Zener voltage regulator
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The document discusses the working principles of zener diodes. It explains that zener diodes are designed to operate in the reverse breakdown region, unlike standard rectifier diodes. There are two types of breakdown that can occur for a reverse biased p-n junction - zener breakdown and avalanche breakdown. Zener breakdown occurs at lower voltages between 2-8V and is used to regulate voltage. The zener diode maintains a constant voltage for changing currents, making it useful in voltage regulator circuits.
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This document discusses the Zener diode and its applications. A Zener diode allows current to flow in the reverse direction when a breakdown voltage is reached. Zener diodes can be used as waveform clippers by placing two in series to clip both halves of a signal. They can also act as voltage shifters or regulators. As a voltage regulator, a Zener diode introduced in a circuit with a current source and series resistor can produce a constant output voltage across the load.
Zener diode as a voltage Regulator
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I v characteristics of zener diode
Zener diodes allow current to flow in both the forward and reverse directions. In the reverse direction, current only flows when the voltage exceeds the Zener voltage. Zener diodes can be used as voltage regulators by introducing them into a circuit driven by a current source. As the voltage increases past the Zener voltage, the diode draws excessive current from the supply to maintain a constant output voltage. Zener breakdown occurs through heavily doped regions near the contacts, allowing current at a lower voltage than normal avalanche breakdown.
ZENER DIODE
A Zener diode is a type of diode that permits current not only in the forward direction like a normal diode, but also in the reverse direction if the voltage is larger than the breakdown voltage known as “Zener knee voltage” or “Zener voltage”.
The device is named after American physicist Clarence Melvin Zener, who first described the ZENER EFFECT in1934. Later his work led to the BELL LABS implantation of the effect in form of an electronic device, the ZENER DIODE.
Zener diodes are a modified form of PN silicon diode used extensively for voltage regulation. The P type and N type silicon used is doped more heavily than a standard PN diode.
This causes a very thin depletion region. The zener diodes breakdown characteristics are determined by the doping process
Zeners are commercially available with voltage breakdowns of 1.8 V to 200 V.
When a Zener diode is forward biased, it operates as a normal diode.
In forward biased P side connected to positive and N side connected to negative terminal of battery. In this case the electrons and holes are swept across the junction and large current flow through it.
In case of reverse biased current practically zero and at certain voltage which called Zener voltage the current increases sharply.
Each Zener diode has breakdown rating which specifies the max voltage that can be dropped across it.
Zener diodes are designed to operate in reverse breakdown. Two types of reverse breakdown in a zener diode are AVALANCHE and ZENER. The avalanche break down occurs in both rectifier and zener diodes at a sufficiently high reverse voltage. Zener breakdown occurs in a zener diode at low reverse voltages.
A Zener allows current to flow in the reverse direction when the voltage is above a certain value known as the breakdown voltage, "Zener knee voltage", "Zener voltage", “Avalanche point", or “Peak inverse voltage”
Breakdown Characteristics : Figure 2 shows the reverse portion of a zener diode’s characteristic curve. As the reverse voltage (푉_푅 ) is increased, the reverse current (퐼_푅 ) remains extremely small up to the “knee” of the curve. The reverse current is also called the zener current, 퐼_푍 . At this point, the breakdown effect begins; the internal zener resistance, also called zener impedance (푍_푍), begins to decrease as reverse current increases rapidly.Voltage Regulator :In a DC circuit, Zener diode can be used as a voltage regulator to regulate the voltage across small circuits.
Waveform Clipper :Zener diode can be used to make a Waveform Clipper. Two Zener diodes facing each other in series will act to clip both halves of an input signal.
Voltage Shifter :A Zener diode can be applied to a circuit with a resistor to act as a voltage shifter. This circuit lowers the output voltage by a quantity that is equal to the Zener diode's breakdown voltage.
PN Junction diode
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Zener diode
This document discusses Zener diodes. It begins with an introduction to diodes in general and then focuses on Zener diodes. Key points covered include: the electric symbol and parameters of a Zener diode; the forward and reverse voltage-current characteristics; advantages like voltage regulation and disadvantages like power waste; circuit tips for using Zener diodes as voltage regulators; and references for further information. The document aims to provide an overview of Zener diodes, their characteristics and applications.
