1. Gross Structure of the Brain TJ del Mundo, MD, DPBO College of Optometry CEU

2. Nervous System  CNS (central nervous system) Brain Spinal Cord  PNS (peripheral nervous system) Peripheral Nerve Ganglion

3. Central Nervous System - Brain

4. Gross Divisions of the Brain  Cerebrum (cerebral hemisphere)  Diencephalon  Cerebellum  Brainstem

5. Embryonic (developmental) divisions of the Brain telencephalon Cerebral cortex Cerebral white matter Basal ganglia metencephalon Cerebellum Pons Primary vesicle Secondary vesicle Derivatives Prosencephalon diencephalon Thalamus Hypothalamus Subthalamus Epithalamus Mesencephalon mesencephalon Midbrain Rhombencephalon myelencephalon Medulla oblongata

12. Lateral Surface Precentral Gyrus --- primary motor area Superior Frontal Gyrus Middle Frontal Gyrus Inferior Frontal Gyrus Pars Opercularis Pars Triangularis Pars Orbitalis Medial Surface Medial Frontal Gyrus Paracentral Lobule Basal Surface Rectus Gyrus Orbital Gyrus Inferior Frontal Gyrus Gyri of the Frontal Lobe ] Broca’s area (dominant hemisphere)

13. Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Lateral Surface)

14. Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Lateral Surface) Broca’s area Pars Opercularis Pars Triangularis Pars Orbitalis

15. Motor Homunculus

16. Photograph of the brain of Broca’s patient called “Tan” (real name is Leborgne). Broca’s Area Pars triangularis and pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus of dominant hemisphere.

17. Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Medial Surface)

18. Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (basal surface)

19. Gyri of the Parietal Lobe Lateral Surface Postcentral Gyrus ---- primary somesthetic area Superior Parietal Lobule Inferior Parietal Lobule ---- Wernicke’s area Supramarginal Gyrus Angular Gyrus Medial Surface Paracentral Lobule Precuneus

20. Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Lateral Surface)

21. Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Medial Surface)

22. Sensory Homunculus

23. Gyri of the Occipital Lobe Lateral Surface Lateral Occipital Gyrus Superior Occipital Gyrus Inferior Occipital Gyrus Medial Surface Cuneus Lingual Gyrus Basal Surface Lingual Gyrus Occipitotemporal Gyrus

24. Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Lateral Surface)

25. Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Medial Surface)

26. Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (basal surface)

27. Gyri of the Temporal Lobe Lateral Surface Superior Temporal Gyrus Middle Temporal Gyrus Inferior Temporal Gyrus Basal Surface Lingual Gyrus Occipitotemporal Gyrus Medial Occipitotemporal Gyrus Lateral Occipitotemporal Gyrus

28. Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Lateral Surface)

29. Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (basal surface)

30. PET (positron emission tomography) scan

31. Gyri of the Limbic Lobe Outer Ring Cingulate Gyrus Isthmus of Cingulate Gyrus Parahippocampal Gyrus Uncus, Uncinate Gyrus Inner Ring Hippocampal Formation Hippocampus, Ammon's Horn Dentate Gyrus Fasciolar Gyrus Indusium Griseum (Supracallosal Gyrus) Paraterminal Gyrus (Subcallosal Gyrus) Subcallosal Area (Parolfactory Area)

32. Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Medial Surface)

33. Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (basal surface)

34. Structures of the Lateral Surface of the Brain 1 2 3 4 5

35. Structures of the Medial Surface of the Brain 1 2 3 4

36. Structures of the Basal Surface of the Brain 1 2

37. Insula of Reil

38. Structures around the Limbic Lobe 1 2 3

39. Structures of the Limbic Lobe 1 2 3

40. Structures of the Limbic Lobe 1 2 3

42. Cerebral White Matter Projection fiber Corona radiata Commissural fiber Corpus callosum rostrum, genu, trunk, splenium Anterior commissure Commissure of fornix Association fiber Short association fiber Long association fiber

43. Fibers of Cerebral White Matter (coronal section) 1. Corpus callosum 2. Internal capsule 3. Superior occipitofrontal fasciculus 4. Superior longitudinal fasciculus 5. Inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus 6. Cingulum 7. Uncinate fasciculus 8. Inferior longitudinal fasciculus

44. Basal Ganglia (traditional concept) Corpus striatum lenticular nucleus putamen globus pallidus caudate nucleus Amygdaloid body

45. Basal Ganglia 1 2 3 1 2 4 3

46. Basal Ganglia 1 2 3 1 2 3

47. Diencephalon Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus Subthalamus 3 rd ventricle and tela choroidea

48. Diencephalon 1 2 3 4 5 1 3 2

49. Ventral Surface of Diencephalon 1 2 3 4 5 5 6

50. Cerebellum Anterior Lobe Posterior Lobe Flocculonodular Lobe flocculus, nodulus Vermis Paravermal Region Cerebellar Hemisphere

51. Cerebellum (posterosuperior view) 1 2 3

52. Cerebellum (posteroinferior view) flocculus

53. Cerebellum (anterior view) 1 2 3

54. Cerebellum (medial view)

55. Brain Stem Midbrain Pons Medulla Oblongata 4 th Ventricle Rhomboid Fossa

56. Brain Stem Anterior surface 1 2 3 4 III VI V VII VIII 5 IX X XI XII

57. Brain Stem Posterior surface IV 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

58. Rhomboid Fossa 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3

59. Roof of the 4 th Ventricle 1 2

60. Embryonic (developmental) divisions of the Brain telencephalon Cerebral cortex Cerebral white matter Basal ganglia metencephalon Cerebellum Pons Primary vesicle Secondary vesicle Derivatives Prosencephalon diencephalon Thalamus Hypothalamus Subthalamus Epithalamus Mesencephalon mesencephalon Midbrain Rhombencephalon myelencephalon Medulla oblongata