Sir Syed Ahmed Khan became an inspiration for the Pakistan Movement through his establishment of the Aligarh Muslim University and promotion of the two-nation theory, which argued that Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations. He urged Muslims to pursue modern education to succeed under British rule. The All-India Muslim League was later founded in 1906 to represent Muslim political interests, organizing the Muslim community's campaign for self-determination that ultimately led to the establishment of Pakistan after the 1940 Pakistan Resolution.

1. “Pakistan Movement”
“Name : Arooba hassan”
“Class : BEE 2”
“Assignment no:4”
“Submitted to: sir waseem Abdullah”
“Pakistan studies”

2. History of the movement:
Background.
Renaissance vision.
Rise of organized movement and Muslims minority.
World War II.
The end of the war.
Political campaigns and support.
Conclusion.

3.  Background:-
• The East India Company was formed in 1600 and had gained a foothold in
India in 1612 after Mughal emperor Jahangir granted it the rights to
establish a factory, or trading post, in the port of Surat on the western coast.
As the Mughal Empire quickly decline from the power, the British Empire
expanded quick to gain control of the subcontinent in the 1700s. The
economic, social, public, and political influence of East India Company and
the strong military projection further limited the rule of the last Mughal
emperor, Bahadur Shah II. The defeat of Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore,
proved to be an event which led the most of the South India fell under the
direct or indirect rule of the East India Company.
• In all over the subcontinent, the British government took over the state
machinery, bureaucracy, universities, schools, and institutions as well
establishing its own. During this time, Lord Macaulay radical and influential
educational reforms led to the numerous changes to the introduction and
teaching of Western languages (e.g. English and Latin), history, and
philosophy. Religious studies and the Arabic, Turkish, and Persian languages
were completely barred from the state universities. In a short span of time,
the English language had became not only the medium of instruction but also
the official language in 1835 in place of Persian, disadvantaging those who
had built their careers around the latter language.

4.  Renaissance vision:-
• Eventually, many Muslims barred their children to be educated at the English
universities which had proved to be disastrous for the Muslim communities. Very few
Muslim families had their children to be sent at the English universities. On the other
hand, the effects of Bengali renaissance made Hindus population to be more educated
and gained lucrative positions at the Indian Civil Service; many would ascended to the
influential posts in the British government.
• During this time, influential Muslim reformer and educationist, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
began to argue for the importance of the British education.Sir Syed was a jurist and a
scholar who was Knighted by the British Crown for his services to British Empire.
Witnessing this atmosphere of despair and despondency, Sir Syed launched his
attempts to revive the spirit of progress within the Muslim community of British
India.At notable Muslim gatherings, he argued that the Muslims, in their attempt to
regenerate themselves, had failed to realize the fact that mankind had entered a very
important phase of its existence— an era of science and learning.Despite harsh
criticism from the Islamic orthodoxy, he helped convince many Muslim communities to
realized that the very fact was the source of progress and prosperity for the British.
Therefore, modern education became the pivot of his movement for regeneration of the
Indian Muslims. He tried to transform the Muslim outlook from a medieval one to a
modern one.

5. Traditional Hindu and Islamic studies were no longer supported by the
British Crown, and nearly all of the madrasahs lost their waqf (lit.
financial endowment).Discontent by these reforms, Muslim and Hindu
rebels initiated the first rebellion in 1857 which was inverted by the
British forces, followed by final abdication of last Mughal emperor
Bahadur Shah II, also the same year. Noting the sensitivity of this issue,
Queen Victoria removed the East India Company and consolidated the
power by gaining the control of subcontinent into British Empire.
Directives issues by Queen Victoria led to the quick removal Mughal
symbols which spawned a negative attitude amongst some Muslims
towards everything modern and western, and a disinclination to make
use of the opportunities available under the new regime.This tendency,
had it continued for long, would have proven disastrous for the Muslim
community.
In justifying these actions, Macaulay's notably argument that Sanskrit
and Arabic were wholly inadequate for students studying history,
science, and technology. He argued, "We have to educate a people who
cannot at present be educated by means of their mother-tongue. We
must teach them some foreign language." The solution was to teach
English.

