International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance Test on the C.I Engine by using Different Biofuelsijtsrd
On the face of the upcoming energy crisis, vegetable oils have come up as a promising source of fuel. They are being studied widely because of their abundant availability, renewable nature and better performance when used in engines. Many vegetable oils have been investigated in compression ignition engine by fuel modification or engine modification. The vegetable oils have very high density and viscosity, so we have used the methyl ester of the oil to overcome these problems. Their use in form of methyl esters in non-modified engines has given encouraging results.Coconut oil (copra), Waste vegetable oil, Karanja oil (Pongamia Pinnata) is available abundantly in India. An experimental investigation was made to evaluate the performance characteristics and overall emissions of a diesel engine using different blends of these three methyl esters with mineral diesel. Methyl esters of these three oils were blended with diesel in proportions of 20% and 40% by mass and studied under various load conditions in a compression ignition (diesel) engine. The performance parameters were found to be very close to that of mineral diesel. The brake thermal efficiency and mechanical efficiency were better than mineral diesel for some specific blending ratios under certain loads. The emission characteristics were also studied and levels of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide and hydrocarbons were found to be higher than pure diesel. T. Pratheep Reddy | P. Charan Theja | B. Eswaraiah | J. Narendra Kumar"Performance Test on the C.I Engine by using Different Biofuels" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7044.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/7044/performance-test-on-the-ci-engine-by-using--different-biofuels/t-pratheep-reddy
Investigating On Use of Different Blends of White Grape Seed Biodiesel and Di...IJERA Editor
Diesel engine is an internal combustion engine which has made life easy and faster in today's modern life. These engines are consuming lot of diesel fuel and have been substantially increasing the atmospheric pollution. There is a concern over the availability of diesel fuel a derivative of fossil fuel, as these sources are limited and in near future they may get exhausted. Hence, there is a need for an alternative source of fuel which is abundant and environmentally friendly. A promising renewable and clean burning diesel replacement is biodiesel fuel. This is an alternative fuel made by different methods like standard base-catalysed transesterification, pyrolysis, thermal cracking etc., An alternative method called catalytic cracking, a fast reaction process is investigated for production of quantitative and qualitative biodiesel. Among many available catalysts, alumina catalyst is selected for production of biodiesel. Catalytic cracking process is carried out on white grape seed oil to convert it into white grape seed biodiesel. On production of biodiesel, physicochemical properties are tested and compared with diesel. Biodiesel thus obtained is a very near quality diesel fuel as per ASTM standards this can be used in the existing diesel engines. Experimental work is carried out on a single cylinder [Kirloskar TV-1 (DI), Water cooled, 4-Stroke] diesel engine with diesel fuel and also with biodiesel blended in various proportions with diesel at different engine loads. On analysis, it is inferred that there is a minimal deviation in engine characteristics with white grape seed biodiesel and with its blends when compared to characteristics of engine fueled with diesel. This gives a scope for further research to be carried out with other catalysts to produce biodiesel with different vegetable or animal fat based oils.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of Oil Extraction Method on the Functional Properties of Biodiesels of...ijtsrd
Owing to the rise in demand for petroleum and environmental concerns, the search for alternative fuels has gained prominence. This study examined the effect of the method of extraction of the base oil on the functional properties of biodiesel produced from Jatropha, Yellow oleander and Castor oilseeds. The study revealed that the method of extraction had significant effect on the properties of the oil extracted and hence the biodiesel produced from the oil. Hydrogenation during oven heating after solvent extraction affected the unsaturation of the base oils and the biodiesels produced from them. The kinematic viscosities of the biodiesel samples obtained from the oil samples extracted by solvent extraction were generally higher than those obtained from the oil samples extracted by mechanical extraction. The flash and fire points of the biodiesel samples obtained from the oil samples extracted by solvent extraction were higher than that obtained from the oil samples extracted by mechanical extraction. The pour points of the biodiesels produced from the oils extracted by mechanical extraction were lower than those produced from the oils extracted by solvent extraction. Gbashi M. Samuel | Yanshio T. Emmauel | Kingsley N. Nwankwo "Effect of Oil Extraction Method on the Functional Properties of Biodiesels of Selected Oilseeds" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25252.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/25252/effect-of-oil-extraction-method-on-the-functional-properties-of-biodiesels-of-selected-oilseeds/gbashi-m-samuel
Use of Jatropha Biodiesel in C.I. Engines- A reviewIJERA Editor
Petroleum based fuels play a vital role in rapid depletion of conventional energy sources. Along with their
increasing demands, these are also major contributors of air pollution which is contributing to greenhouse effect
and consequently to ozone layer depletion.
