Structure of rhombencephalon midbrain and diencephalon. vegetative nuclei of hypothalamus. notion about neurosecretion. hypothalamo hypophisial system.
Similar to Structure of rhombencephalon midbrain and diencephalon. vegetative nuclei of hypothalamus. notion about neurosecretion. hypothalamo hypophisial system.
Similar to Structure of rhombencephalon midbrain and diencephalon. vegetative nuclei of hypothalamus. notion about neurosecretion. hypothalamo hypophisial system. (20)
Structure of rhombencephalon midbrain and diencephalon. vegetative nuclei of hypothalamus. notion about neurosecretion. hypothalamo hypophisial system.
1. 1
Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical
University
The Department of Human anatomy
Structure of rhombencephalon.
Development of brain.
Reticular formation.
Distribution of nuclei of cranial
nerves in rhomboid -shaped
fossa. Midbrain and
diencephalon. Vegetative
nuclei of hypothalamus. Notion
about neurosecretion.
Hypothalamo-hypophisial
system. Third ventricle.Prepared by PhDPrepared by PhD
Tetyana Knyazevych - ChornaTetyana Knyazevych - Chorna
2. 15-2
The central nervous system forms from the
embryonic neural tube that developes from
ectoderm.
The neural plate gives rise to neural groove,
that later form the neural tube.
Development of brain
3. 15-3
At the end of the 4-th week the cranial
(superior) part of the neural tube expands
and develops into three dilations called
primary vesicles:
Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
4. 15-4
In the beginning of the 2-d month the brain
appears to comprise 5 secondary vesicles:
Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Telencephalon: hemispheres
Diencephalon: epithalamus, thalamus,
hypothalamus
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Mesencephalon: cerebral peduncles, tectal plate
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
Metencephalon: pons, cerebellum
Myelencephalon: medulla oblongata
10. 15-10
The rhombencephalon
comprises the
myelencephalon (the
medulla oblongata) and
the metencephalon (the
pons and the cerebellum)
Contains the cavity called
the fourth ventricle with
the floor represented with
the rhomboid fossa
11. 15-11
The Brain Stem – The Medulla
Oblongata
The medulla oblongata (bulbus) is the lower half of
the brainstem. The medulla contains the
cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers
and deals with autonomic, involuntary functions,
such as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure. It
contains the nuclei of IX, X, XI and XII cranial
nerves.
12. 15-12
The medulla oblongata has
ventral, dorsal and lateral
surfaces.
Ventral surface
The anterior median fissure
The pyramids ( between the
anterior median fissure and the
anterolateral sulcus).
The
decussation of the pyramids (in
the lower part of the medulla,
the motor fibers cross each
other).
13. 15-13
The lateral surface
Olivary body (olive)
(found laterally from
each pyramid).
The antero- and
posterolateral sulcuses.
The inferior cerebellar
peduncle
14. 15-14
The dorsal surface
The posterior median sulcus
The fasciculus gracilis and the fasciculus cuneatus ( that
lying laterally).
These fasciculi end in rounded elevations known as the
gracile and the cuneate tubercles. They are caused by
masses of gray matter known as the nucleus gracilis and
the nucleus cuneatus.
Just above the tubercles, the posterior aspect of the
medulla is occupied by a triangular fossa, which forms the
lower part of the floor of the fourth ventricle.
16. 15-16
Internal structure
The cuneate and gracile nuclei that accept the
cuneate and gracile fasciculi (it transmit the impulses
of proprioceptive and tactile sensivity). The axons of
nuclei form the medial lemniscus.
The pyramidal tract comprises the corticonuclear and
the corticospinal fibers.
The inferior olivary nucleus (communicates with the
cerebellum and spinal cord)- control body equilibrium.
The reticular formation.
The nuclei of cranial nerves (IX-XII)
18. 15-18
Functions
The medulla oblongata controls autonomic functions,
and connects the higher levels of the brain to the
spinal cord. It is also responsible for regulating
several basic functions of the
autonomic nervous system which include:
Respiration – chemoreceptors
Cardiac center – sympathetic, parasympathetic
system
Vasomotor center – baroreceptors
Reflex centers of vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and
swallowing
Destruction of the medulla causes instant death.
