Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was a 19th century Muslim scholar and reformer who founded the Aligarh Movement to promote scientific education and modernism among Indian Muslims. He established schools that taught both religious and modern subjects. Allama Iqbal was a poet and philosopher who envisioned an independent Muslim state in India and is credited with inspiring the Pakistan movement. Muhammad Ali Jinnah served as the leader of the Muslim League and played a pivotal role in Pakistan's independence. As Pakistan's first Governor General, he advocated for a separate Muslim homeland where Islamic principles could be established.

1. Contents
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
Allama Iqbal
Quaid-e-Azam
Geographical Structure of Pakistan

2. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan is also known as the Syed Ahmed Taqvi. They was the indian educator and
politician and islamic reformer.
They born in Dehli,Mugal Emperor era. Sir Syed’s greatest achievement was his Aligarh
Movement, which was primarily an educational venture.
He established Gulshan School at Muradabad in 1859, Victoria School at Ghazipur in 1863, and
a scientific society in 1864.
When Sir Syed was posted at Aligarh in 1867, he started the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental
School in the city. Sir Syed got the opportunity to visit England in 1869-70.
During his stay, he studied the British educational system and appreciated it. On his return home
he decided to make M. A. O. High School on the pattern of British boarding schools. The School
later became a college in 1875.
The status of University was given to the college after the death of
Sir Syed in 1920. M. A. O. High School, College and University played a big role in the
awareness of the Muslims of South Asia.
Movements done by the Sir Syed Ahmed
Aligarh Movement
Aligarh musllim theory
Two Nation theory

3. Aligarh Movement
Movement
Sir Syed's first and foremost objective was to acquaint the British with the Indian mind; his next goal was
to open the minds of his countrymen to European literature, science and technology.
Therefore, in order to attain these goals, Sir Syed launched the Aligarh Movement of which Aligarh was
the center. He had two immediate objectives in mind: to remove the state of misunderstanding and
tension between the Muslims and the new British government, and to induce them to go after the
opportunities available under the new regime without deviating in any way from the fundamentals of
their faith.
Efforts
Fortunately, Syed Ahmad Khan was able to attract into his orbit a number of sincere friends who shared
his views and helped him.
Among them were well-known figures like Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk, Nawab
Viqar-ul-Mulk, Hali, Shibli, Maulvi Nazir Ahmad, Chiragh Ali, Mohammad Hayat, and Zakaullah. Above all,
his gifted son Syed Mahmood, a renowned scholar, jurist and educationist, was a great source of help to
him.
A brief chronology of Syed Ahmad's efforts is given below:
1. 1859: Built Gulshan School in Muradabad.
2. 1863: Set up Victoria School in Ghazipur.
3. 1864: Set up the Scientific Society in Aligarh. This society was involved in the translation of
English works into the native language.
4. 1866: Aligarh Institute Gazette. This imparted information on history; ancient and modern
science of agriculture, natural and physical sciences and advanced mathematics. This journal
was published until 1926.
5. 1870: Committee Striving for the Educational Progress of Muslims.
6. 1875: Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental School (M. A. O.), Aligarh, setup on the pattern of English
public schools. Later raised to the level of college in 1877 and university in 1920.
7. education and abstain from politics. It later became the political mouthpiece of the Indian
Muslims and was the forerunner of the Muslim League.