Major portion of today’s energy demand in India is being met with fossil fuels. Hence, it is high time that
alternative fuels for engines should be derived from different indigenous sources. As India is an agricultural
country, there is a wide scope for the production of vegetable oils (both edible and non-edible) from different oil
seeds.
This paper is based on recommending an alternate fuel for diesel engines. Expectations have been high for the
production of biodiesel from the Jatropha oil-crop. Jatropha is promoted as a drought and pest resistant crop,
with the potential to grow on degraded soils with a low amount of inputs. These characteristics encourage hope
for positive environmental and socio-economic impacts from Jatropha biodiesel.
Performance Test on the C.I Engine by using Different Biofuelsijtsrd
On the face of the upcoming energy crisis, vegetable oils have come up as a promising source of fuel. They are being studied widely because of their abundant availability, renewable nature and better performance when used in engines. Many vegetable oils have been investigated in compression ignition engine by fuel modification or engine modification. The vegetable oils have very high density and viscosity, so we have used the methyl ester of the oil to overcome these problems. Their use in form of methyl esters in non-modified engines has given encouraging results.Coconut oil (copra), Waste vegetable oil, Karanja oil (Pongamia Pinnata) is available abundantly in India. An experimental investigation was made to evaluate the performance characteristics and overall emissions of a diesel engine using different blends of these three methyl esters with mineral diesel. Methyl esters of these three oils were blended with diesel in proportions of 20% and 40% by mass and studied under various load conditions in a compression ignition (diesel) engine. The performance parameters were found to be very close to that of mineral diesel. The brake thermal efficiency and mechanical efficiency were better than mineral diesel for some specific blending ratios under certain loads. The emission characteristics were also studied and levels of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide and hydrocarbons were found to be higher than pure diesel. T. Pratheep Reddy | P. Charan Theja | B. Eswaraiah | J. Narendra Kumar"Performance Test on the C.I Engine by using Different Biofuels" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7044.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/7044/performance-test-on-the-ci-engine-by-using--different-biofuels/t-pratheep-reddy
Investigating On Use of Different Blends of White Grape Seed Biodiesel and Di...IJERA Editor
Diesel engine is an internal combustion engine which has made life easy and faster in today's modern life. These engines are consuming lot of diesel fuel and have been substantially increasing the atmospheric pollution. There is a concern over the availability of diesel fuel a derivative of fossil fuel, as these sources are limited and in near future they may get exhausted. Hence, there is a need for an alternative source of fuel which is abundant and environmentally friendly. A promising renewable and clean burning diesel replacement is biodiesel fuel. This is an alternative fuel made by different methods like standard base-catalysed transesterification, pyrolysis, thermal cracking etc., An alternative method called catalytic cracking, a fast reaction process is investigated for production of quantitative and qualitative biodiesel. Among many available catalysts, alumina catalyst is selected for production of biodiesel. Catalytic cracking process is carried out on white grape seed oil to convert it into white grape seed biodiesel. On production of biodiesel, physicochemical properties are tested and compared with diesel. Biodiesel thus obtained is a very near quality diesel fuel as per ASTM standards this can be used in the existing diesel engines. Experimental work is carried out on a single cylinder [Kirloskar TV-1 (DI), Water cooled, 4-Stroke] diesel engine with diesel fuel and also with biodiesel blended in various proportions with diesel at different engine loads. On analysis, it is inferred that there is a minimal deviation in engine characteristics with white grape seed biodiesel and with its blends when compared to characteristics of engine fueled with diesel. This gives a scope for further research to be carried out with other catalysts to produce biodiesel with different vegetable or animal fat based oils.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of Oil Extraction Method on the Functional Properties of Biodiesels of...ijtsrd
Owing to the rise in demand for petroleum and environmental concerns, the search for alternative fuels has gained prominence. This study examined the effect of the method of extraction of the base oil on the functional properties of biodiesel produced from Jatropha, Yellow oleander and Castor oilseeds. The study revealed that the method of extraction had significant effect on the properties of the oil extracted and hence the biodiesel produced from the oil. Hydrogenation during oven heating after solvent extraction affected the unsaturation of the base oils and the biodiesels produced from them. The kinematic viscosities of the biodiesel samples obtained from the oil samples extracted by solvent extraction were generally higher than those obtained from the oil samples extracted by mechanical extraction. The flash and fire points of the biodiesel samples obtained from the oil samples extracted by solvent extraction were higher than that obtained from the oil samples extracted by mechanical extraction. The pour points of the biodiesels produced from the oils extracted by mechanical extraction were lower than those produced from the oils extracted by solvent extraction. Gbashi M. Samuel | Yanshio T. Emmauel | Kingsley N. Nwankwo "Effect of Oil Extraction Method on the Functional Properties of Biodiesels of Selected Oilseeds" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25252.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/25252/effect-of-oil-extraction-method-on-the-functional-properties-of-biodiesels-of-selected-oilseeds/gbashi-m-samuel
Use of Jatropha Biodiesel in C.I. Engines- A reviewIJERA Editor
Petroleum based fuels play a vital role in rapid depletion of conventional energy sources. Along with their
increasing demands, these are also major contributors of air pollution which is contributing to greenhouse effect
and consequently to ozone layer depletion.
