The four main classes of large, important molecules found in all living things are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These molecules are made up of polymers of monomers - carbohydrates are polymers of sugars, lipids are made of fatty acids and glycerol, proteins are polymers of amino acids, and nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides. These macromolecules serve essential functions in organisms such as energy storage, structure, catalysis of reactions, transport, and inheritance of genetic information.
An in depth explanation of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration including the calculation of ATP's per stage on cellular respiration (Aerobic).
(source: Facweb.northseattle.edu. Lecture 9-Cellular
Respiration.http://facweb.northseattle.edu/lizthomas/Lecture%209.pdf. Accessed 1 January 2019.)
An overview of cellular metabolism that includes, cellular respiration. Moreover, a schematic diagram of aerobic respiration stages are presented (Glycolysis, TCA/Krebs /Citric Acid Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation) as well as anaerobic respiration.
ZOO1-Introduction:Themes in the study of Life LeizlAnnaMaria
It presents the introduction to biology with its themes. This includes characteristics of life, level of biological organization, ecosystem dynamics, cell types and feedback mechanisms. Furthermore, evolution is defined and described as core theme in biology.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...
ZOO1-Bological molecules
1.
2. The Molecules of Life
Given the rich complexity of life on Earth, the most
important large molecules found in all living things can
be sorted into just four main classes: carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
On the molecular scale, members of three of these
classes—carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids—
are huge and are therefore called macromolecules.
3. Macromolecules are polymers, built
from monomers
A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many
similar or identical building blocks linked by
covalent bonds.
Monomers - The repeating units that serve as
the building blocks of a polymer are smaller
molecules.
4.
5.
6. Carbohydrates – C,H,O;
1:2:1 – CH2O
•oxidize easily and are the most readily-available
energy/heat source
•serve as important structural material in some
animals and all plants
•literally means ‘hydrated carbon’
•made up of repeating units called sugars.
•Excess CHO-- glycogen or fat (stored in liver or
muscles)
Note :
The larger the carbohydrate molecule,
the less soluble it is in water.
Organic Compounds
7. Carbohydrates
serve as fuel and building material
simplest carbohydrates are the monosaccharides
Disaccharides - consisting of two monosaccharides
joined by a covalent bond
Polysaccharides – carbohydrate macromolecules
composed of many sugar building blocks
8. Classification of Sugars according
to size and solubility
1.Monosaccharides- simple sugars; CHO in a ratio
of 1:2:1
•Basic units of carbohydrates
•Examples:
Glucose, Fructose, galactose- C6
H12
O6
9. 2. Disaccharides- double sugars; made up of two
monosaccharides joined together by dehydration synthesis
•Have to be hydrolyzed to be broken down to
monosaccharides
•Examples:
glucose + fructose = sucrose (table sugar)
2C6
H12
O6
---- C12
H22
O11
+ H2
O
lactose( milk sugar)= gluc + gal
maltose(malt sugar)= gluc + gluc
Classification of Sugars according
to size and solubility
10.
11. 3. Polysaccharides- long
chains of simple sugars
(polymers) linked together
by dehydration synthesis
•large, insoluble molecules
•lack sweetness of mono-
and disaccharides
Examples:
Starch- storage form of
CHO in plants (made up of
long glucose chains)
Classification of Sugars according
to size and solubility
12. Glycogen- storage CHO of animal tissues
- large molecule and highly branched
- can easily be broken down to yield glucose
Cellulose – most abundant organic molecule in the planet
- chief structural material in plants; provides rigidity
- indigestible in man due to complex arrangement of
glucose
- provides bulk and stimulates bowel movement
- enzyme cellulase from bacteria and protozoans digest
cellulose to yield glucose
13. Chitin
•Second most abundant organic compound on earth.
•Makes up the hard outer skeletons of certain animals
ex. Insects, crabs, lobsters
•Resistant to breakdown by bacteria and animals
14. Lipids
They mix poorly, if at all, with water.
-CHO, but with less O and more C atoms-- more
heat
15. Three forms of Lipids
1.Fats or triglycerides; Fatty acids
and glycerol as building blocks
(3:1 ratio)
- non-polar
and do not mix with water
•may be solid (fats) or liquid
(oils) according to length of
fatty acid chains and degree
of saturation
16. •Saturated- with single bonds between C atoms
-longer fatty acid chains; solid at 20o
C
- animal fats as butter fat and meat fats
- encourage build-up of plaques in walls and vessels
17. •Unsaturated- with double/triple bonds between C atoms
- short FA chains; liquid at room temperature
- plant sources as olive, peanut, corn
18. 2. Phospholipids-modified
triglycerides with two FA
chains + 1 phosphorus-
containing group
- with polar heads and
non-polar (hydrocarbon)
tails
- phosphate groups in
heads attract water and ions
- in cell membrane;
regulates transport
19. Steroids are lipids characterized by a carbon
skeleton consisting of four fused rings.
Different steroids are distinguished by the
particular chemical groups attached to this
ensemble of rings.
Steroids
20. Cholesterol
- from animal products; CV
disorders
- component of cell membranes
- raw material for Vitamin D
synthesis, other steroid hormones
( estrogen, progesterone,testosterone,
cortisol and aldosterone)
- manufactured in liver, most
abundant in brain
- attaches to protein to form
lipoprotein before it can circulate
21. Two types of Lipoproteins
High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)
- more CHON, less lipid
- brings cholesterol to liver for elimination
-‘good cholesterol
Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)
- less CHON, more lipid
-clogs blood vessels
- ‘bad cholesterol’
22. •CHON, sometimes sulfur, phosphorus and trace metals as iron
and copper; second most abundant (10-20% of cell mass)
•Building blocks: amino acids-- about 20 aa
•Essential aa ( 8)- taken in with food
•Non-essential (12)- synthesized by body
•aa can be a base (proton acceptor) or an acid (proton donor)
•linked by peptide bonds which break during hydrolysis
•Deficiency: brittle nails, rough scaly skin, rough lackluster hair
•Extreme deficiency: kwashiorkor
Proteins
23. Proteins account for more than 50% of the dry
mass of most cells, and they are instrumental in
almost everything organisms do.
Some proteins speed up chemical reactions,
while others play a role in defense, storage,
transport, cellular communication, movement, or
structural support.
24.
25. •Nucleic acids are polymers made
of monomers called nucleotides.
•nucleotide- nitrogen base, pentose
sugar, phosphate group
•DNA –chief hereditary material
•RNA- important in protein
synthesis
Nucleic Acids
26. • DNA is the genetic material that organisms
inherit from their parents.
• Each chromosome contains one long DNA
molecule, usually carrying several hundred or
more genes.
• When a cell reproduces itself by dividing, its
DNA molecules are copied and passed along
from one generation of cells to the next.
27. NUCLEOTIDE
- a five-carbon sugar (a pentose), a nitrogen-containing
(nitrogenous) base, and one to three phosphate groups
28. Pyrimidine - has one six-membered ring of carbon and
nitrogen atoms. The members of the pyrimidine family
are cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U).
Purines are larger, with a six-membered ring fused to
a five-membered ring. The purines are adenine (A) and
guanine (G).
Adenine, guanine, and cytosine are found in both DNA
and RNA; thymine is found only in DNA and uracil
only in RNA.