6. • In attendance, Sir Syed advised the Muslim communities to not to participate in politics unless and
until they got modern education.He was of the view that Muslims could not succeed in the field of
western politics without knowing the system.in the 1900s, Sir Syed was invited to attend the first
convention of Indian National Congress, and many persuaded him to join the party but he
reportedly refused to accept the offer.Instead, he went onto urged the Muslims to keep themselves
away from the Congress and predicted that this convention would prove to be a pure Hindu party in
the times to come. In response to this, Sir Syed called in and established the first All India
Muhammad an Educational Conference where he provided Muslims with a platform on which he
could discuss their political problems. He also became an instrument of leading the Aligarh
Movement to provide Western education to Muslim communities.
• This led the establishment of the Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) which became pivotal place of
providing modern teachings on science and technology, modern politics, law and justice, literature,
history, and contemporary arts. Sir Syed's writings and scholar works played an important role in
popularizing the ideals for which the Aligarh stood whilst also helped to create cordial relations
between the British Crown and the Indian Muslims.One of his biggest achievement was the removal
of misunderstandings about Islam and Christianity.It was from this platform that Syed Ahmad
Khan strongly advised the Muslims against joining the Hindu dominated Congress and also
promoted the idea that Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations. His writings, arguments,
theory, and efforts later conjoined and his idea was now popular as "Two-nation theory". At the time
of his death, Sir Syed was now known as father of "Two-nation theory" and earned the title "Prophet
of Education".
• The Aligarh movement and the two-nation theory provided the basis of the Pakistan Movement.
With the help of Sir Syed and Nawab Vakar-ul-Mulk, the All-India Muslim League (AIML) was
founded in 1906, followed by the vision of Sir Mohammad Iqbal of a homeland for the Muslims
floated in 1930, on to the Pakistan Resolution of 1940, and the League gaining strength to finally
attaining a separate homeland for the Muslims of India.[28] After his death and the establishment
of Pakistan, his name continues to be extremely respected in Pakistan, even as of today; one of
country's most notable university is also named after him.

7. Sir Syed Ahmed
khan
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
became an aspiration
for Pakistan Movement.

8.  Rise of organised movement and Muslims
minority:-
• In 1876, Queen Victoria took the additional title of Empress of India.
Passed by the Queen, the 1833 act appointed Lord William Bentinck
as Governor-General of British India. The success of All India
Muhammadan Educational Conference as a part of the Aligarh
Movement, the All-India Muslim League, was established with the
support provided by Syed Ahmad Khan in 1906.It was founded in
Dhaka in a response to reintegration of Bengal after a mass Hindu
protest took place in the subcontinent. Earlier in 1905, viceroy Lord
Curzon partitioned the Bengal which was favored by the Muslims,
since it gave them a Muslim majority in the eastern half.
• In 1909, Lord Minto promulgated the Council Act and met with a
Muslim delegation led by Aga Khan III to meet with Viceroy Lord
Minto,a deal to which Minto agreed because it appeared to assist the
British divide and rule strategy.[citation needed] The delegation
consisted of 35 members, who each represented their respective
region proportionately, mentioned hereunder.

9. • Sir Aga Khan III. (Head of the delegation);
(Bombay).
• Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk. (Aligarh).
• Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk. (Muradabad).
• Maulvi Hafiz Hakim Ajmal Khan. (Delhi).
• Maulvi Syed Karamat Husain. (Allahabad).
• Maulvi Sharifuddin (Patna).
• Nawab Syed Sardar Ali Khan (Bombay).
• Syed Abdul Rauf. (Allahabad).
• Maulvi Habiburrehman Khan. (Aligarh).
• Sahibzada Aftab Ahmed Khan. (Aligarh).
• Abdul Salam Khan. (Rampur).
• Nawab Sarfaraz Hussain Khan Bahadur.
(Patna).
• Maulvi Rafeeuddin Ahmed. (Bombay).
• Khan Bahadur Ahmed Muhaeeuddin.
(Madras).
• Raees Muhammed Ahtasham Ali. (Lucknow)
• Khan Bahadur Muhammad Muzammilullah Khan.
(Aligarh).
• Haji Muhammed Ismail Khan. (Aligarh).
• Shehzada Bakhtiar Shah. (Calcutta).
• Malik Umar Hayat Khan Tiwana. (Shahpur).
• Khan Bahadur Muhammed Shah Deen. (Lahore).
• Khan Bahadur Syed Nawab Ali Chaudhary. (Mymansingh).
• Nawab Bahadur Mirza Shuja'at Ali Baig. (Murshidabad).
• Nawab Nasir Hussain Khan Bahadur. (Patna).
• Khan Bahadur Syed Ameer Hassan Khan. (Calcutta).
• Syed Muhammed Imam. (Patna).
• Maulvi Abdul Raheem. (Calcutta).
• Syed Allahdad Shah. (Khairpur).
• Maulana H. M. Malik. (Nagpur).
• Khan Bahadur Col. Abdul Majeed Khan.
(Patiala).
• Khan Bahadur Khawaja Yousuf Shah.
(Amritsar).
• Khan Bahadur Mian Muhammad Shafi.
(Lahore).