19. 15-19
The Brain Stem – The Pons
(pons Varolii)
The pons is about 2.5 cm in length. Most of it
appears as a broad anterior bulge rostral to
the medulla. Posteriorly, it consists mainly of
two pairs of thick stalks called
cerebellar peduncles. They connect the
cerebellum to the pons and midbrain.
Contains the nuclei of cranial nerves V, VI, VII
and VIII.
20. 15-20
The Pons
External
features
The bulbopontine
sulcus
The basilar sulcus
The medullary stria
of fourth ventricle
The middle
cerebellar peduncle
21. 15-21
Internal structure of pons
The trapezoid body delimits two parts of pons:
The basilar part
The pontine nuclei
The pontocerebellar fibers
The corticopontine fibers
The pyramidal fibers
The tegmentum
The nuclei of cranial nerves (V-VIII)
The superior olivary nucleus (belongs to the auditory
nuclei group)
Medial lemniscus
Rubrospinal and tectospinal tracts
23. 15-23
The functions of Pons
The pons contains nuclei that relay
signals from the forebrain to the
cerebellum, along with nuclei that deal
primarily with sleep, respiration,
swallowing, bladder control, hearing,
equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial
expressions, facial sensation, and
posture.
25. 15-25
The Cerebellum
In Latin, the word
cerebellum means
little brain.
Located dorsal to
the pons and
medulla
Is comprised of
white matter and a
thin, outer layer of
gray matter.
26. 15-26
The Cerebellum
Consists of two cerebellar
hemispheres and the vermis
Surface feature various
cerebellar fissures delimit
lobes, lobules and folia
The Cerebellum subdivided
into:
Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe
Flocculonodular lobe
28. 15-28
From the evolutional point the cerebellum has:
The oldest part – archicerebellum (floculus
and nodule are associated with the vestibular
nuclei and are involved into body equilibrium
control).
The ancient part – paleocerebellum (anterior
lobe) which control muscle tone, coordinates
the movement related to weight and inertia.
The newest part - neocerebellum (posterior
lobe) which control voluntary and automated
movements.
29. 15-29
The Cerebellum
Saggital section reveals
treelike arragment that call
the arbor vitae
The nuclei of cerebellum:
The dentate (6)
The emboliform (5)
The globose (4)
The fastigial (3)
30. 15-30
The cerebellar peduncles
The inferior cerebellar peduncles:
The posterior spinocerebellar tract
The olivocerebellar tract
The external arcuate fibers
The vestibulocerebellar fibers
The cerebellovestibular fibers
The middle cerebellar peduncles:
The pontocerebellar fibers
The superior cerebellar peduncles:
The cerebellorubral fibers
The cerebellothalamic fibers
The anterior spinocerebellar fibers
32. 15-32
Functions of Cerebellum :
The cerebellum is involved in several functions of the body
including:
Fine Movement Coordination
Balance and Equilibrium
Muscle Tone
It may also be involved in some cognitive functions such as
attention and language, and in regulating fear and pleasure
responses
The cerebellum does not initiate movement, but it
contributes to coordination, precision, and accurate timing.
It receives input from sensory systems and from other parts
of the brain and spinal cord, and integrates these inputs to
fine tune motor activity.
Because of this fine-tuning function, damage to the
cerebellum does not cause paralysis, but instead produces
disorders in fine movement, equilibrium, posture, and
motor learning.
33. 15-33
Rhomboid fossa
It resides on the dorsal surface of the medulla oblongata
and pons
Relief of the rhomboid fossa:
Median sulcus
Medial eminence
Sulcus limitans
Medullary stria
Superior and inferior foveas
Facial colliculus
Vestibular area
Locus caeruleus
Hypoglossal and vagal
trigones
35. 15-35
The nuclei of cranial nerves
1. nucleus mesencephalicus n. trigemeni
2. nucleus pontinus n. trigemeni.
3. nucleus spinalis n. trigemeni.