4. Aligarh Muslim Theory
Through the 1850s, Syed Ahmed Khan began developing a strong passion for education. While pursuing
studies of different subjects including European [jurisprudence], Sir Syed began to realise the
advantages of Western-style education, which was being offered at newly established colleges across
India.
Despite being a devout Muslim, Sir Syed criticised the influence of traditional dogma and religious
orthodoxy, which had made most Indian Muslims suspicious of British influences. Sir Syed began feeling
increasingly concerned for the future of Muslim communities.
A scion of Mughal nobility, Sir Syed had been reared in the finest traditions of Muslim elite culture and
was aware of the steady decline of Muslim political power across India. The animosity between the
British and Muslims before and after the rebellion (Independence War) of 1857 threatened to
marginalise Muslim communities across India for many generations.
Sir Syed intensified his work to promote co-operation with British authorities, promoting loyalty to the
Empire amongst Indian Muslims. Committed to working for the upliftment of Muslims, Sir Syed
founded a modern madrassa in Muradabad in 1859; this was one of the first religious schools to impart
scientific education.
Two Nation Theory
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, the pioneer of two nation theory, used the word ‘two nation’ for Hindus and
Muslims after being convinced of the Hindus and Congress hatred, hostility and prejudice for the
Muslims.
The entire freedom movement revolved around the two nation theory which was introduced by Sir Syed
Ahmed Khan. He considered all those lived in India as one nation and was a great advocate of Hindu-
Muslim unity. Speaking at the meeting of Indian Association he said:
“I look to both Hindus and Muslims with the same eyes and consider them as my own eyes. By the word
‘Nation’ I mean only Hindus and Muslims and nothing else. We, Hindus and Muslims live together on the
same soil under the same government. Our interests and problems are common, and therefore, I
consider the two factions as one nation.”
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan did his best to make the Muslims realize their differences with the Hindus with
regard to religions, social and language, rational and international identity and for this purpose he
diverted attention of the Indian Muslims towards a new idea of “Two Nation” or “Two entities.”
After Hindi-Urdu controversy Sir Syed felt that it was not possible for Hindus and Muslims to progress as
a single nation. He said:
“I am convinced now that Hindus and Muslims could never become one nation as their religion and way
of life was quite distinct from each other.”

5. Allama Iqbal
Allama Iqbal, great poet-philosopher and active political leader, was born at Sialkot, Punjab, in 1877.
Iqbal received his early education in the traditional maktab. Later he joined the Sialkot Mission School,
from where he passed his matriculation examination. In 1897, he obtained his Bachelor of Arts Degree
from Government College, Lahore.
Two years later, he secured his Masters Degree and was appointed in the Oriental College, Lahore, as a
lecturer of history, philosophy and English. He later proceeded to Europe for higher studies. Having
obtained a degree at Cambridge, he secured his doctorate at Munich and finally qualified as a barrister.
He returned to India in 1908. Besides teaching and practicing law, Iqbal continued to write poetry. He
resigned from government service in 1911 and took up the task of propagating individual thinking
among the Muslims through his poetry.
Political carrear
While dividing his time between law and poetry, Iqbal had remained active in the Muslim League. He did
not support Indian involvement in World War I, as well as the Khilafat movement and remained in close
touch with Muslim political leaders such as Maulana Mohammad Ali and Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
He was a critic of the mainstream Indian National Congress, which he regarded as dominated by Hindus
and was disappointed with the League when during the 1920s, it was absorbed in factional divides
between the pro-British group led by Sir Muhammad Shafi and the centrist group led by Jinnah.
In November 1926, with the encouragement of friends and supporters, Iqbal contested for a seat in the
Punjab Legislative Assembly from the Muslim district of Lahore, and defeated his opponent by a margin
of 3,177 votes.
He supported the constitutional proposals presented by Jinnah with the aim of guaranteeing Muslim
political rights and influence in a coalition with the Congress, and worked with the Aga Khan and other
Muslim leaders to mend the factional divisions and achieve unity in the Muslim League.

6. Iqbal says that the muslims and the hindus are living together but their customs and traditions are
different from each other they cant live together.These are the two different religions.They have to get
their own country in which they can lead their lifes according to their religions.
Some points for seprate Nation
Nogation of nation
Islam do not believe on the nationalism base.
There is no sepratoin between religion and politics in islam.
Islamic state is a welfare state.
Criticism on national democracy.
Islam can solve economic problems.
Islam is the complete code of life
Creatoin of Pakistan is the step towards pan_islamnism.
1930 Allama Iqbal Address
The Allahabad Address, notable for Conception of Pakistan, was the Presidential Address by Allama Iqbal
to the 25th Session of the All-India Muslim League on 29 December 1930, at Allahabad, India.
Here he presented the idea of a separate homeland for Indian Muslims which was ultimately realised in
the form of Pakistan.
I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated
into a single State.
The principle of European democracy cannot be applied to India without recognising the fact of
communal groups. The Muslim demand for the creation of a Muslim India within India is,
therefore, perfectly justified.