10.  The Muslim League
Governing Council at the
Lahore session. The woman
wearing the black cloak is
Muhatarma Amjadi Banu
Begum, the wife of
Maulana Mohammad Ali
Jauhar, a prominent
Muslim League leader.
Begum was a leading
representative of the UP's
Muslim women during the
years of the Pakistan
Movement.

11. • The Muslim League's original goal was to define and protect the interests of
educated upper and gentry class of the Indian Muslims.[38] Its educational
activities were based on AMU, Calcutta University, and Punjab University; though
its headquarter was in Lucknow.[38] British thinker, John Locke's (1632–1704)
ideas on liberty greatly influenced the political thinking behind the party's
movement.It was the dissemination of western thought by John Locke, Milton and
Thomas Paine at the AMU that initiated the emergence of Muslim nationalism.Sir
Aga Khan III was appointed its first and founding president; Ali Johar wrote party's
first constitution.Despite its activism and educated mass, the party remained less
influential in various areas as compared to political movements such as Khaksars,
Khudai Khidmatgar, Ahrar, and Hirat until the 1930s.
• By the 1930s, Muhammad Iqbal had joined the party whose writings, speeches,
philosophical ideas, and his British education training played a crucial role in the
expansion of the Muslim League.[39] Furthermore, Muslim League's pro-British
stance, Jinnah, Ali Khan, and many other leaders constitutional struggle for
Muslim rights made it extremely popular party in the Muslim dominated areas of
the Subcontinent.[40] Furthermore, the success of Muslim League in 1934 elections
in the Muslim dominated areas played a crucial role in the split between the
Muslim League and Congress became apparent when Congress refused to join
coalition administrations with the Muslim League in areas with mixed religion. The
political scene was set that was to lead to post-1945 violence in India.

12.  Aga Khan III in 1936.
 Nawab Mohsin ul Mulk,(left) who organised the
Simla deputation, with Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
(Centre), Sir Syed's son Justice Syed Mahmood
(extreme right). Syed Mahmood was the first Muslim
to serve as a High Court judge in the British Raj.

13.  World War II:-
• On 3 September 1939, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain announced the
commencement of war with Germany.The World War II became an integral for Pakistan
Movement with the Muslim League playing a decisive role in the world war II in the
1940s and as the driving force behind the division of India along religious lines and the
creation of Pakistan as a Muslim state in 1947.In 1939, the Congress leaders resigned
from all British India government to which they had elected.The Muslim League
celebrated the end of Congress led British Indian government, with Jinnah famously
quoting: "a day of deliverance and thanksgiving."In a secret memorandum writing to
British Prime Minister, the Muslim League obliged to support the United Kingdom's
war efforts— provided that the British had recognize it as the only organization that
spoke for Indian Muslims.
• The events leading the World War II, the Congress effective protest against the United
Kingdom unilaterally involving India in the war without consulting with the congress;
the Muslim League went on to support the British war efforts, which was allowed to
actively propagandize against the Congress with the cry of "Islam in Danger"
• The Indian Congress and Muslim League responded differently over the World War II
issue. The Indian Congress refused to oblige with the Britain unless the whole Indian
subcontinent was granted the independence.[46] The Muslim League, on the other
hand, supported Britain, with the means of political cooperation and human
contribution.[46] The Muslim League leaders' British education training and
philosophical ideas played a role that brought the British government and the Muslim
to be close to each other.[46] Jinnah himself supported the British in World War Two
when the Congress failed to form any form of collaboration.The British government
suddenly made a pledge to the Muslims in 1940 that it would not transfer power to an
Independent India unless its constitution was first approved by the Indian Muslims, a
promise it did not subsequently keep.