4. nucleus cochlearis anterior.
5. nucleus cochlearis posterior.
6. nucleus vestibularis superior.
7.nucleus vestibularis lateralis.
8. nucleus vestibularis inferior.
9. nucleus vestibularis medialis.
10.nucleus solitarius (for VII, IX, X cranial nerves).
11. nucleus n. hypoglossi.
12. nucleus dorsalis n. vagi.
13. nucleus n. accessorii.
14. nucleus ambiguus (for IX, X, XI cranial nerves).
15. nucleus salivatorius inferior (for IX cranial nerve).
16. nucleus salivatorius superior (for VII cranial nerve).
17. nucleus n. facialis.
18. nucleus n. abducentis.
19. nucleus motorius n. trigemeni.
36. 15-36
Reticular formation
The reticular formation is a
part of the brain that is
involved in actions such as
awaking/sleeping cycle, and
filtering incoming stimuli to
discriminate irrelevant
background stimuli. It is
essential for governing some
of the basic functions of
higher organisms, and is one
of the phylogenetically oldest
portions of the brain.
37. 15-37
The reticular formation consists of more than 100 small
neural networks, with varied functions including the
following:
1.Somatic motor control
2. Cardiovascular control
3. Pain modulation
4. Sleep and consciousness
5. Habituation
38. 15-38
The midbrain or mesencephalon is
a portion of the central nervous
system associated with vision,
hearing, motor control, sleep/wake,
arousal (alertness), and temperature
regulation.
Midbrain
39. 15-39
Midbrain is formally divided into dorsal and
ventral parts at the level of cerebral aqueduct
The dorsal portion is known as tectum (or
corpora quadrigemina), which largely consists
of inferior and superior colliculi
The ventral portion is known as tegmentum
Tegmentum is bounded ventrally by the massive
fibre system of the crus cerebri (
cerebral peduncles)
40. 15-40
Tectum
(corpora quadrigemina)
The superior colliculus is
involved with
saccadic eye movements
(subcortical visual centers);
while the inferior colliculus
is a synapsing point for
sound information
(subcortical auditory
centers). The nuclei of coliculi
are responsible for reflexes
associated with sudden sound
and visual stimuli by the
tectospinal tract.
41. 15-41
Cerebral peduncle
They are the most anterior structure
in the midbrain and contain the
large ascending and descending
tracts that run to and from the
cerebrum.
Each Cerebral peduncle features
the ventral portion called the base
of peduncle and the dorsal portion
called the tegmentum of midbrain.
The two portions are delimited by
the substantia nigra.
The base of peduncle contain the
pathways:
The corticospinal fibers ant/lat
The corticonuclear fibers
The corticopontine fibers
42. 15-42
The tegmentum
The midbrain tegmentum
is the part of the midbrain
extending from the
substantia nigra to the
cerebral aqueduct in a
horizontal section. It forms
the floor of the midbrain that
surrounds the cerebral
aqueduct.
43. 15-43
It features the nuclei and fibers like the following:
The red nucleus- is a structure in
the rostral midbrain involved in motor coordination. It
regulate muscle tonus and automated movements’
precision. Pink color is specified by abundant blood
supply and dense capillary network.
The nuclei of cranial nerves:
-the nucleus of oculomotor nerve (III)
-the nucleus of trochlear nerve (IV)
44. 15-44
The substantia nigra
The substantia nigra lies dorsal to
the cerebral peduncles. Substantia
nigra is Latin for "black substance",
reflecting the fact that parts of the
substantia nigra appear darker than
neighboring areas. This is due to
high levels of melanin in
dopaminergic neurons.
Parkinson's disease is characterized
by the death of dopaminergic
neurons in the substantia nigra.
It belongs to subcortical motor nuclei
of the extrapyramidal system that is
responsible for plastic tonus of the
muscles
45. 15-45
cerebral aqueduct
Ventral to the colliculi the
cerebral aqueduct runs
the length of the
midbrain. It provides
communication between
the third and the fourth
ventricles. It is
surrounded by the
central grey substance.