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Zener diode as a voltage Regulator
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I v characteristics of zener diode
Zener diodes allow current to flow in both the forward and reverse directions. In the reverse direction, current only flows when the voltage exceeds the Zener voltage. Zener diodes can be used as voltage regulators by introducing them into a circuit driven by a current source. As the voltage increases past the Zener voltage, the diode draws excessive current from the supply to maintain a constant output voltage. Zener breakdown occurs through heavily doped regions near the contacts, allowing current at a lower voltage than normal avalanche breakdown.
ZENER DIODE
A Zener diode is a type of diode that permits current not only in the forward direction like a normal diode, but also in the reverse direction if the voltage is larger than the breakdown voltage known as “Zener knee voltage” or “Zener voltage”.
The device is named after American physicist Clarence Melvin Zener, who first described the ZENER EFFECT in1934. Later his work led to the BELL LABS implantation of the effect in form of an electronic device, the ZENER DIODE.
Zener diodes are a modified form of PN silicon diode used extensively for voltage regulation. The P type and N type silicon used is doped more heavily than a standard PN diode.
This causes a very thin depletion region. The zener diodes breakdown characteristics are determined by the doping process
Zeners are commercially available with voltage breakdowns of 1.8 V to 200 V.
When a Zener diode is forward biased, it operates as a normal diode.
In forward biased P side connected to positive and N side connected to negative terminal of battery. In this case the electrons and holes are swept across the junction and large current flow through it.
In case of reverse biased current practically zero and at certain voltage which called Zener voltage the current increases sharply.
Each Zener diode has breakdown rating which specifies the max voltage that can be dropped across it.
Zener diodes are designed to operate in reverse breakdown. Two types of reverse breakdown in a zener diode are AVALANCHE and ZENER. The avalanche break down occurs in both rectifier and zener diodes at a sufficiently high reverse voltage. Zener breakdown occurs in a zener diode at low reverse voltages.
A Zener allows current to flow in the reverse direction when the voltage is above a certain value known as the breakdown voltage, "Zener knee voltage", "Zener voltage", “Avalanche point", or “Peak inverse voltage”
Breakdown Characteristics : Figure 2 shows the reverse portion of a zener diode’s characteristic curve. As the reverse voltage (푉_푅 ) is increased, the reverse current (퐼_푅 ) remains extremely small up to the “knee” of the curve. The reverse current is also called the zener current, 퐼_푍 . At this point, the breakdown effect begins; the internal zener resistance, also called zener impedance (푍_푍), begins to decrease as reverse current increases rapidly.Voltage Regulator :In a DC circuit, Zener diode can be used as a voltage regulator to regulate the voltage across small circuits.
Waveform Clipper :Zener diode can be used to make a Waveform Clipper. Two Zener diodes facing each other in series will act to clip both halves of an input signal.
Voltage Shifter :A Zener diode can be applied to a circuit with a resistor to act as a voltage shifter. This circuit lowers the output voltage by a quantity that is equal to the Zener diode's breakdown voltage.
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Zener diode
This document discusses Zener diodes. It begins with an introduction to diodes in general and then focuses on Zener diodes. Key points covered include: the electric symbol and parameters of a Zener diode; the forward and reverse voltage-current characteristics; advantages like voltage regulation and disadvantages like power waste; circuit tips for using Zener diodes as voltage regulators; and references for further information. The document aims to provide an overview of Zener diodes, their characteristics and applications.
Zener diode
The document discusses Zener diodes, which are designed to operate reliably in reverse breakdown. Zener diodes have a sharp, well-defined breakdown voltage determined by the doping concentration. There are two types of breakdown mechanisms - Zener breakdown for heavily doped PN junctions and avalanche breakdown for lightly doped junctions. Zener diodes can be used as voltage regulators since their breakdown voltage remains constant, allowing the output voltage to remain stable despite input voltage or load variations by maintaining the current through the Zener. The value of the series resistor in a Zener regulator circuit is calculated based on the input and Zener voltages and the total current.
Tunnel diode
Tunnel diodes are heavily doped PN junction diodes that exhibit negative resistance. They were invented in 1958 by Dr. Leo Esaki and operate based on the quantum mechanical principle of tunneling. When forward biased, the current initially increases with voltage but then decreases as the voltage is further increased, demonstrating the unique property of negative resistance. Tunnel diodes find application in ultrafast switching, memory storage, satellite communication equipment, and oscillators due to their negative resistance characteristic.
