y 共同注意
- 116. 共同の目的 • Joint goal • Joint attention • Part of our perspective: • Fairness • Equality • etc
- 117. What makes us HUMAN? •We see from OTHERS’ point of view! •Animals, not so much
- 118. •We share attention •We each have our own point of view
- 119. That’s the big difference
- 120. Children want to play together
- 121. Chimpanzees are less interested
- 123. 1 year old babies understand pointing
- 124. Animals don’t get it
- 125. Chimpanzees don’t understand that we are trying to help
- 126. There’s something useful for YOU
- 127. Chimpanzees don’t get it
- 128. Pragmatics
- 129. Language use in real situations
- 130. Cooperation is the GOAL
- 131. Cooperation: I’m telling you something useful for you
- 132. So CULTURE -- cooperation
- 133. So CULTURE – started a long time ago
- 134. Homo?
- 136. Lucy: 2 ~ 4 million years ago
- 137. Brains: smaller than ours
- 138. Bodies: smaller than ours
- 139. More like apes – long arms for tree-life
- 140. Bigger guts than humans
- 141. But walking on two legs
- 142. Eating meat
- 143. Homo habilis?
- 144. 2 ~ 1.5 million years ago
- 145. Used tools
- 146. Used tools
- 148. Homo ergaster
- 149. Getting more like us
- 150. But not quite
- 151. Can’t make as many sounds as us
- 152. But culture and cooperation was developing
- 154. They were evolving
- 155. They were evolving to become like us!
- 156. They didn’t need chimpanzee mouths
- 157. They had communities
- 158. They had fire
- 160. Tools
- 161. They could cook
- 162. Their food was softer
- 163. They had culture
- 164. Less time chewing and eating
- 165. More time for hunting
- 167. They were speaking
- 168. And they got better and better at it
- 169. They evolved
- 170. Mike: It was a slow process
- 171. Mike: Evolution
- 173. Dan: It was a slow process
- 174. Dan: Evolution
- 175. NO! ランダム（突然）変異
- 176. You don’t know they were cooperating!
- 177. ランダム（突然）変異
- 178. They had fire
- 180. Tools
- 181. They could cook
- 182. Their food was softer
- 183. Their mouths evolved because they were eating cooked food
- 184. Catching fire
- 186. Richard Wrangham: Catching fire
- 187. Dick: Cooking helped us evolve
- 188. Dick: Cooking gave us Homo Erectus
- 189. Dick: humans have been cooking for 2 million years!
- 190. Wonderwerk cave in South Africa
- 191. Cooking at least 1 million years ago
- 192. Dick: Cooking gives more calories
- 193. Dick: Less chewing, more free time
- 194. Dick: Our brains got bigger
- 195. Dick: Our jaws got smaller
- 196. Dick: Our guts got smaller
- 197. Dick: We could walk and run better
- 200. Dick: Our mouths changed so WE COULD SPEAK
- 201. We started cooking a long time ago
- 202. Two million years!!
- 203. We got more nutrition
- 204. Our brains grew
- 205. Our guts got smaller
- 206. We could stand up straighter
- 207. We could run better
- 208. We could hunt better
- 210. We got bigger
- 211. Smaller guts
- 212. Bigger brains
- 213. Stand upright
- 215. Less chewing
- 216. That’s why our mouths changed
- 218. Forget evolution!
- 219. ランダム（突然）変異
- 220. Our speech organs DID evolve
- 221. But NOT because we were speaking!
- 222. Because we were making better tools!
- 223. Because we could control fire!
- 224. We could cook!
- 225. We could eat nice SOFT food!
- 226. To get better nutrition!
- 227. So our brains could grow etc!
- 228. OK
- 230. But do you really believe We could cooperate in hunting
- 231. But do you really believe We could cooperate in controlling fire
- 232. But do you really believe We could cooperate in toolmaking
- 233. But do you really believe We could cooperate in COOKING
- 234. But do you really believe We NEVER tried to speak!
- 235. YES! ランダム（突然）変異
- 236. Speech had to wait until 50,000 years ago
- 237. When our speech organs were ALREADY fully developed
- 238. And our brains were ALREADY fully developed
- 239. Language ability suddenly appeared •Only 50,000 ~ 100,000 years ago! •By accident! •AFTER we developed modern mouths and tongues!!
- 240. Language ability suddenly appeared •Only 50,000 ~ 100,000 years ago! •By accident! •AFTER we developed modern brains!!
- 241. You believe that?
- 242. You can believe whatever you want
- 243. … but I CAN’T believe that