7. Quaid-e-Azam
Biography
Born on 25th Dec 1876.
Died on September 11 1948.
Also known as Baba-e-Quam.
Early Life
Jinnah was born Mahomedali Jinnahbhai in Wazir Mansion Karachi.Sindh had earlier been conquered by
the British and was subsequently grouped with other conquered territories for administrative reasons to
form the Bombay Presidency of British India.
Although his earliest school records state that he was born on October 20, 1875, Sarojini Naidu, the
author of Jinnah's first biography, gives the date as ”December 25, 1876”.
Jinnah As a Leader
Jinnah served as leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until Pakistan's independence on
August 14, 1947, and as Pakistan's first Governor-General from August 15, 1947 until his death on
September 11, 1948.
Jinnah rose to prominence in the Indian National Congress initially expounding ideas of Hindu-Muslim
unity and helping shape the 1916 Lucknow Pact between the Muslim League and the Indian National
Congress; he also became a key leader in the All India Home Rule League.
He proposed a fourteen-point constitutional reform plan to safeguard the political rights of Muslims in a
self-governing India.

8. Jinnah Act as a Leader
Jinnah broke with the Congress in 1920 when the Congress leader, Mohandas Gandhi, launched a law-
violating Non-Cooperation Movement against the British, which Jinnah disapproved of.
Unlike most Congress leaders, Gandhi did not wear western-style clothes, did his best to use an Indian
language instead of English, and was deeply rooted to Indian culture. Gandhi's local style of leadership
gained great popularity with the Indian people.
Jinnah criticised Gandhi's support of the Khilafat Movement, which he saw as an endorsement of
religious zealotry. By 1920, Jinnah resigned from the Congress, with a prophetic warning that Gandhi's
method of mass struggle would lead to divisions between Hindus and Muslims and within the two
communities. Becoming president of the Muslim League, Jinnah was drawn into a conflict between a
pro-Congress faction and a pro-British faction.
Political carrear
Three years later, in January 1910, Jinnah was elected to the newly-constituted Imperial Legislative
Council. All through his parliamentary career, which spanned some four decades, he was probably the
most powerful voice in the cause of Indian freedom and Indian rights. Jinnah, who was also the first
Indian to pilot a private member's Bill through the Council, soon became a leader of a group inside the
legislature. Mr. Montagu (1879-1924), Secretary of State for India, at the close of the First World War,
considered Jinnah "perfect mannered, impressive-looking, armed to the teeth with dialecties..."Jinnah,
he felt, "is a very clever man, and it is, of course, an outrage that such a man should have no chance of
running the affairs of his own country."
For about three decades since his entry into politics in 1906, Jinnah passionately believed in and
assiduously worked for Hindu-Muslim unity. Gokhale, the foremost Hindu leader before Gandhi, had
once said of him, "He has the true stuff in him and that freedom from all sectarian prejudice which will
make him the best ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity: And, to be sure, he did become the architect of
Hindu-Muslim Unity: he was responsible for the Congress-League Pact of 1916, known popularly as
Lucknow Pact- the only pact ever signed between the two political organisations, the Congress and the
All-India Muslim League, representing, as they did, the two major communities in the subcontinent."
The Congress-League scheme embodied in this pact was to become the basis for the Montagu-
Chemlsford Reforms, also known as the Act of 1919. In retrospect, the Lucknow Pact represented a
milestone in the evolution of Indian politics. For one thing, it conceded Muslims the right to separate
electorate, reservation of seats in the legislatures and weightage in representation both at the Centre
and the minority provinces. Thus, their retention was ensured in the next phase of reforms.
For another, it represented a tacit recognition of the All-India Muslim League as the representative
organisation of the Muslims, thus strengthening the trend towards Muslim individuality in Indian
politics. And to Jinnah goes the credit for all this. Thus, by 1917, Jinnah came to be recognised among
both Hindus and Muslims as one of India's most outstanding political leaders.