Zener diode
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Semiconductors
Semiconductors are substances that can conduct electricity under some conditions but not others. They have resistivity between metals and insulators. There are two types - elemental semiconductors consisting of a single element like silicon or germanium, and compound semiconductors consisting of multiple elements like indium phosphide. In semiconductors, energy levels split into permitted energy bands separated by a forbidden energy gap when atoms are close together. The valence band is filled with electrons and the conduction band above it is empty or partially filled, with a gap between them through which electrons need energy to move.
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PHYSICS OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
1. When a P-type semiconductor is joined with an N-type semiconductor, a PN junction is formed known as a semiconductor diode.
2. Semiconductor diodes are widely used as rectifiers to convert alternating current (AC) input into direct current (DC) output.
3. In a PN junction, the diffusion of majority carriers across the junction leaves behind charged acceptor and donor ions which form an electric field called the depletion region or space charge region.
Pn junction diode
A PN junction is formed by joining a P-type semiconductor with an N-type semiconductor. When joined, a depletion layer forms at the junction that acts as an insulator. When forward biased, current flows easily through the junction. When reverse biased, very little current flows due to the high resistance of the depletion layer acting as a barrier. PN junction diodes are used as rectifiers, switches, detectors, and light emitting diodes (LEDs) in electronic circuits.
Diode v i characteristic
This document discusses the V-I characteristics of a PN junction diode under forward and reverse bias conditions. In forward bias, the current increases exponentially with voltage until reaching a knee point, after which it increases rapidly. In reverse bias, a small leakage current flows until the breakdown voltage is reached, causing a large increase in reverse current. The minimum voltage required for forward conduction is called the knee or threshold voltage, which is around 0.3V for germanium diodes and 0.7V for silicon diodes.
Pn junction
A PN junction diode allows current to flow in one direction. It is formed by joining a P-type semiconductor with an N-type semiconductor. Current can be made to flow by applying either forward or reverse bias. In forward bias, the P region is connected to the positive terminal and the N region to the negative terminal. In reverse bias, the connections are reversed. The depletion region where there are no free charges forms across the PN junction. Breakdown can occur due to Zener or avalanche effects at high reverse voltages. Special diodes include Zener diodes, which have a controlled reverse breakdown voltage, and photo diodes, which generate a current when exposed to light.
Varactor diode
Varactor diode is a type of PN junction diode where the capacitance of the PN junction can be controlled by applying a reverse bias voltage. As the reverse bias voltage is changed, the width of the depletion region between the P and N semiconductors changes, altering the capacitance. Varactor diodes are commonly used in applications like variable resonant tank circuits, automatic frequency control circuits, and frequency modulation in radios and televisions. They operate by varying the capacitance through adjustment of the depletion region width, similar to how the distance between capacitor plates controls capacitance.
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The document discusses diodes, including their history and components. It describes how a diode is constructed from a P-type and N-type semiconductor material, forming a PN junction. At the junction, electrons diffuse into holes, creating a depletion region that acts as an insulator under reverse bias but allows current to flow under forward bias. The document outlines diode applications such as rectification in power supplies and their characteristic I-V curve.
Diode
Diodes are semiconductor components that allow current to flow in only one direction. They have two terminals called the anode and cathode. Current can flow from the anode to the cathode but not in the reverse direction. When a forward bias is applied, the depletion region collapses and current can flow through the diode. When a reverse bias is applied, the depletion region expands and blocks current flow. Diodes are used in applications such as rectifiers, reverse current protection, logic gates, and voltage spike suppression.
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This document provides an overview of semiconductor physics, PN junction diodes, and resistors. It discusses semiconductor fundamentals including doping, the PN junction, and the diode equation. It explains that semiconductors have a moderate energy gap allowing a few electrons to jump between the valence and conduction bands, leaving holes. Doping with elements of 5 or 3 outer electrons introduces extra electrons or holes, improving conduction. The PN junction forms where P and N materials meet, blocking current in one direction.
EDC ( P-type & N-type )
This presentation introduces p-type and n-type semiconductors. P-type semiconductors have more holes than electrons, making them positively charged, due to trivalent impurities that create holes. N-type semiconductors have more free electrons than holes, giving them a negative charge, because of pentavalent impurities that donate free electrons. Diodes are made by combining a p-type and n-type semiconductor, and are used in devices like rectifiers and LEDs.
Diodes
When a voltage is applied to a diode, electrons flow from the N-type side through the depletion zone and into the P-type side if the diode is forward biased. This causes current to flow. If the voltage is reversed, the depletion zone widens and no current flows, making the diode act as an open switch. Diodes can be used as rectifiers to convert AC to DC or as switches that allow current in one direction but not the other depending on bias polarity.
