2. Group Two members
1. ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………...
3. …………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. …………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. …………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. …………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. …………………………………………………………………………………………………
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3. Structures
They include:
•The central nervous system, which has
The brain
Spinal cord
•The peripheral nervous system
Nerves
Group of neurons known as the
autonomic nervous system (a.n.s).a skmuyingo2019 3
4. Structure of the Spinal Cord
• It begins at the foramen magnum of the occipital bone
• Ends at the 2nd lumber vertebra in adults and lower in
children.
• It consists of cervical, thoracic, lumber and sacral
segments.
• The spinal cord is covered by tissue called the
meninges.
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5. • Meninges consist of 3 layers
1. Dura mater- the outer most superficial layer.
the space between dura mater and vertebra is called
epidural epidural space.
1. The arachnoid space, it’s the middle layer of the
meninges
2. Pia mater is the inner most layer
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6. •The space between the pia mater and the arachnoid
mater is the subdural space where CSF is found.
• The spinal cord has the white mater which is the
myelinated axon and the gray mater which is the non-
myelinated axon.
BLOOD SUPPLY
blood supply is by the anterior spinal arteries.
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8. Structure of The Nerve
• Nerves carry sensory and motor information.
• There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves i.e
cervical C1-C8
thoracic T1-T12
lumber L1-L5
sacral S1-S5
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10. THE BRAIN
• Consists of the brain stem, medulla oblongata,
cerebellum and the cerebrum.
• Brain stem
It lies between cerebral cortex and spinal cord and
it consists of the –midbrain
- pons
- medulla oblongata.
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11. Medulla Oblongata
• It’s the most inferior of the brain stem and controls:
heart rate, respiration, swallowing, vomiting, and
blood vessel diameter.
The Pons
• It’s the middle section of the brain stem
• It controls respiration and sleep.
• It’s the location of cranial nerves (V, VI, VII, VIII, IX)
nuclei.
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12. Mid Brain
• It’s the most superficial portion of the brain stem.
• It consist of nuclei for nerves (III, IV, V).
Cerebellum
• It’s located posterior and inferior to the cerebrum,
connected to the brain stem via cerebellar peduncler.
• The cerebellum consists of gray and white mater. It
functions in movement, coordination and unconscious
proprioception.
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13. Cerebellum is divided into 3
•Floculondular lobe
•Vermis
•Lateral hemispheres
Diencephalon
it lies between the brain stem and cerebrum.
it consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus,
subthalamus and epithalamus.
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14. • The thalamus carries sensory information
• Hypothalamus is connected with the endocrine system
and regulates hormones.
• Hypothalamus regulates body temperature, thirst,
hunger and sexual drive, and it acts as a biological
clock.
• Lessions of the hypothalamus may lead to;
•Obesity
•Diabetes insipidus
•Abnormal sexual behavior
•Hypoglycemia
•Rage pressures a skmuyingo2019 14
15. •THE CEREBRUM
•It’s the largest portion of the nervous system.
•It’s divided into hemispheres i.e left and right. Each
hemisphere is divided into lobes: the fontal, parietal,
temporal and occipital.
•The cerebrum receives sensory stimuli and conveys them to
consciousness.
•It initiates all voluntary movements.
•It retains all impulses, disability.
•It forms the basis of the memory.
•It’s also a seat of interagency
•It controls other parts of the nervous system.a skmuyingo2019 15
18. The Cranial Nerves (12)
• Eleven pairs originate in the diencephalon and brain
stem while the remaining pair in the frontal lobe.
1. Olfactory – originates in the frontal lobe – for sense
of smell.
2. Optic – originates in the retina of the eyes to form an
optic chiasm.
3. Oculomotor – it controls the movement of the eye.
4. Trochlear – for eye movement.
5. Trigeminal – it’s a mixed nerve, originates in the
pons, for sensation of the face and mandibular
movement.
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19. Cranial Nerves
6. Abducent – for movement of the eyes
7. Facial – it’s a mixed nerve for facial expression and
taste.
8. Vestibulocochlear – it’s a sensory nerve for the sense of
hearing and balance.
9. Glossopharyngeal – it’s a mixed nerve for the sense of
taste and control of muscles during swallowing.
10. Vagus – mixed
the sensory convey sensory information to the
viscera of oesophagus, respiratory and ……
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20. Cranial Nerves
The motor part conveys motor information to the heart,
stomach, intestines and gallbladder.
11. Accessory nerve – it’s a motor nerve and controls
muscles of the neck and shoulders.
12. Hypoglossal – it’s a motor nerve – for tongue
movement.
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21. The Autonomic Nervous System
• This deals with the visceral organs, like the heart,
stomach, glands and intestines. It regulates systems
that are unconsciously carried out to keep our body
alive and well, such as breathing, digestion
(peristalsis) and regulation of the heartbeat.
• It consists of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic
divisions.
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