14.  The end of the war:-
• In 1942, Gandhi called for the Quit India Movement against the United Kingdom. On
the other hand, the Muslim League advised the Prime Minister Winston Churchill that
the Great Britain should "divide and then Quit". Negotiations between Gandhi and
Viceroy Wavell failed, as did talks between Jinnah and Gandhi in 1944.When the World
War II ended, the Muslim League's push for the Pakistan Movement and Gandhi's
efforts for Indian independence intensified the pressure on Prime Minister Winston
Churchill.Given the rise of American and Russian order in the world politics and the
general unrest in India, Wavell called for the general elections to be held in 1945.The
elections marked the Muslim League won nearly all the seats in Muslim areas while
Congress did the same in predominantly Hindu areas. Polarisation was now obvious
and violence erupted in whole Subcontinent.
• For Jinnah, Islam laid a cultural base for an ideology of ethnic nationalism whose
objective was to gather the Muslim community to defend the Muslim minorities in the
subcontinent. Jinnah's representation of Indian Muslims was quite apparent in 1928,
when in the All-Party Muslim Conference, he was ready to swap the advantages of
separate electorates for a quota of 33% of seats at the Capital. He maintained his views
at the Round Table Conferences, while the Muslims of Punjab and Bengal were vying
for a much more decentralized political setup. Many of their requests were met in the
1935 Government of India Act. Jinnah and the founding fathers played a peripheral
role at the time and in 1937 could manage to gather only 5% of the Muslim vote. Jinnah
refused to back down and went ahead with his plan. He presented the two-nation
theory in the now famous Lahore Resolution in March 1940, seeking a separate Muslim
nation-state.[not specific enough to verify]

15. • The idea of a separate state had first been introduced by Sir Iqbal in his speech
in December 1930 as the President of the Muslim League.The nation state that
he visualized, "within the British Empire, or without the British
Empire",included only four provinces of North-West India: Punjab, Sindh,
Afghania, and Balochistan. Three years later, the name Pakistan was proposed
in a pamphlet published in 1933 by Rahmat Ali, a graduate of the University of
Cambridge.Again, Bengal was left out of the proposal.
• In a book written in 2004, Idea of Pakistan by American historian of Pakistan,
Stephen P. Cohen, writes on the influence of South Asian Muslim nationalism on
the Pakistan movement:
• "It begins with a glorious precolonial empire when the Muslims of South Asia
were politically united and culturally, civilizationally, and strategically
dominant. In that era, ethnolinguistic differences were subsumed under a
common vision of an Islamic-inspired social and political order. However, the
divisions among Muslims that did exist were exploited by the British Empire,
who practiced divide and rule politics, displacing the Mughals and
circumscribing other Islamic rulers. Moreover, the Hindus were the allies of the
British Empire, who used them to strike a balance with the Muslims; many
Hindus, a fundamentally insecure people, hated Muslims and would have
oppressed them in a one-man, one-vote democratic India. The Pakistan
Movement united these disparate pieces of the national puzzle, and Pakistan
was the expression of the national will of India's liberated Muslims...."

16.  Political campaigns and support:-
• Punjab
• Sindh
• Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
• Balochistan.
• Other regions.

17.  Punjab:-
• The Western Punjab had become a major center of activity of the Muslim
League's pushed for Pakistan Movement. On 29 December 1930, Sir
Muhammad Iqbal delivered his monumental presidential address to the
All India Muslim League annual session held in Lahore. He said:
• “ I would like to see Punjab, North-West Frontier Province [now
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa], Sindh and Balochistan amalgamated into a
single state. Self government within the British Empire or without the
British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian
Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at
least of North-West India. ”

18. • On 28 January 1933, Chaudhry Rehmat Ali, founder of Pakistan National
Movement voiced his ideas in the pamphlet entitled "Now or Never: Are We to
Live or Perish Forever?"[53] In a subsequent book Rehmat Ali discussed the
etymology in further detail.[54] "Pakistan' is both a Persian and an Urdu word.
It is composed of letters taken from the names of all our South Asia homelands;
that is, Punjab, Afghania, Kashmir, Sindh and Balochistan. It means the land of
the Pure".
• In 1940 Muslim League conference in Lahore in 1940, Jinnah said: "Hindus and
the Muslims belong to two different religions, philosophies, social customs and
literature.... It is quite clear that Hindus and Muslims derive their inspiration
from different sources of history. They have different epics, different heroes and
different episodes.... To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one
as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing
discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built up for the
government of such a state."At Lahore the Muslim League formally recommitted
itself to creating an independent Muslim state, including Sindh, Punjab,
Baluchistan, the North West Frontier Province and Bengal, that would be
"wholly autonomous and sovereign". The resolution guaranteed protection for
non-Muslim religions. The Lahore Resolution, moved by the sitting Chief
Minister of Bengal A. K. Fazlul Huq, was adopted on 23 March 1940, and its
principles formed the foundation for Pakistan's first constitution. Talks between
Jinnah and Gandhi in 1944 in Bombay failed to achieve agreement. This was the
last attempt to reach a single-state solution.