Diode
The document discusses the basics of a p-n junction diode. It explains that a diode is made by joining p-type and n-type semiconductor materials, forming a depletion zone at the junction. Current can only flow from the p-side (anode) to the n-side (cathode). Applying a forward bias lowers the potential barrier, allowing current to flow. A reverse bias widens the depletion zone, preventing current from flowing.
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The document summarizes different types of semiconductor diodes. It discusses the theory of p-n junctions and how a p-n junction forms a diode. It describes the ideal behavior of a diode under forward and reverse bias. The characteristics of a diode are shown in its volt-current curve. Different types of diodes are described briefly, including Zener diodes, light emitting diodes, photo diodes, and their uses.
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The document discusses Zener diodes, which are designed to operate reliably in reverse breakdown. Zener diodes have a sharp, well-defined breakdown voltage determined by the doping concentration. There are two types of breakdown mechanisms - Zener breakdown for heavily doped PN junctions and avalanche breakdown for lightly doped junctions. Zener diodes can be used as voltage regulators since their breakdown voltage remains constant, allowing the output voltage to remain stable despite input voltage or load variations by maintaining the current through the Zener. The value of the series resistor in a Zener regulator circuit is calculated based on the input and Zener voltages and the total current.
Tunnel diode
Tunnel diodes are heavily doped PN junction diodes that exhibit negative resistance. They were invented in 1958 by Dr. Leo Esaki and operate based on the quantum mechanical principle of tunneling. When forward biased, the current initially increases with voltage but then decreases as the voltage is further increased, demonstrating the unique property of negative resistance. Tunnel diodes find application in ultrafast switching, memory storage, satellite communication equipment, and oscillators due to their negative resistance characteristic.
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Know about the equivalent circuits.
Know about zener diode and how it works as voltage stabilizer.
see its advantages and also its disadvantages
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What is meant by ZENER and AVALANCHE breakdown>How are they different from each other. Based on KTU Engineerin(Basic ELECTRONiCS engineering).Umay get the video explanation in the link below
https://youtu.be/VzGs0WEZbW4
Semiconductors
Semiconductors are substances that can conduct electricity under some conditions but not others. They have resistivity between metals and insulators. There are two types - elemental semiconductors consisting of a single element like silicon or germanium, and compound semiconductors consisting of multiple elements like indium phosphide. In semiconductors, energy levels split into permitted energy bands separated by a forbidden energy gap when atoms are close together. The valence band is filled with electrons and the conduction band above it is empty or partially filled, with a gap between them through which electrons need energy to move.
Zener diodes
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
PHYSICS OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
1. When a P-type semiconductor is joined with an N-type semiconductor, a PN junction is formed known as a semiconductor diode.
2. Semiconductor diodes are widely used as rectifiers to convert alternating current (AC) input into direct current (DC) output.
3. In a PN junction, the diffusion of majority carriers across the junction leaves behind charged acceptor and donor ions which form an electric field called the depletion region or space charge region.
Pn junction diode
A PN junction is formed by joining a P-type semiconductor with an N-type semiconductor. When joined, a depletion layer forms at the junction that acts as an insulator. When forward biased, current flows easily through the junction. When reverse biased, very little current flows due to the high resistance of the depletion layer acting as a barrier. PN junction diodes are used as rectifiers, switches, detectors, and light emitting diodes (LEDs) in electronic circuits.
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This document discusses the V-I characteristics of a PN junction diode under forward and reverse bias conditions. In forward bias, the current increases exponentially with voltage until reaching a knee point, after which it increases rapidly. In reverse bias, a small leakage current flows until the breakdown voltage is reached, causing a large increase in reverse current. The minimum voltage required for forward conduction is called the knee or threshold voltage, which is around 0.3V for germanium diodes and 0.7V for silicon diodes.
Pn junction
A PN junction diode allows current to flow in one direction. It is formed by joining a P-type semiconductor with an N-type semiconductor. Current can be made to flow by applying either forward or reverse bias. In forward bias, the P region is connected to the positive terminal and the N region to the negative terminal. In reverse bias, the connections are reversed. The depletion region where there are no free charges forms across the PN junction. Breakdown can occur due to Zener or avalanche effects at high reverse voltages. Special diodes include Zener diodes, which have a controlled reverse breakdown voltage, and photo diodes, which generate a current when exposed to light.