Major portion of today’s energy demand in India is being met with fossil fuels. Hence, it is high time that
alternative fuels for engines should be derived from different indigenous sources. As India is an agricultural
country, there is a wide scope for the production of vegetable oils (both edible and non-edible) from different oil
seeds.
This paper is based on recommending an alternate fuel for diesel engines. Expectations have been high for the
production of biodiesel from the Jatropha oil-crop. Jatropha is promoted as a drought and pest resistant crop,
with the potential to grow on degraded soils with a low amount of inputs. These characteristics encourage hope
for positive environmental and socio-economic impacts from Jatropha biodiesel.
Performance Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Biodiesel Produce...IOSR Journals
The demand for consumption of petroleum products increased with vehicles population.For
addressing the present problem we discussed alternate fuel. Moreover, the alternate fuel must be produced in
such a manner that it can be used directly in present engines without much engine modifications. Edible and
non-edible oils are the main source for alternate fuel. In this paper we have discussed the performance
characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with mahua oil using additive. Due to high viscosity and low volatility
of non-edible oils their prolonged use is not advisable. These problems can be minimised by the
transesterification process which is a reaction of triglyceride and alcohol in presence of a catalyst to produce
mono alkyl ester which is known as biodiesel and glycerol .The biodiesel was blended with additive in various
proportions to prepare a number of test fuels which are tested on a diesel engine to studyvarious parameters
like carbon residue, fire point, flash point, viscosity, pour point, cloud point, cetane index etc. and compare
those with that of diesel . The result shows biodiesel with 10% additive (Dimethyl carbonate) is best suited for
diesel engine.
Production & Evaluation of Biodiesel from Karanja Seeds, A Seed Plentily Avai...IJMER
Energy is playing an important role in the development of economy and society both in developed and developing countries. As concern to the environment & vehicular population lead toward fuel crisis there is a trend begin to look for the alternative energy source which are more secure & less pollute. This paper is about the renewable source of Energy i.e. Biodiesel which is more secure & less pollutant as compared to fossil fuel (Diesel). This paper represent the biodiesel production from the Karanja oil which is plentily available in rural Odisha. We have set up a low cost experimental set up in which we have used the transesterification process to produce the Biodiesel and we have found out that the overall quality of the Biodiesel is optimum and satisfactory. The conversion of Crude Karanja oil to biodiesel in our experiment is around 3570 ml out of 5000 ml, which shows a good agreement in the other literature regarding the Biodiesel Production. Also in this paper we have focused on the crude glycerol formation as a byproduct and its utilization. The experiment has been conducted in a controlled environment where the temperature was around 63-67℃ and it has lasted around 92-95 min per experiment with the help of the catalyst KOH and MeOH in the proportion of 6:10 and 8:10 respectively.