19. • In the 1940s, Jinnah emerged as a leader of the Indian Muslims and was
popularly known as Quaid-e-Azam (‘Great Leader’). The general elections
held in 1945 for the Constituent Assembly of British Indian Empire, the
Muslim League secured and won 425 out of 496 seats reserved for
Muslims (and about 89.2% of Muslim votes) on a policy of creating an
independent state of Pakistan, and with an implied threat of secession if
this was not granted. The Congress which was led by Gandhi and Nehru
remained adamantly opposed to dividing India. The partition seems to
have been inevitable after all, one of the examples being Lord
Mountbatten's statement on Jinnah: "There was no argument that could
move him from his consuming determination to realize the impossible
dream of Pakistan."
• The Western Punjab was home to a small minority population of Punjabi
Sikhs and Hindus up to 1947 apart from the Muslim majority.In 1947, the
Punjab Assembly cast its vote in favor of Pakistan with supermajority
rule, which made many minority Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India
while Muslim refugees from India settled in the Western Punjab and
across Pakistan.

20.  Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman
seconding the Resolution with
Jinnah and Liaquat presiding
the session.
 First Session of All India
Jamhur Muslim League

21.  Sindh:-
• The local leaders and Sindhi nationalists never submitted to British crown, and the Hurs
led by Sindhi nationalist, Pir Pagara-I has fought against the British forces in 1857.After
Western Punjab, Sindh had been an influential and ideological place of Muslim League,
since the Jinnah family were hailed from Karachi.When the support for Pakistan
Movement reached to Sindh, it became an important center of activities during the Khilafat
Movement.[61] These activities led Sindh to be separated from the Bombay Presidency
when the Muslim League passed a resolution in 1925 urging separation of Sindh.[61]
Furthermore, Sindh was also a birth place of Muhammad Ali Jinnah who had spent his
teenage years in Karachi.
• A convention held by Muslim League in 1938, the Muslim League devised a scheme of
constitution under which Muslims may attain full independence. It was the province of
Sindh which first adopted the resolution for an independent Muslim state.The Muslim
League had secured an exclusive mandate of Sindh during the general elections held in
1945. The Muslim majority in Sindh was in support of the policy and the programme of the
Muslim League as the Muslim League had good equation with the Sindhi nationalists.
• Sindhi nationalist leader, G. M. Syed, who reaffirmed his role as one of the leading figure in
the movement.[60] His role as founding father and key role in the Muslim League, G. M.
Syed proposed the 1940 Pakistan Resolution in the Sindh Assembly, which ultimately
resulted in the creation of Pakistan.[61] On 26 June 1947, the special session held in Sindh
Assembly decided to join the new Pakistan Constituent Assembly. Thus, Sindh became the
first province to opt for Pakistan.

22.  Sindh is the birthplace and burial place of Jinnah, the Founder
of Pakistan.

23.  Khyber Pakhtunkhwa:-
• Unlike Punjab, Balochistan, and Sindh, the Muslim League had little support
in Khyber–Pakhtunkhwa where Congress and the Pashtun nationalist Abdul
Ghaffar Khan had considerable support for the cause of the Independent
India.Abdul Ghaffar Khan (also known as Bacha Khan) initiated a Khudai
Khidmatgar movement and dubbed himself as "Frontier Gandhi" due to his
efforts in following in the foot steps of Gandhi.
• Alongside, another movement, known as Red Shirts (now known as Awami
National Party) and the people of the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa interpreted their
program in their own way. For Pashtun intelligentsia, the Red Shirts political
program was based on the promotion of Pashtun culture and elimination of
non-Pashtun influence in the their province.[64] For Islamic hardliners and
Ulemas, their program was mainly Anti-British and their religious stand
became a cause of attraction for the poor peasants which meant to check
economic oppression of the British-appointed political agents.[64]
Furthermore, the strong emphasis on Pashtun identity created by Bacha
Khan made it extremely difficult for Muslim League's support for the
Pakistan Movement. The ‘Red Shirts’ and the Congress were able to contain
the Muslim League to non-Pashtun regions, such as Hazara Division and
Attock District.