Varactor diode
Varactor diode is a type of PN junction diode where the capacitance of the PN junction can be controlled by applying a reverse bias voltage. As the reverse bias voltage is changed, the width of the depletion region between the P and N semiconductors changes, altering the capacitance. Varactor diodes are commonly used in applications like variable resonant tank circuits, automatic frequency control circuits, and frequency modulation in radios and televisions. They operate by varying the capacitance through adjustment of the depletion region width, similar to how the distance between capacitor plates controls capacitance.
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Diode
The document discusses diodes, including their history and components. It describes how a diode is constructed from a P-type and N-type semiconductor material, forming a PN junction. At the junction, electrons diffuse into holes, creating a depletion region that acts as an insulator under reverse bias but allows current to flow under forward bias. The document outlines diode applications such as rectification in power supplies and their characteristic I-V curve.
Diode
Diodes are semiconductor components that allow current to flow in only one direction. They have two terminals called the anode and cathode. Current can flow from the anode to the cathode but not in the reverse direction. When a forward bias is applied, the depletion region collapses and current can flow through the diode. When a reverse bias is applied, the depletion region expands and blocks current flow. Diodes are used in applications such as rectifiers, reverse current protection, logic gates, and voltage spike suppression.
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This document provides an overview of semiconductor physics, PN junction diodes, and resistors. It discusses semiconductor fundamentals including doping, the PN junction, and the diode equation. It explains that semiconductors have a moderate energy gap allowing a few electrons to jump between the valence and conduction bands, leaving holes. Doping with elements of 5 or 3 outer electrons introduces extra electrons or holes, improving conduction. The PN junction forms where P and N materials meet, blocking current in one direction.
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This presentation introduces p-type and n-type semiconductors. P-type semiconductors have more holes than electrons, making them positively charged, due to trivalent impurities that create holes. N-type semiconductors have more free electrons than holes, giving them a negative charge, because of pentavalent impurities that donate free electrons. Diodes are made by combining a p-type and n-type semiconductor, and are used in devices like rectifiers and LEDs.
Diodes
When a voltage is applied to a diode, electrons flow from the N-type side through the depletion zone and into the P-type side if the diode is forward biased. This causes current to flow. If the voltage is reversed, the depletion zone widens and no current flows, making the diode act as an open switch. Diodes can be used as rectifiers to convert AC to DC or as switches that allow current in one direction but not the other depending on bias polarity.
Diode
The document discusses the basics of a p-n junction diode. It explains that a diode is made by joining p-type and n-type semiconductor materials, forming a depletion zone at the junction. Current can only flow from the p-side (anode) to the n-side (cathode). Applying a forward bias lowers the potential barrier, allowing current to flow. A reverse bias widens the depletion zone, preventing current from flowing.
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The document summarizes different types of semiconductor diodes. It discusses the theory of p-n junctions and how a p-n junction forms a diode. It describes the ideal behavior of a diode under forward and reverse bias. The characteristics of a diode are shown in its volt-current curve. Different types of diodes are described briefly, including Zener diodes, light emitting diodes, photo diodes, and their uses.
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Zener diode experiment.
The Zener diode is fabricated in such a way that, its advantage is in its reverse bios. After a sufficient increase in reverse voltage across the junction, the minority carriers get sufficient kinetic energy due to the strong electric field. The high kinetic energy free electrons can collide strongly with the lattice ions so that they emit more free electrons, these liberated electrons also get high kinetic energy due to reverse applied electric field and they create more free electrons by collision cumulatively. This process may continue repeatedly and soon large free electron gas is created in the depletion layer, at which a small change in potential creates huge recombination and surge of carriers across the junction and hence large current through the circuit spontaneously and hence the entire diode will become conductive.
Zener diode is an important electronic device mainly used as voltage regulator. The experiment explains the determination of zener voltage and resistance of diode.
Ece ass
The document provides information about Zener diodes, LEDs, and seven segment displays. It discusses:
1) The applications and construction of Zener diodes, including how they can be used as voltage regulators and references due to their constant voltage characteristic above the breakdown voltage.
2) The main applications and construction of LEDs, including how they emit light through electron-hole recombination in the active region.
3) The applications and construction of seven segment displays, including how they display numbers using combinations of seven individual segments and can be common anode or common cathode.