47. 15-47
The diencephalon
The posterior part of the
forebrain that connects the
midbrain with the cerebral
hemispheres, encloses the
third ventricle, and contains
the thalamus,
the epithalamus
the metathalamus
the hypothalamus
48. 15-48
The thalamus
Paired ovoid structures
It is situated between the
cerebral cortex and
midbrain
The thalamus surrounds
the third ventricle
Comprises the ventral and
the dorsal parts delimited
the hypothalamic sulcus
49. 15-49
The anterior thalamic tubercle
The pulvinar
The sulcus terminalis
The hypothalamic sulcus
The interthalamic adhesion
The stria medullaris
50. 15-50
The nuclei of thalamus
The anterior nuclei
related to the olfactory
pathways
The posterior – to the
optic pathways
The central – reticular
formation
The medial –
extrapyramidal system
The lateral – sensory
(pain, temperature,
tactile, proprioceptiv,
interoceptive)
51. 15-51
The thalamus is involved in several
functions of the body including:
Motor Control
Receives Auditory, Somatosensory and
Visual Sensory Signals
Relays Sensory Signals to the
Cerebral Cortex
Controls Sleep and Awake States
52. 15-52
Clinical correlation
Sensory loss
damage to the lateral
nucleus
loss of all forms of
sensation
light touch
tactile localization
& discrimination
muscle joint sense
from the opposite
side of the body
Thalamic pain
may be aroused by light
touch or by cold
occurs on the
opposite side of the
body
Thalamus – important
relay and integrative
center – lesions will
have profound effects
3 common etiologies:
Invasion of neoplasm
Degeneration
following disease of
its arterial supply
Damage by
Hemorrhage
53. 15-53
Abnormal involuntary movements
a. Chorea
quick, jerky, irregular movements
Ex. Grimaces and sudden movements of
the head and limbs
b. Athetosis
slow, writhing movements commonly
involve the distal segments of the limbs
c. Ataxia
muscle incoordination
54. 15-54
The metathalamus
Presenting by:
the medial geniculate body that
by the inferior brachium
connects with the inferior
colliculi of midbrain (its
nucleus belong to the
subcortical auditory centers)
the lateral geniculate body that
by the superior brachium
connects with the superior
colliculi of midbrain (its
nucleus belong to the
subcortical visual centers)
55. 15-55
The epithalamus
The epithalamus is a major subdivision of the
diencephalon constituted by the habenular nuclei and
pineal complex:
Pineal gland is (responsible
for secretion of melatonin
which is important in
the sleep/wakefulness cycle)
Habenula ( is thought to be
important for regulating food
and water intake)
Habenular commissure
Habenular trigone
The posterior commissure
57. 15-57
Hypothalamus
Lies within the floor and
ventral part of the walls of
third ventricle
For maintenance of
homeostasis
Hypothalamic sulcus
Separates thalamus
from hypothalamus
Subserves 3 systems:
Autonomic NS
Endocrine
Limbic
Subdivided into 3 areas:
Supraoptic area
Below: Optic chiasm (1)
Optic tract
Tuberal
Tuber cinereum (3)
Infundibulum
Mamillary
Mamillary bodies (2)
(subcortical olfactory cenrers)
Hypothalamus
1
2
3
58. 15-58
The Hypothalamus
Functions include the following:
Control of the autonomic nervous system
Control of emotional responses
Regulation of body temperature
Regulation of hunger and thirst sensations
Control of behavior
Regulation of sleep-wake cycles
Control of the endocrine system
Formation of memory
59. 15-59
The nuclei of Hypothalamus
All nuclei of Hypothalamus groups into four areas:
The anterior hypothalamic area that houses the
supra-optic and paraventricular nuclei
The posterior hypothalamic area that houses the
nuclei of mammillary bodies
The dorsal hypothalamic area that comprises several
dorsal nuclei
The intermediate hypothalamic area that houses
numerous small nuclei (infundibular, lateral tuberal,
dorsomedial, ventromedial ets)
60. 15-60
releasing and inhibiting
hormones
Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones are
carried directly ONLY to the anterior pituitary gland
via hypothalamic hypophyseal portal veins.