24. • The ‘Red Shirts’ membership rose to about 200,000 activists, which shows its fame
and popularity.The Khudai Khidmatgar, ‘Red Shirts’, and Bacha Khan himself
joined hands with the Congress against the Pakistan Movement.During the 1945
general elections, the Muslim League could only managed to win 17 seats against
Congress who secured 30 seats. The Muslim League was highly benefited with its
activists who played crucial role in gathering support for the Pakistan Movement,
specifically Jalal-u-din Baba, an ethinc Hazara. His strong activism with the
Muslim League captured a strong mandate of Hazara District and Attock
District.[64] Many activists, such as Roedad Khan, Ghulam Ishaq, Sartaj Aziz,
and Abdul Qayyum Khan, helped up lifted the cause and image of the Muslim
League in the province.[64] Finally, a referendum was held in 1946 to decide the
fate of the NWFP as to whether the people of the NWFP ( now Khyber-
Pakhtunkhwa) want to vote for Pakistan or India. In this refrendum, majority of
vote was cast in favor of Pakistan , despite Bacha Khan wanting to accede with
India.
• It is well documented when the Congress accepted the referendum without
consulting the Khudai Khidmatgar, Bacha Khan told the Congress "you have
thrown us to the wolves."The spirit of the Khudai Khidmatgar movement took its
last breath when it was proclaimed as a political party after the creation of
Pakistan.The aims and objectives were changed and gradually people lost their
interest in the movement.

25.  Bacha Khan with Gandhi in 1946.

26.  Balochistan:-
• The province of Balochistan had mainly consisted of Nawabs and local princely
states, under the British Indian Empire.Three of these states willingly joined with
Pakistan when the referendum was held in 1947 at the Balochistan
Assembly.However, the Khan of Kalat chose independence as this was one of the
options given to all of the 535 princely states (out of which 534 accede with
Pakistan) by British Prime Minister Clement Attlee.
• However, "Nehru persuaded Mountbatten to force the leaders of the princely states
to decide whether to join India or Pakistan",and hence independence "was not an
option".Nehru later went on to annex other princely states like Hyderabad with
military force.The Muslim League's Pakistan Movement programme was generally
supported by the people of Balochistan.One of its leader and founding father of
Pakistan, Jafar Khan Jamali (whose nephew later became the Prime Minister of
Pakistan in 2002) was an important and key figure of the Muslim League.Jafar
Khan Jamali's heavily lobbying for Balochistan to accede with Pakistan highly
benefited the Muslim League. Another influential Baloch figure was Akbar Bugti
who well received Jinnah who came to visit Balochistan.
• Bugti was a staunch supporter and loaylist of Jinnah who played crucial role in
supporting the idea of Pakistan in Baluchistan.Another young activist, Mir Hazar,
helped initiate student rallies and public support for Pakistan Movement in
Balochistan.In 2013, Mir Hazar Khoso, who noted and described Jinnah as his
inspiration, also became Prime Minister of Pakistan in 2013.In 1947, the
Balochistan Assembly passed the resolution and cast its vote in favor of Pakistan,
with a majority approving the accession with Pakistan.

27.  Jinnah meeting with Balochistan's leaders.

28.  Other regions:-
• Although, Jinnah, Iqbal and other Founding Fathers of Pakistan were initially struggling for the
independence of Four Provinces to create a nation-state, Pakistan.The concept and phenomenon
of Pakistan Movement was highly popular in the East Bengal, which was also the birthplace of
the Muslim League, in the 1940s.The Muslim League's notable statesman and activists were
hailed from the East Bengal, including Husyen Suhrawardy, Nazimuddin, and Nurul Amin, who
later became Prime ministers of Pakistan in the successive periods of Pakistan.Following the
partition of Bengal, the violence erupted in the region, which mainly maintained to Kolkata and
Noakhali.It is documented by the historians of Pakistan that Huseyn Suhrawardy wanted
Bengal to be an independent state that would neither join Pakistan or India but to be remained
unpartitioned.Despite the heavy criticism from the Muslim League, Jinnah realized the validity
of Suhrawardy's argument gave his tacit support to the Bengal's plan for independence.However,
the plan failed after a successful involvement of Congress in Western Bengali; therefore the
Muslim-majority Eastern Bengal was left no choice but to became a part of Pakistan.
• During the Pakistan Movement in the 1940s, Rohingya Muslims in western Burma had an
ambition to annexe and merge their region into East-Pakistan. Before the independence of
Burma in January 1948, Muslim leaders from Arakan addressed themselves to Jinnah, the
founder of Pakistan, and asked his assistance in annexing of the Mayu region to Pakistan which
was about to be formed.Two months later, North Arakan Muslim League was founded in Akyab
(modern: Sittwe, capital of Arakan State), it, too demanding annexation to Pakistan. However, it
is noted that the proposal was never materialized after it was reportedly turned down by Jinnah.
• In 1947, another armed revolution took place in Jammu and Kashmir over the issue of
referendum to either join India or Pakistan.Kashmir's Sikh maharaja, Hari Singh, fearing the
lost of control requested the Indian intervention in Kashmir.The conflict remained stalemate as
the "Line of Control" became the permanent border of both countries.The Western Kashmir
acceded with Pakistan while the Eastern Kashmir acceded with India in 1947–48.