Analog
The document introduces a group project presentation on Zener diodes. It defines a Zener diode as a type of diode that allows current to flow in both the forward and reverse directions when the reverse voltage exceeds the Zener voltage. It then lists the group members and provides information on the characteristics, basic circuit, applications, and use of Zener diodes as voltage regulators and limiters.
Bee Electronic microproject Roll No.41 to 44.pptx
1. The report discusses the working of a Zener diode and how it can be used as a voltage regulator. It explains that a Zener diode allows current to flow in the reverse direction when the Zener voltage is reached.
2. The report includes the symbol of a Zener diode and provides a circuit diagram showing how a Zener diode can regulate voltage. It explains that the voltage across a Zener diode remains constant over a range of currents.
3. Resources on Zener diodes and voltage regulators are cited at the end to provide additional information on the topic.
Zenerdiode
The document discusses the zener diode, including its construction, working principle, and applications. A zener diode operates in reverse breakdown to regulate voltage. It has a very thin, heavily doped depletion region which allows breakdown at low voltages. Zener diodes are used to provide stable reference voltages for applications like power supplies.
A BASIC INTRODUCTION TO SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES - THE
Thermionic (vacuum tube) diodes and solid state (semiconductor) diodes were developed separately in the early 1900s as radio receiver detectors. Vacuum tube diodes were more commonly used in radios until the 1950s due to early semiconductor diodes being less stable. Semiconductor diodes are made from materials like silicon and germanium that have precise atomic structures that allow controlled current flow. A p-n junction is formed at the interface between p-type and n-type semiconductor materials and enables diode rectification properties. Diodes have various applications including rectification, clamping, clipping, and lighting.
Zener Diodes
Zener diodes are designed to operate in reverse breakdown at a specific voltage. They maintain a stable reference voltage through the zener effect which causes a dramatic increase in current below around 6V. A zener diode can be used in a voltage regulator circuit with a series resistor to maintain a constant output voltage across a load despite variations in input voltage or load current. When operating, the zener diode is reverse biased and acts to clamp the voltage at its breakdown level.
Physics Project for class 12 isc Junction and diode
The document is a project report on PN junctions and diodes submitted by Govind Patel. It begins with an acknowledgement thanking various people who provided guidance and support including the principal, physics teacher, parents, and friends. It includes a certificate confirming Govind successfully completed the project. The index lists topics to be covered like PN junction, diode equation, and Zener diodes. It provides explanations of semiconductors, the creation and functioning of a PN junction, forward and reverse biasing, the ideal diode equation, and applications of Zener diodes.
pn junction and zener diode 12 class project.ppt
The document is a student project report on PN junctions and diodes. It includes an introduction discussing semiconductors and how they differ from conductors and insulators. It then describes how a PN junction is formed when a P-type and N-type semiconductor are joined, creating a depletion region. It explains the behavior of a PN junction under forward and reverse bias, including how it acts as a diode allowing current in one direction only. The report also covers Zener diodes and their use in voltage regulation applications due to their stable reverse breakdown voltage.
Analog circuits-lab-possible-viva-questions
The document provides model questions for an analog circuits lab experiment on diode characteristics. It includes:
1. Experiment questions on obtaining the forward bias VI characteristics of a given diode to determine if it is made of Germanium or Silicon based on its cut-in voltage.
2. 20 review questions covering topics like semiconductors, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, P-type and N-type materials, doping, drift current, diffusion current, and PN junctions.
3. A second experiment on obtaining the reverse characteristics of a zener diode to determine its breakdown voltage, along with 5 related review questions.
4. Review questions cover the characteristics and applications of breakdown di
Diode and its Applications
The document discusses PN junction diodes and their applications. It describes how a PN junction forms and its electrical characteristics. Different types of diodes are covered, including Zener diodes and light emitting diodes. Circuit applications of diodes such as rectification, voltage regulation, and signal processing are explained through examples. Key diode properties like forward and reverse biasing, turn-on voltage, and dynamic resistance are defined. Diode models from ideal to linear element are also introduced.
Zener diode
A Zener diode allows current to flow from anode to cathode like a normal diode, but also permits reverse current flow above its breakdown voltage. It was named after Clarence Zener who discovered the Zener effect of electron tunneling caused by a strong electric field. A Zener diode can be used as a voltage regulator or voltage reference by maintaining a constant voltage drop across its terminals when reverse biased above its breakdown voltage. Modern Zener diodes provide stable and consistent breakdown voltages through precise doping techniques.
presentatipn zener diode.pptx
The document discusses Zener diodes, including:
- A Zener diode allows current to flow in both directions and is used as a DC voltage regulator. It was named after physicist Clarance Zener who discovered the zener effect.