9. Not only was he prominent in the Congress and the Imperial Legislative Council, he was also the
President of the All-India Muslim and that of lthe Bombay Branch of the Home Rule League. More
important, because of his key-role in the Congress-League entente at Lucknow, he was hailed as the
ambassador, as well as the embodiment, of Hindu-Muslim unity.
Demand for Pakistan
"We are a nation", they claimed in the ever eloquent words of the Quaid-i-Azam- "We are a nation with
our own distinctive culture and civilization, language and literature, art and architecture, names and
nomenclature, sense of values and proportion, legal laws and moral code, customs and calendar, history
and tradition, aptitudes and ambitions; in short, we have our own distinctive outlook on life and of life.
By all canons of international law, we are a nation". The formulation of the Muslim demand for Pakistan
in 1940 had a tremendous impact on the nature and course of Indian politics. On the one hand, it
shattered for ever the Hindu dreams of a pseudo-Indian, in fact, Hindu empire on British exit from India:
on the other, it heralded an era of Islamic renaissance and creativity in which the Indian Muslims were
to be active participants. The Hindu reaction was quick, bitter, malicious.
Equally hostile were the British to the Muslim demand, their hostility having stemmed from their belief
that the unity of India was their main achievement and their foremost contribution. The irony was that
both the Hindus and the British had not anticipated the astonishingly tremendous response that the
Pakistan demand had elicited from the Muslim masses.
Above all, they failed to realize how a hundred million people had suddenly become supremely
conscious of their distinct nationhood and their high destiny. In channelling the course of Muslim politics
towards Pakistan, no less than in directing it towards its consummation in the establishment of Pakistan
in 1947, non played a more decisive role than did Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah.
Quaid & Two nation theory
1. Concept of seprate nation
2. Pakistan is the demand for islam
3. Soverignity of God
4. Islamic concept of democracy
5. National integration
6. Safeguard of minorties
7. Urdu language
8. Defence
9. Bright future

10. Geographical Importance of Pakistan
1. Pakistan is an ideological Islamic state. It is inhabited by 98% of Muslims,2% of Christians,
Hindus.
2. Estimated population of Pakistan 166 Millions
3. The total area of Pakistan is 796,096 km ²
4. Divided in Four Provinces , Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, NWFP, Capital & FATA
Pakistan lies between the latitude of 24˚ north to 37˚ north latitude and between longitude
of 61˚ east to 77˚ east longitude.
Pakistan shares its borders with four neighboring countries Afghanistan, China, India, and Iran – adding
up to about 6,975 km in length.
Border with Afghanistan
1. To the West, Pakistan is bordered with Afghanistan.
2. Length of Border is 2,250 km.
3. Border between Pakistan & Afghanistan is called Durand Line.
4. Its proposal was drafted by and named after the former secretary of British India Sir Henry
Mortimer Durand

11. Border with China
1. To the East , Pakistan is Bordered with its Best Friend China.
2. The length of border between Pak & China is 600 Km.
3. A Road connects Pakistan & China. SILK ROUTE (Shahra-e-Resham) For Trade Purpose between
Pak & China.
4. China helped & helping Pakistan in the development of many Projects. Defence projects are very
important.
Border with Iran
1. Iran is also situated in the West of Pakistan.
2. Length of border between Pak & Iran is 950 km.
3. Delimited by a British commission in the same year as the Durand line was demarcated .
Border with India
1. In east, The Pakistan and India has boundary of 1600 kms.
2. Pakistan & India are traditional Rivals.
3. Pakistan & India spend their major part of their budget on their defence.
4. Pakistan & India both are now nuclear powers.
5. Dispute of Kashmir between Pak-India is still unresolved in UNO.

12. Arabian Sea
Arabian sea is located in the South of Pakistan.
Arabian sea is very Important for Pakistan to Trade with the other countries of world.
In Arabian sea Pakistan has Two Sea Ports, Port Bin Qasim in Karachi Gawadar Port.
Importance of Pakistan Locatoin
Trade links with china have been established through road known as “Shahra-e-Resham”.
The position of Pakistan gives it an internationally important position among the Muslim nations and
due to ECO (Economic Cooperation Organization) treaty the relation between Iran, turkey and Pakistan
has extended in the various fields.
Karachi is most important port of our country which is situated on the international sea route and it
provides the inter link between European countries and the Asian countries. And way to trade to central
Asian countries. Because Pakistan has Warm waters.
Pakistan lies in the Torrid Zone climate condition in Pakistan remain normal, Agriculture activities can be
performed throughout the year.The water of our sea remains open throughout the year due to
moderate temperature. It does not freeze so the trade activities are performed in every season.
Pakistan has road and railway link with Iran and turkey and trade with European countries can be
performed through this route.
Geo-political Importance
Pakistan is situated at the center of the Islamic countries of Africa and Asia.
It is linked to these Muslim states through land and sea routes its geographical centrality necessitates
that it supports the unity of the Muslim world worked for mutual alliance and unity of the Muslims.