29.  Map of United Bengal: .

30.  Conclusion:-
• Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817–1898) philosophical ideas plays a direct role in the Pakistan Movement.His
Two-Nation Theory became more and more obvious during the Congress rule in the Subcontinent.In 1946,
the Muslim majorities agreed to the idea of Pakistan, as a response to Congress's one sided policies,which
were also the result of leaders like Jinnah leaving the party in favour of Muslim League,winning in seven of
the 11 provinces. Prior to 1938, Bengal with 33 million Muslims had only ten representatives, less than the
United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, which were home to only seven million Muslims. Thus the creation of
Pakistan became inevitable and the British had no choice but to create two separate nations – Pakistan and
India – in 1947.
• But the main motivating and integrating factor was that the Muslims' intellectual class wanted
representation; the masses needed a platform on which to unite.It was the dissemination of western thought
by John Locke, Milton and Thomas Paine, at the Aligarh Muslim University that initiated the emergence of
Pakistan Movement.According to Pakistan Studies curriculum, Muhammad bin Qasim is often referred to
as ‘the first Pakistani’.Muhammad Ali Jinnah also acclaimed the Pakistan movement to have started when
the first Muslim put a foot in the Gateway of Islam.
• After the independence in 1947, the violence and upheavals continued to be faced by Pakistan, as Liaquat
Ali Khan becoming the Prime Minister of Pakistan in 1947.The issue involving the equal status of Urdu and
Bengali languages created divergence in the country's political ideology.Need for good governance led to the
military take over in 1958 which was followed by rapid industrialization in the 1960s.[93] Economic
grievances and unbalanced financial payments led to a bloody and an armed struggle of East Pakistan in
the 1970s, in which eventually resulted with East Pakistan becoming Bangladesh in 1971.
• Realizing the problems and causes of the East Pakistan's separation led another nationalist subset to work
on the more reform constitution that guaranteed equals rights in the country.[20] Much of Islamic texture
and basic rights defined by Holy Quran were inserted in the Constitution of Pakistan in 1973; the year
when the Constitution of Pakistan was promulgated.[20] In the successive periods of tragedy of East-
Pakistan, the country continued to rebuild and reconstruct itself in terms constitutionally and its path to
transformed into republicanism.After 1971 catastrophic episode, Pakistan's phase shift to parliamentary
republicanism and the gradually increasing in democracy caused an upheaval of traditional social hierarchy
and gave birth to the ethic that has formed a core of political values in Pakistan.[20] The XIII amendment
(1997) and XVIII amendment (2010) transformed the country into becoming a parliamentary republic as
well as also becoming a nuclear power in the subcontinent.

