Flexible and stretchable electronics can conform to non-linear shapes and enable new form factors for computing devices. Stretchable electronics uses elastic substrates and manufacturing techniques like silicon islands or buckling mechanisms to allow stretching. Flexible electronics mounts electronic devices on flexible plastic substrates and uses roll-to-roll processing. Flexible hybrid electronics combines flexible and rigid components on flexible substrates to overcome performance limitations of purely flexible electronics. Potential applications include electronic patches and brain-machine interfaces.

1. EXTENDING NETWORKS FROM CHIPS TO
STRETCHABLE AND FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS
SURYA SHOBHAN J
S7 EC
36
GUIDED BY: JEENA MISS

2. Outline:
• Introduction
• Stretchable Electronics
 Manufacturing Techniques
• Flexible Electronics
 Building blocks
 Fabrication technology
 Advantages and Disadvantages
• Flexible Hybrid Electronics (FHE)
• System on Chip
• System on Polymer
• Potential Application areas of FHE
• Future scope & Conclusion
• Bibliography

3. INTRODUCTION
• To design a physically flexible system capable of
sensing,computation and communication.
• Transform personalized computing by enabling next step leap
forward in the form factor design.
• Integrating flexible and rigid resources on the same substrate.

4. STRETCHABLE ELECTRONICS
• Electronic components that can be elongated or twisted – known as
“stretchable” electronics.
• Stretchable electronics, also known as elastic electronics or elastic
circuits, is a technology for depositing stretchable electronic
devices and circuits onto stretchable substrates.
• The future of stretchable electronics is the surface, or
substrate.(Elastomers)

5. MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES
1. SILICON ISLAND APPROACH
silicon wafer parts connected by flexible strips
stamped stress sustains mesh grids form

6. 2. BUCKLING MECHANISM
Stretch the substrate attach thin film of Si on top
release the stretch stretch in all directions

7. • Stretchable electronics attempts biomimicry of human
skin and flesh, in being stretchable.
 Patch like interface in brain.
 Pacemaker in heart.

8. FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS
• `Mechanically flexible’ means anything from conformable(non
linearshape) to bendable or rollable or even foldable and stretchable.
• “Flexible electronics” refers to electronic devices that can be bent,
rolled, or folded without losing functionality.
• Flexible electronics also known as flex circuits, is a technology for
assembling electronic circuits by mounting electronic devices on
flexible plastic substrates.

9. Building blocks of Flexible Electronics
Flexible electronic structure is composed of :
Substrate
Back-plane
Front-plane
Encapsulation

10. Substrates
• Flexible substrates must meet these requirements:
 Optical properties
 Surface roughness
 Chemical properties
 Electric properties
• 3 types of substrate materials are:
 Thin glass
 Plastic film
 Metal foil

11. Backplane electronics
• It is used for processing and power/signal delivery to the
frontplane.
• Materials used for backplane electronics are:
Silicon Thin-Film Transistor
Organic Thin-Film Transistor
Transparent Thin-Film Transistor

12. Frontplane Electronics
• Frontplanes carry the specific opto-electronic application.
• The frontplane materials of displays include:
Liquid Crystal Displays
Electrophoretic Displays
Organic Light-Emitting Displays
Actuators

13. Encapsulation
• To ensure long life of materials.
• Since flexible displays utilize organic materials,a barrier layer is
essential in protecting and enclosing the functional material and
layers from oxygen and degraded water.

14. Manufacturing of flexible electronics
For the manufacturing of flexible electronics “Roll to
Roll” (R2R) processing laser ablation and soft lithography
process is used.
Steps of R2R processing

15. ADVANTAGES
light weight
Smaller dimensions required
Space saving
Foldable and bendable
Wide Viewing Angle
Eco-friendly
DISADVANTAGES
Initial investment may be
expensive
Integration of components would
be challenge for engineers
Precision machines required
Performance and capabilities are
limited.

17. FLEXIBLE HYBRID ELECTRONICS [FHE]
• The architecture that combine flexible elements and rigid silicon to
overcome the performance limitations of purely flexible electronics.
• FHE refers to physically flexible systems that integrate commercial off-
the-shelf rigid integrated circuits (ICs) on flexible or stretchable
substrates.
• FHE can “deliver the functionality of current state-of-the-art mobile
platforms in a truly pervasive form factor.”

19. SYSTEM ON CHIP (SoC)
• A system on a chip (SoC) is an integrated circuit that integrates all
components of a computer or other electronic systems.
• SoC design enables integration of a complete system including a
large variety of processing elements and memory on a single die.
• This gave rise to powerful yet low-power embedded platforms
that enabled personal computing at a mobile form factor.

20. SYSTEM ON POLYMER (SoP)
• Complete system design on flexible substrates is a timely problem.
• An SoP is similar to system-on-a-chip, but the flexible circuits and
off-the-shelf rigid ICs are integrated on flexible or stretchable
substrates using FHE.

21. CLASSES OF SoPs
Bendable SoPs
Stretchable SoPs

22. SoP INTERCONNECT CHALLENGES AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS
1. Limitations of Wired Interconnects on Flexible Substrates
Bandwidth Limitations
 BW=W×fmax
Shape Changes
Reliability Limitation

23. 2. Inter-Chip Communication over Flexible Substrate
 Wired Communication Energy
• LVDS, a low voltage, low power,differential signaling standard.
 PLVDS = Pdriver + Pchannel
 Wireless Communication Energy
 Plink,wireless = PTx + PRx

24. Energy-Efficiency Comparison
• wireless communication becomes more energy efficient, when the data rate
exceeds 4.1Gbps.
• a hybrid combination of wired and wireless transmission strategies can be
designed to minimize the communication energy.

25. Potential Application areas of FHE

26. Electronic patches Brain-machine interface

27. Future scope
What if you can Roll your mobile.Drop
it. Squish it in your backpack!!!!

28. CONCLUSION
• Flexible and Stretchable electronics is the Next
Big Thing!!!!

29. Bibliography
[1] American Semiconductor Inc. FleX
TM
Silicon-on-Polymer
http://www.americansemi.com.
[2] A. Ahmadi, O. Dehzangi, and R. Jafari, “Brain-Computer Interface
Signal Processing Algorithms: A Computational Cost Vs. Accuracy
Analysis For Wearable Computers,” in In Proc. of Intl. Conf. on
Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks, 2012, pp. 40–45.
[3] American Semiconductor Inc. FleX-MCU
TM
. http://www.americansemi.com, last accessed May 2016.
[4] P. Bonato, “Wearable Sensors/Systems And Their Impact On Biomedical
Engineering,” IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine,
vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 18–20, 2003.