- Examples given of Zener diode use include regulating the output voltage of rectifiers. The principle of a Zener diode is that a small leakage current flows in reverse bias until the breakdown voltage is reached, then current starts flowing.
- Advantages include excellent solutions for circuit needs by allowing current in both directions. The main disadvantage is low power rating, making it unsuitable for high power applications.
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Best 3 Applications Involving in Zener Diode Working Functionality
Best 3 Applications Involving in Zener Diode Working Functionality
A BASIC INTRODUCTION TO SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES - THE
A BASIC INTRODUCTION TO SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES - THE
Physics Project for class 12 isc Junction and diode
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Zener voltage regulator
- 1. Dr. P.H.Trivedi, SJASC, Bharuch, Paper V Semester 3
- 2. Introduction The zener diode is a silicon p-n junction devices that differs from rectifier diodes because it is designed for operation in the reverse-breakdown region. Dr. P.H.Trivedi, SJASC, Bharuch Paper V Semester 3
- 3. Dr. P.H.Trivedi, SJASC, Bharuch Paper V Semester 3 OneZener Diode connected with one resistence and battery.
- 4. Dr. P.H.Trivedi, SJASC, Bharuch Paper V Semester 3 A Zener diode is always reverseconnected When forward biased, its characteristics are just like of ordinary diode It has sharp breakdown voltage, called Zener voltage
- 5. Dr. P.H.Trivedi, SJASC, Bharuch Paper V Semester 3
- 6. Dr. P.H.Trivedi, SJASC, Bharuch Paper V Semester 3 The Working Principle of zener diode lies in the cause of breakdown for a diode in reverse biased condition. Normally there are two types of breakdown. 1) Zener Breakdown 2) Avalanche Breakdown.
- 7. Dr. P.H.Trivedi, SJASC, Bharuch Paper V Semester 3 This type of breakdown occurs for a reverse bias voltage between 2 to 8V. Even at low voltage, the electric field intensity is strong enough toexert a force. This type of break down occurs normally for highly doped diode with low breakdown voltage and larger electric field. As temperature increases, the valence electrons gain more energy to disrupt from the covalent bond and the less amount of external voltage is required. Thus zener breakdown voltage decreases with temperature.
- 8. Dr. P.H.Trivedi, SJASC, Bharuch Paper V Semester 3 This type of breakdown occurs at the reverse bias voltage above 8V and higher. It occurs for lightly doped diode with large breakdown voltage. As minority charge carriers (electrons) flow across the device. They tend to collide with the electrons in the covalent bond and cause the covalent bond to disrupt.
- 9. Dr. P.H.Trivedi, SJASC, Bharuch Paper V Semester 3 As voltage increases, the kinetic energy (velocity) of the electrons also increases. The covalent bonds are more easily disrupted, causing an increase in electron hole pairs. The avalanche breakdown voltage increases with temperature.
- 10. Dr. P.H.Trivedi, SJASC, Bharuch Paper V Semester 3
- 11. Dr. P.H.Trivedi, SJASC, Bharuch Paper V Semester 3 In a DC circuit, Zener diode can be used as a voltage regulator or to provide voltage reference. The main use of zener diode lies in the fact that the voltage across a Zener diode remains constant for a larger change in current. This makes it possible to use a Zener diode as a constant voltage device or a voltage regulator. In any power supply circuit, a regulator is used to provide a constant output (load) voltage.
- 12. While designing a voltage regulator using zener diode The latter is chosen with respect to its maximum power rating. The maximum current through the device should be:- Imax = Power/Zener Voltage Since the input voltage and the required output voltage is known. It is easier to choose a zener diode with a voltage approximately equal to the load voltage, i.e. Vz =Vo. Dr. P.H.Trivedi, SJASC, Bharuch Paper V Semester 3
- 13. The value of the series resistor is chosen to be R =(Vin – Vz)/(Izmin + IL), where IL = Load Voltage/Load resistance. It is advisable to use a forward biased diode in series with the Zener diode. This is because the Zener diode at higher voltage follows the avalanche breakdown principle, having a positive temperature of coefficient. Hence a negative temperature coefficient diode is used for compensation. Dr. P.H.Trivedi, SJASC, Bharuch Paper V Semester 3