Pongamia Pinnata is the scientific name of Karanja. It is a medium sized tree that is plentily found alloverOdisha. There are a lot of research is going on regarding production of Biodiesel from Karanja oil but the main objective of the paper is the production and implementation of Glycerol from Karanja oil. Alcohol glycerol, a clear, colorless, viscous, sweet-tasting liquid belonging to the family of organic compounds; molecular formula HOCH2CHOHCH2OH. In this experiment we have produced Biodiesel as well as Glycerol as a byproduct but we have focused mainly on the formation of the Glycerol and its application. So in a different view point,if the production of value added glycerol can be increased within the same cost of biodiesel production, overall cost of biodiesel can be reduced to an optimum level. The effective utilization of crude glycerol will contribute to the viability of biodiesel. In this experiment, we have taken non edible Karanja oil for preparation of Glycerol by transesterification of crude oil with methanol in presence of NaOH/KOH as catalyst and yielded of approximately 11% (w/w) glycerol.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Food Grade lubricant is one that is safe to use in facilities producing food and beverages. But what are the regulatory and industry requirements that make a lubricant a Food Grade lubricant? Learn more in Clarion Lubricants Product Manager Benjamin A. Briseño’s webinar, “What is a Food Grade Lubricant?”
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON EFFECTIVE USE OF MAHUA METHYL ESTER AS ALTERNATIVE TO D...AM Publications
There is an increased interest in many countries to search for suitable alternative fuels which are environmental friendly. Vegetable oils and their methyl esters are found to be good alternative renewable fuels for compression ignition engines. The major problem associated with the direct use of vegetable oils is their high viscosity and low volatility. The best possible method to reduce viscosity is transesterification which produces esters of respective oils. This work presents the results of investigations carried out in studying the properties of mahua methyl ester and its blends with diesel fuel from 20% to 100% by volume and running a diesel engine with these fuels. The engine tests have been carried out to determine the performance and emissions and to compute the behavior of diesel engine running with above mentioned fuels. The B-20 blend substantially reduces the emission level with acceptable efficiency. The properties of methyl ester of mahua oil are comparable with conventional diesel. Further, the tests have been carried out at a constant speed of 1500rpm at different brake power at three different injection pressures. The results show that mahua methyl ester blend (B-20) performs well in running a diesel engine at 200bar injection pressure which is higher than rated injection pressure of diesel engine which is 180bar. Based on this study the methyl ester of mahua oil can be used as a suitable additive with diesel in compression ignition engine.
WASTE OIL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR FUTURE –A REVIEWijiert bestjournal
The financial growth of the country is measured by efficient use of natural resources especially fuel. Fossil fuels have played a dominant role in t he rapid industrialization of the world and thereby increased and improved quality of life. How ever,due to the threat of supply crunch ever rising prices and the effect of green house gases c aused by conventional fuels there is an urgent need to explore the possibility of using waste oils (tire process oil) as alternative fuels to reduce the pollution and to increase the energy self-relia nce of the country. The study aims to review the alternative fuels for diesel engine for future. It was found that the properties of the TPO are almost same as that of pure diesel oil.
Polyesters From Chemically Modified Oil of Renewable Sourceiosrjce
Rubber seeds, agricultural wastes without any known nutritional value, were blended to obtain oil.
The oil was employed in the production of polyesters (alkyd resins)usingalcoholysis method. The rubber seed oil
(RSO) and its alkyd resins were characterized and evaluated by standard methods for their physicochemical
properties, drying schedule and chemical endurance. RSO had an iodine value of 99.40, saponification values of
202.36, acid value of 22.16, viscosity of 25.72 free fatty acid of 11.20 and golden yellow colour. Also, the RSO
prepared polyesters have coating properties whose values are comparable to those of commercial polyesters. It
is therefore recommended that the oil obtained from the seeds of natural rubber (agricultural waste) be
exploited in Nigeria for the production of environmentally friendly polyesters in other to optimize its application
in non pigmented surface coating.
AN EXPERIMENTAL COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF DIESEL ENGINE OPERATI...Ijripublishers Ijri
Rapid depletion of Petroleum fuels and their demand lead man to search for alternatives fuels. At present
the world is highly dependent on petroleum fuels and this results in a major drain of our foreign exchange recourses.
Diesel engines are the most efficient power plants available today. Hence they are used for commercial transportation,
agriculture and industrial power plants. The consumption of diesel is several times higher than petrol. Moreover the
exhaust gases of these engines will cause considerable environmental pollution too. Vegetable oils are promising alternatives
to diesel since their properties are very close. They are renewable and can be very easily produced in rural areas.