Neurohormones from hypothalamus pass through
this portal system to stimulate or inhibit the
anterior pituitary
Secretion is pulsatile
They have short half lives so their actions on the
pituitary are of short duration.
Their actions are limited by negative feedback
mechanisms.
64. 15-64
The hormones secreted by the supraoptic and
paraventricular nucleus proceed to the
neurohypophysis via the hypothalamo-
hypophyseal tract (by means of axonal
transport)
They synapase with capillaries in the posterior
pituitary
Secrete the neurohormones oxytocin and
vasopressin ADH
The antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released in
response to solute concentration in the blood,
decreased blood volume or blood pressure. It
also causes vasoconstriction that helps
elevate blood pressure.
Oxytocin is best known for its roles in sexual
reproduction, in particular during and after
childbirth. It is released in large amounts after
distension of the cervix and uterus during
labor, facilitating birth, and facilitating
breastfeeding.
66. 15-66
I. Rregio hypothalamica
anterior:
1) nucleus supraopticus;
2) nucleus
paraventricularis
II. Regio hypothalamica
intermedia:
3) nucleus dorsomedialis
hypothalami;
4) nucleus
ventromedialis
hypothalami;
5) nucleus cinereum;
6) nucleus arcuatus;
7) nucleus infundibularis.
III. Regio hypothalamica
posterior:
8) nucleus corporis
mamillaris mediales et
lateralis;
9) nucleus posterior;
10) corpus subthalamicus
Luysi;
11. neurohypophysis;
12. adenohypophisis.
67. 15-67
Pituitary Gland
(hypophysis )
It lies in a depression of the
sphenoid bone called hypophyseal
fossa
It consists of two parts:
neurohypophysis of neural
origin developed as a
downgrowth from the floor of
the third ventricle (posterior
pituitary)
Adenohypophysis of
ectodermal origin formed as an
up growth from the buccal
cavity (anterior pituitary)
68. 15-68
Neurohypophysis has three
parts: the median eminence
which is connected to the
neural lobe by the infundibular
stem.
Adenohypophysis is also
divided into three parts: the
pars distalis, the pars
intermedia and pars tuberalis
69. 15-69
Hypothalamic releasing & inhibiting hormones and
the Pituitary hormones they control
GnRH GHRH Somatostatin TRH PRH PIH CRH
GHIH Dopamine
Hypothalamus
FSH GH TSH Prolactin ACTH
LH
Ant
Pituitary
Gonads Liver Thyroid Breasts Adrenal
all cells Gland All Cells Cortex
Target
organ
+
-
+ +-+
+
-- ++
70. 15-70
Condition Direction Hormone
Acromegaly
overprod
uction
growth hormone
Cushing's disease
overprod
uction
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Growth hormone deficiency
underpro
duction
growth hormone
Syndrome of inappropriate
antidiuretic hormone
overprod
uction
vasopressin
Diabetes insipidus
(can also be nephrogenic)
underpro
duction
vasopressin
Sheehan syndrome
underpro
duction
any pituitary hormone
Pickardt-Fahlbusch-Syndrome
underpro
duction
any pituitary hormone,
exceptprolactin, which is
increased
Hyperpituitarism (most
commonlypituitary adenoma)
overprod
uction
any pituitary hormone
Hypopituitarism
underpro
any pituitary hormone
71. 15-71
The third ventricle
A cavity situated
below the lateral
ventricles and
between the two
parts of the thalamus
Communicates with
the fourth ventricle by
a canal called
cerebral aqueduct
Communicates with
the lateral ventricles
via paired
interventricular
foramna
72. 15-72
Lateral wall-medial
surfaces of the thalami
Anterior wall- columns
of fornix, anterior
commissure, lamina
terminalis
Posterior wall-posterior
commissure, habenular
commissure,
suprapineal recess
Inferior wall-optic
chiasm, optic tract,
tuber cinereum,
infundibulum,
mammillary bodies,
supra-optic and
infundibular recess
Superior wall-choroid
membrane