Constitutions and political crisis in pakistan (1947-2014)Tallat Satti
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1947-56)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1957-72)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1973-88)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1989-2000)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan(2001-2014)
Constitutions and political crisis in pakistan (1947-2014)Tallat Satti
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1947-56)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1957-72)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1973-88)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan (1989-2000)
Constitutional and political crisis in Pakistan(2001-2014)
East Pakistan Separation- History of SubContinentAqib Syed
East Pakistan Separation- History of SubContinent
Political system in Pakistan broke down in 1971 because of output failure arising out of conflict among East and West Pakistan.
Though separation of East Pakistan occurred in 1971, the separation’s elements had begun to work with the emergence of Pakistan in 1947. Following were the main causes of the separation of East Pakistan.
BPC play a vital role in constitution making of Pakistan. Committee was formed headed by Molvi Tamez uldin to present a complete diagram recommendations and shape of a new Constitution of Pakistan
What are the salient features of the Objective Resolution ?
What is the worth of Objective Resolution in Pakistan’s Political and constituent history?
Attributes of the Objective Resolution
Worth of Objective Resolution
East Pakistan Separation- History of SubContinentAqib Syed
East Pakistan Separation- History of SubContinent
Political system in Pakistan broke down in 1971 because of output failure arising out of conflict among East and West Pakistan.
Though separation of East Pakistan occurred in 1971, the separation’s elements had begun to work with the emergence of Pakistan in 1947. Following were the main causes of the separation of East Pakistan.
BPC play a vital role in constitution making of Pakistan. Committee was formed headed by Molvi Tamez uldin to present a complete diagram recommendations and shape of a new Constitution of Pakistan
What are the salient features of the Objective Resolution ?
What is the worth of Objective Resolution in Pakistan’s Political and constituent history?
Attributes of the Objective Resolution
Worth of Objective Resolution
PRECEDENT AS A SOURCE OF LAW (SAIF JAVED).pptxOmGod1
Precedent, or stare decisis, is a cornerstone of common law systems where past judicial decisions guide future cases, ensuring consistency and predictability in the legal system. Binding precedents from higher courts must be followed by lower courts, while persuasive precedents may influence but are not obligatory. This principle promotes fairness and efficiency, allowing for the evolution of the law as higher courts can overrule outdated decisions. Despite criticisms of rigidity and complexity, precedent ensures similar cases are treated alike, balancing stability with flexibility in judicial decision-making.
ASHWINI KUMAR UPADHYAY v/s Union of India.pptxshweeta209
transfer of the P.I.L filed by lawyer Ashwini Kumar Upadhyay in Delhi High Court to Supreme Court.
on the issue of UNIFORM MARRIAGE AGE of men and women.
A "File Trademark" is a legal term referring to the registration of a unique symbol, logo, or name used to identify and distinguish products or services. This process provides legal protection, granting exclusive rights to the trademark owner, and helps prevent unauthorized use by competitors.
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WINDING UP of COMPANY, Modes of DissolutionKHURRAMWALI
Winding up, also known as liquidation, refers to the legal and financial process of dissolving a company. It involves ceasing operations, selling assets, settling debts, and ultimately removing the company from the official business registry.
Here's a breakdown of the key aspects of winding up:
Reasons for Winding Up:
Insolvency: This is the most common reason, where the company cannot pay its debts. Creditors may initiate a compulsory winding up to recover their dues.
Voluntary Closure: The owners may decide to close the company due to reasons like reaching business goals, facing losses, or merging with another company.
Deadlock: If shareholders or directors cannot agree on how to run the company, a court may order a winding up.
Types of Winding Up:
Voluntary Winding Up: This is initiated by the company's shareholders through a resolution passed by a majority vote. There are two main types:
Members' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is solvent (has enough assets to pay off its debts) and shareholders will receive any remaining assets after debts are settled.
Creditors' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is insolvent and creditors will be prioritized in receiving payment from the sale of assets.
Compulsory Winding Up: This is initiated by a court order, typically at the request of creditors, government agencies, or even by the company itself if it's insolvent.
Process of Winding Up:
Appointment of Liquidator: A qualified professional is appointed to oversee the winding-up process. They are responsible for selling assets, paying off debts, and distributing any remaining funds.
Cease Trading: The company stops its regular business operations.
Notification of Creditors: Creditors are informed about the winding up and invited to submit their claims.