Comparative Study Of Synthetic Oil And Mineral Oil On The Basis Of Physical C...ijifr
Petroleum oils are insufficient in lubricating our engines since they are
made of refined substance, since some of the chemicals present in
conventional petroleum oil break down at temperatures within the normal
range usually around 325 to 250 degree Fahrenheit. Synthetic Oil
outperforms all brands of petroleum oil in every aspect, but the best benefit
we can derived from continuous use of synthetic oil is the extended life of
your vehicle. Synthetic oil will make your engine last longer that petroleum
oil through its continuous use. Throughout its history, the diesel has been the
subject of a great deal of research and development. This work has focused
on comparative study of physical properties Synthetic Oil and Mineral Oil.
take this privilege to welcome all of you to the continuous 36th edition of International Journal Of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR) - Volume 3, Issue 12, August 2016.
Performance Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Biodiesel Produce...IOSR Journals
The demand for consumption of petroleum products increased with vehicles population.For
addressing the present problem we discussed alternate fuel. Moreover, the alternate fuel must be produced in
such a manner that it can be used directly in present engines without much engine modifications. Edible and
non-edible oils are the main source for alternate fuel. In this paper we have discussed the performance
characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with mahua oil using additive. Due to high viscosity and low volatility
of non-edible oils their prolonged use is not advisable. These problems can be minimised by the
transesterification process which is a reaction of triglyceride and alcohol in presence of a catalyst to produce
mono alkyl ester which is known as biodiesel and glycerol .The biodiesel was blended with additive in various
proportions to prepare a number of test fuels which are tested on a diesel engine to studyvarious parameters
like carbon residue, fire point, flash point, viscosity, pour point, cloud point, cetane index etc. and compare
those with that of diesel . The result shows biodiesel with 10% additive (Dimethyl carbonate) is best suited for
diesel engine.
Production & Evaluation of Biodiesel from Karanja Seeds, A Seed Plentily Avai...IJMER
Energy is playing an important role in the development of economy and society both in developed and developing countries. As concern to the environment & vehicular population lead toward fuel crisis there is a trend begin to look for the alternative energy source which are more secure & less pollute. This paper is about the renewable source of Energy i.e. Biodiesel which is more secure & less pollutant as compared to fossil fuel (Diesel). This paper represent the biodiesel production from the Karanja oil which is plentily available in rural Odisha. We have set up a low cost experimental set up in which we have used the transesterification process to produce the Biodiesel and we have found out that the overall quality of the Biodiesel is optimum and satisfactory. The conversion of Crude Karanja oil to biodiesel in our experiment is around 3570 ml out of 5000 ml, which shows a good agreement in the other literature regarding the Biodiesel Production. Also in this paper we have focused on the crude glycerol formation as a byproduct and its utilization. The experiment has been conducted in a controlled environment where the temperature was around 63-67℃ and it has lasted around 92-95 min per experiment with the help of the catalyst KOH and MeOH in the proportion of 6:10 and 8:10 respectively.
Pongamia Pinnata is the scientific name of Karanja. It is a medium sized tree that is plentily found alloverOdisha. There are a lot of research is going on regarding production of Biodiesel from Karanja oil but the main objective of the paper is the production and implementation of Glycerol from Karanja oil. Alcohol glycerol, a clear, colorless, viscous, sweet-tasting liquid belonging to the family of organic compounds; molecular formula HOCH2CHOHCH2OH. In this experiment we have produced Biodiesel as well as Glycerol as a byproduct but we have focused mainly on the formation of the Glycerol and its application. So in a different view point,if the production of value added glycerol can be increased within the same cost of biodiesel production, overall cost of biodiesel can be reduced to an optimum level. The effective utilization of crude glycerol will contribute to the viability of biodiesel. In this experiment, we have taken non edible Karanja oil for preparation of Glycerol by transesterification of crude oil with methanol in presence of NaOH/KOH as catalyst and yielded of approximately 11% (w/w) glycerol.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Food Grade lubricant is one that is safe to use in facilities producing food and beverages. But what are the regulatory and industry requirements that make a lubricant a Food Grade lubricant? Learn more in Clarion Lubricants Product Manager Benjamin A. Briseño’s webinar, “What is a Food Grade Lubricant?”
