From first contacts to Mansa Musa

1. READING IN THE BOOK?  Pages 222-242

2.  Great West, East, and South African states
arose as a result of the growth and spread of
Islamic trade and culture.
 In West Africa, Islam and its culture spread by
cultural diffusion, in East Africa by colonization
of port cities.

3.  With trade came a new culture, giving African
kingdoms not just a new religion but Islamic
literacy, trade, methods of statecraft, and art.
 Like Classical Greek civilization, Islamic
civilization illustrates culture and commercial
hegemony can wield power equal to that of
political hegemony.

4.  On the Niger River, the Nok peoples’ culture
flourished from 500 BCE to 200 CE.
 The Nok culture the first to create sculpture.

5.  By 700, Arabs establish
trade routes with Sub-
Saharan west Africa.

6.  The Africans traded
gold for salt to the
Islamic

7.  The trip across the desert took 3 months,
according to Ibn Battuta, the Arab Marco Polo.
The Berber tribes dominated the trip.

8.  The Arabs traded salt for
African gold and slaves.
 Slaves cut salt into slabs,
strapped it onto camels and
shipped it south.

9.  The South Sahara had gold deposits. Scholars
estimate that by the 11th Century, they exported
9 tons of gold annually to Europe alone.

10.  Slaves, the next biggest export, filled the homes of
Muslims everywhere.
 In Morocco and Egypt they filled the army (the
Marmaluks).
 At least 4 million people enslaved from 650-1500.

11.  Manumission freedom on conversion. Muslims
thought Northern Europeans the best slaves.
 Slav=Slaves.

12.  Three powerful
Kingdoms arose
Ghana, Mali and
Songhai.

13.  The “Kingdom of Gold” inhabited by the
Soninke people by the 5th C who traded with the
Berbers originally Phoenician colonists.

14.  The Soninke had iron weapons, horses, and
farming with the capital of Saleh.

15.  In 992, they captured Berber towns and took
over the trans Saharan trade routes, which led
to the spread of Muslim culture into Ghana.

16.  Al Bakri (muslim geographer) wrote the
Ghannise had 22 kings before the Muslim
arrival, and regularly traded 20,000 gold coins
in a single contract for salt.

17.  Social classes consisted
of the Gahanna
aristocracy, Muslim
administrators,
merchants, farmers,
craftsmen, and slaves.

18.  Ghana adopted the Muslim diwan for record
keeping, the king held all justice, and kept its
indigenous religion.

19.  By 1077, the Almoravids, Saharan tribesmen
converted to Islam, swept into Ghana and
imposed a Muslim King ending independence.

20.  The people of Ghana fled south to Mali, another
Mande speaking clans.
 From 1250-1460, Mali reigned as the most
powerful West African state, Timbuktu the trade
capital.

21.  Sundiata (1230-1255) founded the dynasty and
claimed to be both tribal and Muslim.

22.  Uli his son converted to Islam. This helped
trade relations with North Africa and spread
Muslim education throughout the empire.

23.  While Gold and Salt dominated international
trade, cowry shells were used for internal trade.

24.  Mansa Musa (1317-1337) expanded the
empire and controlled fabulous wealth.

25.  In 1324 he made a pilgrimage to Mecca, on
the way he visited the Egyptian sultan.

26.  On entrance into Cairo, 500 slaves each
carrying a 3 kilo staff of gold preceded
him, he was followed by a vast host of
retainers including 100 elephants each
carrying 50 kilos of gold.

27.  Timbuktu had 150
Islamic schools, its’
book trade the largest
in the world.

28.  In 1464, the Songhay people led by
Sonni Ali (1464-1492) conquered Mali.
 By 1591, Arab Morocco took control of
the gold and salt trade and Songhay
fragmented in to tribal kingdoms.

29.  In the 14th Century, the Portuguese set up forts
along the coast further dividing the tribal
kingdoms between Morocco and Europe.

30. BENIN ART
 In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the
Yoruba people at Ife (Nigeria) produced
wonderful bronze sculptures.
 These reached an artistic peak in the Benin
style of West Africa.

31. BENIN ART

32.  Axum had been founded by Arabs.
 330 Christian King Ezana of Axum (Ethiopia)
converts to Christianity, they had conquered
Kush.

33.  Axum (Ethiopia) people prosper
by trading frankincense, mer,
ivory and slaves to the Silk Road
and Rome.

34.  South of Axum (Ethiopia), Bantu (Language)
subsistent farmers and Muslim Arab
tradesmen set up ports along the coast of
east Africa.

35.  These ports became great
cities; Mogadishu,
Mombasa, Kilwa.

37.  Wealthy merchants’ Chinese style house in
Mogadishu.

38.  Coral Palace of Kilwa

39.  Coral Grande Mosque of Kilwa

40.  Swahili (a mix of Arabic and African culture)
became the dominate culture, the official
language of Kenya and Tanzineria today.

41.  Sheik (now same as
Sultan) lead rich
monopolistic mercantile
families rulings the port
cities.

42.  In the late 15th Century, the wealth of the area
astounded the Portuguese, huge amounts of
gold, ivory and slaves.

43.  By the late 16th Century, the Europeans had
started to take over the port cities.

44.  In South Africa, Islamic trad
causes the creation of Grea
Zimbabwe (1000-1400).
 In the 700s, the Bantu
speaking people brought
iron and farm skills to
Zimbabwe.

45.  They founded a great city, and exported huge
amounts of gold, which can be found in China
today.
 In 1450, they abandoned the city, no one knows
why as they did not write.

46.  Indonesians crossed
the Indian Ocean and
settled on the island of
Madagascar.

47.  15th-16th Centuries, the Portuguese then
Spanish set up forts all along the African coast
against Muslims to secure the trade route to
India.
 16th-19th Centuries, Europeans took 22 million
slaves taken out or die from Africa.
 Between 1880 and 1900, England and France
took all of Africa with a little going to Germany,
Belgium, Italy, Spain, and Portugal.

49. HOME WORK
 Pg 234 1-2, 6