Sale of Assets: The company's assets are sold to generate cash to pay off creditors.
Payment of Debts: Creditors are paid according to a set order of priority, with secured creditors receiving payment before unsecured creditors.
Distribution to Shareholders: If there are any remaining funds after all debts are settled, they are distributed to shareholders according to their ownership stake.
Dissolution: Once all claims are settled and distributions made, the company is officially dissolved and removed from the business register.
Impact of Winding Up:
Employees: Employees will likely lose their jobs during the winding-up process.
Creditors: Creditors may not recover their debts in full, especially if the company is insolvent.
Shareholders: Shareholders may not receive any payout if the company's debts exceed its assets.
Winding up is a complex legal and financial process that can have significant consequences for all parties involved. It's important to seek professional legal and financial advice when considering winding up a company.
NATURE, ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.pptxanvithaav
These slides helps the student of international law to understand what is the nature of international law? and how international law was originated and developed?.
The slides was well structured along with the highlighted points for better understanding .
Car Accident Injury Do I Have a Case....Knowyourright
Every year, thousands of Minnesotans are injured in car accidents. These injuries can be severe – even life-changing. Under Minnesota law, you can pursue compensation through a personal injury lawsuit.
In 2020, the Ministry of Home Affairs established a committee led by Prof. (Dr.) Ranbir Singh, former Vice Chancellor of National Law University (NLU), Delhi. This committee was tasked with reviewing the three codes of criminal law. The primary objective of the committee was to propose comprehensive reforms to the country’s criminal laws in a manner that is both principled and effective.
The committee’s focus was on ensuring the safety and security of individuals, communities, and the nation as a whole. Throughout its deliberations, the committee aimed to uphold constitutional values such as justice, dignity, and the intrinsic value of each individual. Their goal was to recommend amendments to the criminal laws that align with these values and priorities.
Subsequently, in February, the committee successfully submitted its recommendations regarding amendments to the criminal law. These recommendations are intended to serve as a foundation for enhancing the current legal framework, promoting safety and security, and upholding the constitutional principles of justice, dignity, and the inherent worth of every individual.
Introducing New Government Regulation on Toll Road.pdfAHRP Law Firm
For nearly two decades, Government Regulation Number 15 of 2005 on Toll Roads ("GR No. 15/2005") has served as the cornerstone of toll road legislation. However, with the emergence of various new developments and legal requirements, the Government has enacted Government Regulation Number 23 of 2024 on Toll Roads to replace GR No. 15/2005. This new regulation introduces several provisions impacting toll business entities and toll road users. Find out more out insights about this topic in our Legal Brief publication.
ALL EYES ON RAFAH BUT WHY Explain more.pdf46adnanshahzad
All eyes on Rafah: But why?. The Rafah border crossing, a crucial point between Egypt and the Gaza Strip, often finds itself at the center of global attention. As we explore the significance of Rafah, we’ll uncover why all eyes are on Rafah and the complexities surrounding this pivotal region.
INTRODUCTION
What makes Rafah so significant that it captures global attention? The phrase ‘All eyes are on Rafah’ resonates not just with those in the region but with people worldwide who recognize its strategic, humanitarian, and political importance. In this guide, we will delve into the factors that make Rafah a focal point for international interest, examining its historical context, humanitarian challenges, and political dimensions.
2. 1. The interim constitution and
the first constituent assembly.
The govt of India act1935 became, with certain
adaptations, the first working constitution of Pakistan.
And the provisional constitutional order of Pak
established the federation of Pak consisted of 1. East
Bengal, Punjab, Sindh, and NWFP. 2. Balochistan 3. The
capital Karachi. 4. Areas/States which may accede to Pak.
Under the govt of India act 1935 the GG possessed a
unique and paramount position and exercised a large
amount of powers in his discretion and individual
judgment. All these powers lapsed beyond august 14,1947
with the act of independence1947. However the Jinnah
exercised vast amount of authority.
3. Cont:
The inaugural session of the first constituent assembly
was held from august 10 to 14 of 1947. Jinnah became
the first president of the constituent assembly
The assembly had the dual responsibility of making the
constitution and working as legislature of the country
The first constituent assembly initially consisted of 69
member which was increased to 74 to give representation
to the state of Bahawalpur, Khairpur, Balochistan and
tribal areas upon their accession to Pak
There were only two parties in the CA, INC and AIML. The
former represented the 12 million Hindus and the later
was the largest party in the assembly with 59 seats
4. Cont:
The constituent assembly made a number of
committees. Among these the Basic Principles
committee(BPC) was the most important one.