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON EFFECTIVE USE OF MAHUA METHYL ESTER AS ALTERNATIVE TO D...AM Publications
There is an increased interest in many countries to search for suitable alternative fuels which are environmental friendly. Vegetable oils and their methyl esters are found to be good alternative renewable fuels for compression ignition engines. The major problem associated with the direct use of vegetable oils is their high viscosity and low volatility. The best possible method to reduce viscosity is transesterification which produces esters of respective oils. This work presents the results of investigations carried out in studying the properties of mahua methyl ester and its blends with diesel fuel from 20% to 100% by volume and running a diesel engine with these fuels. The engine tests have been carried out to determine the performance and emissions and to compute the behavior of diesel engine running with above mentioned fuels. The B-20 blend substantially reduces the emission level with acceptable efficiency. The properties of methyl ester of mahua oil are comparable with conventional diesel. Further, the tests have been carried out at a constant speed of 1500rpm at different brake power at three different injection pressures. The results show that mahua methyl ester blend (B-20) performs well in running a diesel engine at 200bar injection pressure which is higher than rated injection pressure of diesel engine which is 180bar. Based on this study the methyl ester of mahua oil can be used as a suitable additive with diesel in compression ignition engine.
WASTE OIL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR FUTURE –A REVIEWijiert bestjournal
The financial growth of the country is measured by efficient use of natural resources especially fuel. Fossil fuels have played a dominant role in t he rapid industrialization of the world and thereby increased and improved quality of life. How ever,due to the threat of supply crunch ever rising prices and the effect of green house gases c aused by conventional fuels there is an urgent need to explore the possibility of using waste oils (tire process oil) as alternative fuels to reduce the pollution and to increase the energy self-relia nce of the country. The study aims to review the alternative fuels for diesel engine for future. It was found that the properties of the TPO are almost same as that of pure diesel oil.
Polyesters From Chemically Modified Oil of Renewable Sourceiosrjce
Rubber seeds, agricultural wastes without any known nutritional value, were blended to obtain oil.
The oil was employed in the production of polyesters (alkyd resins)usingalcoholysis method. The rubber seed oil
(RSO) and its alkyd resins were characterized and evaluated by standard methods for their physicochemical
properties, drying schedule and chemical endurance. RSO had an iodine value of 99.40, saponification values of
202.36, acid value of 22.16, viscosity of 25.72 free fatty acid of 11.20 and golden yellow colour. Also, the RSO
prepared polyesters have coating properties whose values are comparable to those of commercial polyesters. It
is therefore recommended that the oil obtained from the seeds of natural rubber (agricultural waste) be
exploited in Nigeria for the production of environmentally friendly polyesters in other to optimize its application
in non pigmented surface coating.
AN EXPERIMENTAL COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF DIESEL ENGINE OPERATI...Ijripublishers Ijri
Rapid depletion of Petroleum fuels and their demand lead man to search for alternatives fuels. At present
the world is highly dependent on petroleum fuels and this results in a major drain of our foreign exchange recourses.
Diesel engines are the most efficient power plants available today. Hence they are used for commercial transportation,
agriculture and industrial power plants. The consumption of diesel is several times higher than petrol. Moreover the
exhaust gases of these engines will cause considerable environmental pollution too. Vegetable oils are promising alternatives
to diesel since their properties are very close. They are renewable and can be very easily produced in rural areas.
Comparative Study Of Synthetic Oil And Mineral Oil On The Basis Of Physical C...ijifr
Petroleum oils are insufficient in lubricating our engines since they are
made of refined substance, since some of the chemicals present in
conventional petroleum oil break down at temperatures within the normal
range usually around 325 to 250 degree Fahrenheit. Synthetic Oil
outperforms all brands of petroleum oil in every aspect, but the best benefit
we can derived from continuous use of synthetic oil is the extended life of
your vehicle. Synthetic oil will make your engine last longer that petroleum
oil through its continuous use. Throughout its history, the diesel has been the
subject of a great deal of research and development. This work has focused
on comparative study of physical properties Synthetic Oil and Mineral Oil.
take this privilege to welcome all of you to the continuous 36th edition of International Journal Of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR) - Volume 3, Issue 12, August 2016.
Performance of single cylinder diesel engine using jatropha oil with exhaust ...Mehul Joshie
The
use of straight vegetable oil encounters problem due to its high viscosity, poor volatility and cold flow. The purpose of this
study is to reduce the viscosity of oil by effectively utilization of waste heat from exhaust gases before fed to inlet and
favourable properties compared to diesel can be obtained.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF COTTON SEED OIL FOR MULT...ijiert bestjournal
A lubricant is a substance that reduces friction an d wear by providing a protective film between two moving surfaces. Good lubricants possess the proper ties such as low toxicity,high viscosity index,hi gh load carrying capacity,excellent coefficient of fr iction,good anti-wear capability,low emission int o the environment,high ignition temperature. So tribolog y related problems can be minimized by proper selection of lubricant from wear consideration. Tod ay,the depletion of reserves of crude oil,the gro wing prices of crude oil and concern about protecting th e environment against pollution have developed the interest towards environment-friendly lubricants. B ecause of these the purpose of this work is to eval uate the anti-wear characteristics of cottonseed oil and to check the suitability of cottonseed oil as a lu bricant for multi-cylinder engine. Four ball testing machin e is used for anti-wear testing as per ASTM D 4172. The wear preventive characteristic of cottonseed oi l is obtained by measuring wear scar diameter. The present study shows the potential of cotton seed oi l as an alternating lubricant.
