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CELLULAR
METABOLISM
Deferring the Second Law
 Living systems appear to contradict the
second law of thermodynamics,
 which states that energy in the universe has
direction and that it has been, and always will
be, running down
 In effect all forms of energy inevitably will be
degraded to heat.
 This increase in disorder, or randomness, in any
closed system is termed entropy
 Living systems, however, decrease their entropy by
increasing the molecular orderliness of their
structure.
 When a deer feasts on the acorns and beechnuts
of summer, it transfers potential energy, stored as
chemical bond energy in the nuts’ tissues, to its
own body.
 Then, in step-by-step sequences called
biochemical pathways, this energy is gradually
released to fuel the deer’s many activities
WHAT IS CELLULAR
METABOLISM?
 refers to the collective total of chemical
processes that occur within living cells to
accomplish these activities
Energy and the
Laws of
Thermodynamics
Free Energy
 simply the energy in a
system available for doing
work
The Role of Enzymes
 are catalysts of the
living world
 Has the power to
reduce the amount
of activation energy
required for a
reaction
Nature and Action of Enzymes
 complex molecules that vary in size from
small, simple proteins with a molecular weight
of 10,000 to highly complex molecules with
molecular weights up to 1 million
 Many enzymes are pure proteins—delicately
folded and interlinked chains of amino acids
Nature and Action of Enzymes
 Other enzymes require participation
of small nonprotein groups called cofactors (usually
metallic ions) to perform their enzymatic function
 All coenzymes contain groups derived
from vitamins, compounds that must
be supplied in the diet; All of the B
complex vitamins are coenzymatic
compounds
Nature and Action of Enzymes
 One of the most distinctive attributes of enzymes is
their high specificity.
 Specificity is a consequence of the exact molecular
fit that is required between enzyme and substrate
Chemical Energy Transfer by
ATP
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
WHAT IS CELLULAR
RESPIRATION?
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
 Biochemical pathway
 Part of Cellular metabolism
 a process wherein cells release energy from
the chemical reactions bonds of food
molecules and provide that energy (in the
form of ATP) essential for the processes of life
Two Types of Cellular Respiration
 Aerobic respiration- takes place in the
presence of oxygen
 Anaerobic respiration- takes place in the
absence of oxygen
3 Major Stages of Cellular
Respiration
 Glycolysis
 Citric Acid Cycle/ Tricarboxylic (TCA) cycle /
Krebs Cycle
 Oxidative Phosphorylation : Electron Transport
and Chemiosmosis
Note: There are 3 stages when aerobic respiration takes place
however, without oxygen , he products of glycolysis will either
proceed to lactic acid/ ethanol fermentation.
GLYCOLYSIS
KREBS
CYCLE
OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYLATION
What happens when anaerobic
respiration occurs?
ZOO1- Cellular metabolism
ZOO1- Cellular metabolism
ZOO1- Cellular metabolism

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ZOO1- Cellular metabolism

  • 2. Deferring the Second Law  Living systems appear to contradict the second law of thermodynamics,  which states that energy in the universe has direction and that it has been, and always will be, running down
  • 3.  In effect all forms of energy inevitably will be degraded to heat.  This increase in disorder, or randomness, in any closed system is termed entropy  Living systems, however, decrease their entropy by increasing the molecular orderliness of their structure.
  • 4.  When a deer feasts on the acorns and beechnuts of summer, it transfers potential energy, stored as chemical bond energy in the nuts’ tissues, to its own body.  Then, in step-by-step sequences called biochemical pathways, this energy is gradually released to fuel the deer’s many activities
  • 5. WHAT IS CELLULAR METABOLISM?  refers to the collective total of chemical processes that occur within living cells to accomplish these activities
  • 6. Energy and the Laws of Thermodynamics
  • 7. Free Energy  simply the energy in a system available for doing work
  • 8. The Role of Enzymes  are catalysts of the living world  Has the power to reduce the amount of activation energy required for a reaction
  • 9. Nature and Action of Enzymes  complex molecules that vary in size from small, simple proteins with a molecular weight of 10,000 to highly complex molecules with molecular weights up to 1 million  Many enzymes are pure proteins—delicately folded and interlinked chains of amino acids
  • 10. Nature and Action of Enzymes  Other enzymes require participation of small nonprotein groups called cofactors (usually metallic ions) to perform their enzymatic function  All coenzymes contain groups derived from vitamins, compounds that must be supplied in the diet; All of the B complex vitamins are coenzymatic compounds
  • 11. Nature and Action of Enzymes  One of the most distinctive attributes of enzymes is their high specificity.  Specificity is a consequence of the exact molecular fit that is required between enzyme and substrate
  • 12.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 19. CELLULAR RESPIRATION  Biochemical pathway  Part of Cellular metabolism  a process wherein cells release energy from the chemical reactions bonds of food molecules and provide that energy (in the form of ATP) essential for the processes of life
  • 20. Two Types of Cellular Respiration  Aerobic respiration- takes place in the presence of oxygen  Anaerobic respiration- takes place in the absence of oxygen
  • 21. 3 Major Stages of Cellular Respiration  Glycolysis  Citric Acid Cycle/ Tricarboxylic (TCA) cycle / Krebs Cycle  Oxidative Phosphorylation : Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis Note: There are 3 stages when aerobic respiration takes place however, without oxygen , he products of glycolysis will either proceed to lactic acid/ ethanol fermentation.
  • 23.
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28. What happens when anaerobic respiration occurs?