The document summarizes the constitutional development in Pakistan from 1947 to 1958. It outlines the key proposals and features of the Objective Resolution of 1949, the 2nd Draft Constitution of 1952, the Muhammad Ali Formula of 1953, and the Constitution of 1956. It also discusses the causes of delay in constitution making until 1956, which included differences of opinion on issues like the role of Islam and language. Finally, it lists the various causes that led to the decline of the Muslim League, including the deaths of Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan, internal rivalries, the failure to address problems in East Pakistan, and the loss of its original ideological appeal.
Constitutions and political crisis in pakistan (1947-2014)Tallat Satti
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1947-56)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1957-72)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1973-88)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1989-2000)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan(2001-2014)
We already know that the parliament of Pakistan is consists of the two houses and the president. The two houses are known as the Senate and the National assembly. Under the constitution of Pakistan, 1973, in Article 50; the senate was constituted for the first time.
The foremost idea for the establishment of the Senate of Pakistan was to give equal depiction to all federating units. There is equivalent provincial association in the Senate that stable the provincial variation in the National Assembly where the amount of seats is determined based on populace volume.
What are the salient features of the Objective Resolution ?
What is the worth of Objective Resolution in Pakistan’s Political and constituent history?
Attributes of the Objective Resolution
Worth of Objective Resolution
Constitutions and political crisis in pakistan (1947-2014)Tallat Satti
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1947-56)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1957-72)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1973-88)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1989-2000)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan(2001-2014)
We already know that the parliament of Pakistan is consists of the two houses and the president. The two houses are known as the Senate and the National assembly. Under the constitution of Pakistan, 1973, in Article 50; the senate was constituted for the first time.
The foremost idea for the establishment of the Senate of Pakistan was to give equal depiction to all federating units. There is equivalent provincial association in the Senate that stable the provincial variation in the National Assembly where the amount of seats is determined based on populace volume.
What are the salient features of the Objective Resolution ?
What is the worth of Objective Resolution in Pakistan’s Political and constituent history?
Attributes of the Objective Resolution
Worth of Objective Resolution
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
1. 1
Department of History & Pakistan Studies, UoG
Constitutional Development in Pakistan 1947-58
Objective Resolution (7 March, 1949):
Allah is the supreme, sovereign and sovereignty belongs to Allah.
The state shall exercise its power & authority through the elected
representatives.
The principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance, and social justice as
enunciated by Islam will be completely adhered.
Muslimsshall beenablingto evolve their lives individuallyas well as collectively
according to the teachings of the Holy Quran & Sunnah.
Minorities would be protected and would be free to profess and practice their
religion.
Pakistanwill be Federation,whereProvinces will enjoy autonomy in conformity
to national unity & interest.
Adequate provisions shall be made to safeguard the legitimate interests of
backward areas and depressed classes.
All basic rights granted to the people of Pakistan.
Judiciary will be free and independent.
2nd Draft of Constitution or Parity Proposals:
22 Dec,1952 by KhawajaNazim-ud-Din
Salient Features
i) Head of State will be Muslim.
ii) Head of State elected by the joint session of the Central Legislature but
will not be a member of the legislature.
iii) Head of State’s term of office will be 5 years.
iv) Federal legislature consist of Two houses
2. 2
House of Units (consists of 120 seats)
House of Peoples (consists of 400 seats)
It shall be equally distributed among East & West Pakistan.
v) West Pakistan’s seats further divided to its Provinces.
vi) Term of each House shall be 5 years.
vii) Both House shall have equal powers.
viii) Amendment will be held with the consent of both houses.
ix) The Councils of Ministers collectively responsible to the House of
Peoples.
Muhammad Ali Formula or Proposals
7 Octuber, 1953
Salient Features:
i) Central legislature shall consist of Two houses.
ii) In upper house membership consists of 50 seats.
iii) Lower hose consists of 300 seats divided among the units on the basis of
population. 175 each for East & West Pakistan.
iv) Vote of confidence in the cabinet or election of the Head of the State decided
only in joint sessions.
If President from West Pakistan than P.M must be from East Pakistan.
v) Urdu and Bengali would be National language and English as an official
language of the country.
vi) Controversial issues would be decided in Joint Session.
vii) For any matter of consideration 30% acceptance from the both Units East &
West Pakistan is mandatory.
3. 3
Constitution of 1956
23 March, 1956
Characteristics:
i) Federal in Nature
ii) Parliamentary form of Govt.
iii) Uni-cameral legislature
The absence of the other House was compensated by the powers of the
President.
iv) Emergency powers of the President.
v) Fundamental Rights.
vi) Independence of Judiciary.
vii) Islamic color of the Constitution.
Sovereignty of Allah
Name as Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Head of State must be Muslim
Islamic principles as guiding rules
No law against Quran &Sunnah
viii) Urdu-Bengali as National languages and English official languages.
ix) Single Citizenship.
Causes of Delay in Constitution Making till 1956
Difference of opinion on Islamic Constitution.
The language problem.
The problem of adequate representation.
Powers- The Provincial Autonomy.
Powers of the President and Assembly.
4. 4
Problem of Form of Govt. (Presidential or Parliamentary)
Negligence of the Muslim League Leaders.
Poor performance & defeat of Muslim League in East Pakistan.
Extra-Constitutional measures or the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly.
The behavior of the Bureaucracy.
Difference of opinion on the issue of Democracy.
One Unit Bill
Electoral system and Minority Rights.
Muslim League’s Causes of Decline
Before 1947, MuslimLeague was a National political movement but after the partition
it merely became political party.
Death of Quaid.
Assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan in 1951.
Divergent interests inside the League.
Muslim League failed to maintain harmonious relations.
Dismissal of Nazim-ud-Din Ministry.
Party leaders accepted high positions.
Internal rivalries forced competent leaders to leave.
Muslim League failed to build up strong organizational loyalties, especially in West
Pakistan.
No educational, moral or ethical code of conduct for political fitness.
Language and cultural barriers prevented politicians to mix together.
Absence of any other political party. (single party system)
After Quaid, Muslim League failed to capture the imagination of young population.
5. 5
Muslim League lost its emotional appeal.
Party cluster around personalities instead of ideology or interest.
MuslimLeague in her tenurefailed to solve problems such as differences b/w Central
Govt. and East Pakistan, Agrarian problems, Economic problems, rehabilitations of
refugees and Constitution making.
Politicians used party as vehicle for personal power, when it was not possible they
abandoned party relations & made new alliances.
Defeat in East Pakistan election in 1954.
Upper level of representatives exclusively came from West Pakistan.
Muslim League had programme of Islamic state or Islamic Ideology.
Merger of Party leadership and Govt. leadership.
Neglected the problems of the masses.
Coalition Govt.
Imbalanced growth of industry.
Communist elements.
Issue of Qadiani’s
United Front of East Pakistan.
Resignation of Muhammad Ali.
Absence of genuine opposition.
Enactment of One-Unit Bill.
Sledge Hammering Constitution.