A Comparative Analysis of Compression Ignition Engine Characteristics Using P...Editor IJMTER
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Episode 46 : PRODUCTION OF OLEOCHEMICAL METHYL ESTER FROM RBD PALM KERNEL OIL SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Episode 46 : PRODUCTION OF OLEOCHEMICAL METHYL ESTER FROM
RBD PALM KERNEL OIL
Oleo chemicals
The term ― oleo chemicals refers to any chemical compounds derived from natural oils
almost 95% of natural oils and fats are used in food application
small percentage is applied in non-food purposes such as soap manufacturing
The advantages of using oleo chemicals over petrochemicals are:
Oleo chemicals are derived from renewable resources .
Oleo chemical production requires less energy and causes less pollution .
Oleo chemicals are fully non-toxic .
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
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K43056467
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Suitability of Alternative Lubricants for Automotive Gear
Applications
Amit Suhane1
, R. M. Sarviya2
, A. Rehman2
, H. K. Khaira3
1
Assistant Professor, 2
Professor, 3
Ex. Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department, M.A.N.I.T., Bhopal, M.P. India-462051
ABSTRACT
Rising environmental concerns due to the problems associated with conventional mineral lubricants has renewed
interest in usage of alternative resources. Various attempts have been made to explore the possibilities of
utilizing vegetable oils for range of applications. Properties like excellent viscosity features, higher
biodegradability, lower toxicity, better renewability & natural lubricity etc shows its potential as lubricants
inspite of certain technical problems. Critical issues like lower oxidation stability , poor cold temperature
properties affects the performance of vegetable oils and restricts its application to limited range . Gear oils are
the hidden workhorses of automotive applications. This article highlights the suitability of various vegetable
oils for lubricant formulation as an alternative in automotive gearing applications.
Key words: Lubricant, Mineral Oils, Alternative Resource, Vegetable Oils, Automotive Gear
I. INTRODUCTION
Lubrication is the phenomena of imparting a
safe layer of fluid between the interactive relatively
moving surfaces. The basic functions of a lubricant are
friction and wear reduction, heat removal and
contaminant suspension. Development of lubricants
has become an integral part of the development of
machinery and its corresponding technologies [1].
This in turn has revolutionised the society and its
surroundings. World demand of lubricant is on rise
and is driven primarily by economic growth which is
more for developing nations.
Industrial and automotive lubricant shares
significant percentage of lubricant market ie. around
2.4 billion gallons per year. Mostly conventional
mineral oil based lubricant contains toxic petroleum
stocks and special chemical additives which proves
harmful to environment and difficult to dispose after
use. This affects the human health and the
environment adversely [2-4]. Improper lubricant
usage and unsafe disposal practices renders it’s
significant amount lost to environment which is
estimated to 50%. Adverse toxicological effects of
conventional mineral oils and lubricants on
environment, elevated crude oil cost due to global
shortage has renewed interest in usage of alternative
resources. Biodegradability has become an important
design parameter in lubricant formulation. Literature
reports the usage of alternative forms (Vegetable /
animal fats) prior to birth of human civilization. Their
usage got replaced by petroleum based fluids
equipped with premium properties to cater the need
of rising population, better machineries and
technologies [5-7]. Mineral oils have dominated the
market for lubricant formulations since its discovery.