BPC was entrusted with the responsibility to
present its report to the CA on the basic
principles of the constitution. BPC further
broken down itself in different subcommittees.
All the committees were empowered to take
the assistance of experts. Apart from BPC
there were other committees like the
committee on fundamental rights and the
rights of minorities, state negotiating
committee and tribal negotiating committee.
5. Cont:
Despite the paramount position of the
GG the interim constitution established
parliamentary form of Govt with
independent judiciary and the GG was
supposed to act in consultation with the
council of ministers
Similarly the governors of the provinces
were supposed to act on the advice of
the chief minister
6. 2. The Objectives
Resolution
The objectives resolution was the first
significant step towards the constitution
making in the country. It defined the shape and
nature of the future constitution of the country
The objective resolution was introduced in the
assembly by Liaqat Ali Khan on March 07, and
it was passed on march 12,1949
Following are the salient features of this
resolution
7. Cont:
1. Sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to
Almighty Allah
2. The future form of govt shall be democratic
3. The principles of democracy, freedom, equality,
tolerance and social justice as enunciated by Islam
shall be fully observed
4. Muslims of Pakistan shall be enabled to offer their lives
according to the teachings of Quran and Sunnah
5. Adequate protection shall be given to the minorities to
freely profess and practice religion and develop their
cultures
8. Cont:
6. Independence of judiciary
7. Integrity and territories of all the areas included
in Pakistan shall be safeguarded.
10. The salient features of the first
report 1950.
Objectives resolution was to be incorporated in the
constitution
Head of the state to be elected by both the houses of the
central legislature
The prime minister shall be the head of the govt
There shall be a bicameral legislature consisting of the
house units and the house of the people
The report did not give a clear picture of the composition
of the central legislature but it was laid down all the units
shall be equally represented in the upper house and both
the houses shall posses coequal powers
11. Cont:
If there is dispute on any question, a joint
session of both the houses shall decide the
question.
There was to be a head of the province and he
will appoint the chief minister as head of the
provincial govt. Provinces shall have
unicameral legislatures.
Urdu was to be the national language of the
state.
East Pakistan rejected the report on two
grounds. First they objected to the principle of
equality in the upper house and secondly they
objected to Urdu being the national language.
12. The second report of the BPC
1952.
PM Nazzimmuddin presented the second report to
the CA on December 22,1952
The second draft was more exhaustive and
introduced the principle of parity in representation
between east and west wings of the country
The second report laid down that the central
legislature shall be bicameral
The upper house shall consist of 120 members to be
equally elected by east wing and the units of west
wing. Thus sixty seats were given to the east and
sixty to the west wing of the country
13. Cont:
The lower house shall consist of 400 members
and shall be equally elected by the east and
west wing of the state
This time, the reaction in the Punjab was
extremely unfavorable. They objected to the
principle of parity. Critics saw no logic in
treating a single unit, east Bengal, of equal
importance with all the other units put together
and regarded it as the violation of the principle
of federation where all the units, large and
small, are equally represented in the upper
house
14. 4. The second constituent
assembly
After dissolving the first CA, the federal court ordered
Ghulam Muhammad to convene a new Constituent
convention(later CA)
Ghulam M. summoned a ne sixty member constituent
assembly by proclamation. The strength was increased
to 80 later on Distributed equally b/w east and west pak
There was a complete absence of women from this
assembly while the first CA had 2 women.
On september 30,1955 the assembly passed one unit bill
merging the federating units in west pak as one unit
15. Cont:
The 2nd CA assembly was facilitated by the
ground work done by its predecessor but
the assembly faced the enormous problem
of coalition of ML and UF which consisted
of different components of diametrically
opposite views. So the sessions were
repeatedly adjourned
After months of deliberation the first draft
of the constitution was published on
January 8,1956 which was adopted on
February 29, and implemented on March
23
16. 5. The problems/hindrances in
making of constitution.
The following problems were faced by the politicians
of Pakistan to frame a constitution immediately after
independence. Following are also the reasons which
delayed the constitution making for nine years.
1. The quantum of representation b/w East and West
Pakistan
2. Due to racial, linguistic, cultural and other differences the
making of the federation became a problem
3. Distribution of powers b/w the central and provincial govt