31.  Non-Muslims contribution and efforts:-
• Jinnah's vision was supported by few of the Hindus, Sikhs, Parsis, Jews and
Christians that lived in Muslim-dominated regions of undivided India The most
notable and influential Hindu figure in the Pakistan Movement was Jogendra Nath
Mandal from Bengal. Jagannath Azad was from the Urdu-speaking belt.Mandal
represented the Hindu contingent calling for an independent Pakistan, and was one
of the founding-fathers of Pakistan.After the independence, Mandal was given
ministries of Law, Justice, and Work-Force by Jinnah in Liaquat Ali Khan's
government.He, however, realized his folly in 1950, when some lower caste Hindus
were died in clases in East Bengal, generating a wave of refugees to India. He
himself fled to India and submitted his resignation to Liaquat Ali Khan, the then-
Prime Minister of Pakistan. Another person, Zafarullah Khan who was an Ahmedi
who stood with Jinnah.
• Some local Christians also stood behind Jinnah's vision, playing a pivotal role in
the movement.The notable Christians included Sir Victor Turner and Alvin Robert
Cornelius.Turner was responsible for the economic, financial planning of the
country after the independence.Turner was among one of the founding fathers of
Pakistan, and guided Jinnah and Ali Khan on economic affairs, taxation and to
handle the administrative units.Alvin Robert Cornelius was elevated as Chief
Justice of Lahore High Court bench by Jinnah and served as Law Secretary in
Liaquat Ali Khan's government.The Hindu, Christian, and Parsi communities also
played their due role for the development of Pakistan soon after its creation.

32.  As an example or inspiration:-
• The cause of Pakistan Movement became an
inspiration in different countries of the world.
Protection of one's beliefs, equal rights, and liberty
were incorporated in the state's constitution.
Arguments presented by Ali Mazrui pointed out that
the South Sudan's movement led to the partition of
the Sudan into Sudan proper, which is primarily
Muslim, and South Sudan, which is primarily
Christian and animistic.

33.  Memory and legacy:-
• The Pakistan Movement has a central place in Pakistan's memory.The
founding story of Pakistan Movement is not only covered in the school
and universities textbooks but also in innumerable
monuments.Almost all key events are covered in Pakistan's textbooks,
literature, and novels as well.Thus, Fourteenth of August is one of
major and most celebrated national day in Pakistan.To many authors
and historians, Jinnah's legacy is Pakistan.
• The Minar-e-Pakistan is a monument which has attracted ten
thousand visitors.The Minar-e-Pakistan still continues to project the
memory to the people to remember the birth of Pakistan.Jinnah's
estates in Karachi and Ziarat has attracted thousands visitors.
• Historian of Pakistan, Vali Nasr, argues that the Islamic universalism
had became a main source of Pakistan Movement that shaped
patriotism, meaning, and nation's birth.To many Pakistanis, Jinnah's
role is viewed as a modern Moses-like leader; whilst many other
founding fathers of the nation-state also occupies extremely respected
place in the hearts of the people of Pakistan.

34.  The Minar-e-Pakistan in Lahore, Pakistan glances at night.

35.  Notable quotations:-
• Allama Iqbal.
• Muhammad Ali jinnah.
• Choudhary Rahmat Ali.

36.  Allama Iqbal:-
“I would like to see the
Punjab, North-West Frontier
Province, Sind and
Baluchistan amalgamated
into a single State. Self-
government within the
British Empire, or without
the British Empire, the
formation of a consolidated
North-West Indian Muslim
State appears to me to be the
final destiny of the Muslims,
at least of North-West India”.

37.  Muhammad Ali
Jinnah:-
“It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu
friends fail to understand the real nature of Islam and
Hinduism. They are not religious in the strict sense of
the word, but are, in fact, different and distinct social
orders, and it is a dream that the Hindus and Muslims
can ever evolve a common nationality, and this
misconception of one Indian nation has troubles and
will lead India to destruction if we fail to revise our
notions in time. The Hindus and Muslims belong to two
different religious philosophies, social customs,
literatures. They neither intermarry nor interdine
together and, indeed, they belong to two different
civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas
and conceptions. Their aspect on life and of life are
different. It is quite clear that Hindus and Mussalmans
derive their inspiration from different sources of
history. They have different epics, different heroes, and
different episodes. Very often the hero of one is a foe of
the other and, likewise, their victories and defeats
overlap. To yoke together two such nations under a
single state, one as a numerical minority and the other
as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final
destruction of any fabric that may be so built for the
government of such a state."

38.  Choudhary Rahmat Ali:-
The famous 1933 pamphlet, also known
as the Pakistan Declaration, started
with a famous statement:
“At this solemn hour in the history of
India, when British and Indian
statesmen are laying the foundations of
a Federal Constitution for that land, we
address this appeal to you, in the name
of our common heritage, on behalf of
our thirty million Muslim brethren who
live in PAKISTAN – by which we mean
the five Northern units of India, Viz:
Punjab, North-West Frontier Province
(Afghan Province), Kashmir, Sind and
Baluchistan.”

39. “Thank you jinnah for giving us
peaceful Homeland”