Two oil crisis of 1979 and 1983 proved the worth of
mineral oil as a limited resource. Undue exploitation
of limited crude reserve and rising concerns for
environment has forced the mankind to deploy other
versions to formulate lubricants. Development and
application of environmental friendly lubricants are
increasing daily as a result of stringent regulations
imposed on mineral oil based formulations. Lubricant
formulations on the basis of alternative sources began
some two decades ago. Vegetable oils are one of the
fewer potential candidates which can be used as
substitute to toxic mineral lubricants. They are
triglycerides of long chain fatty acids with varying
physiochemical structure from monosaturated to
polyunsaturated. They are known to outperform
conventional grades of oils in terms of better to
excellent oiliness, lubricity, viscosity , ignition
temperature properties. Higher Comparative Costs
and the lower functional properties like poor cold
flow character and suppressed oxidation stabilities
restrict the circulation of such environment friendly
lubricants inspite of the major global concern. This is
still in the development phase . Of the innumberable
varieties worldwide fewer vegetable oils have been
explored for lubricant formulation that too are
prominently edible in nature. India being the prime
importer of oils for domestic purpose, the usage of
edible oils for such purpose shall widen the gap for
basic consumption in household purposes [8-10].
Therefore, the only available option is to utilize the
non edible vegetable or plant oils. Also there is
variation in the availability of plant varieties across
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 5), March 2014, pp.64-67
www.ijera.com 65 | P a g e
the country depending upon the climate and
conditions. Hence it is very important to identify the
plant species available locally for catering the local
market needs for particular range of application after
performing series of tribological tests on the new
formulations. Indian climate harbors variety of non
edible oil varieties althroughout the country.
Literature reviews reports that systematic efforts have
been made by several researchers worldwide to use
vegetable oils of Sunflower, Peanut, Soyabean,
Rapeseed, Olive, Cottonseed, Jatropha, Pongamia,
Rubber seed, Jojoba etc as an alternate fuel. Fewer
work has been reported for lubricant formulations
using coconut, palm, canola, castor, olive oils and
there lies much more to be explored on this front.
Table.1 shows statistical data about the prominent
Indian non edible oil varieties requiring full scale
evaluation for lubricant purpose keeping in view the
Indian climatic conditions.
Table.1: Statistics of Indian Non Edible Vegetable
Oil Varieties
S.No. Oil
Variety
Annual Oil
Production(T
MT)
Oil
Content
%
1 Castor 1500 45 – 50
2 Mahua 200 35 – 40
3 Karanja 200 30 - 40
4 Jatropha 75 50 – 60
5 Linseed 600 25 - 35
6 Neem 1000 20 - 30
Castor is one of the prominent nonedible
variety in terms of oil / oilseed production and quality
of oil content followed by other varieties like mahua,
jatropha, karanja, neem etc. These varieties flourishes
in Indian environment from arid to tropical
conditions requiring varying growing conditions and
possess good to better features of natural lubricants .
Also they contribute to the rural economy . Presently
most of them caters as a raw material for variety of
household and industrial applications ranging from
medicinal to paints, soaps etc [11-14].
II. EFFECT OF STRUCTURE ON
PROPERTIES
Vegetable oil comprises of mostly lipids
(98%) which are naturally occurring organic
molecules that dissolves in non polar organic
solvents. Lipids are found in the form of triglycerides
which are glycerol esters of fatty acids. Animal
mostly contributes fats which are made of saturated
compounds whereas vegetable mainly contributes
oils containing certain unsaturated compounds. Fatty
acids are primarily long chain unbranched aliphatic
acids containing ten or more carbon atoms. The
carbon atoms are attached to hydrogen and other
groups with carboxylic acid at the terminal end. They
are termed saturated for all the bonds in chain are
single , unsaturated for one or more bonds and
polyunsaturated for six and more bonds in chain. The
physiochemical properties and performance for
particular vegetable oil depends lot on the degree of
linearity and bent profile of fatty acids. Increase in
chain length renders fatty acids to become less water
soluble and imparts better oily traits. Whereas
percentage of linearity in saturated fatty acid chain
raises its melting point abruptly so that it is almost
solid at room temperature restricting it to be used as
lubricant for wide range of operating conditions.
Fatty acid composition of vegetable oils also shows
variations due to different weather conditions, soil
nature and sunlight quality apart from genetic traits
within . Viscosity is by far the very basic and most
important property of oil for lubrication purpose for
specific application. Chemical structure and bond
orientations have a profound effect on flow
properties. Significant amount of unsaturated
compounds like oleic, linoleic, linolenic fatty acids
imparts varying amount of lubricity to the base
product. Presence of polar groups and esters imparts
better anticorrosion features and affinity to adsorb on
metallic surfaces maintaining the film .Vegetable oils
comprising of saturated fatty acids possess better
oxidative stability to other unsaturated ones.
Vegetable oil based lubricants cannot be used in
every applications on account of insufficient amount
of production and that too whole is not diverted for
such applications. Therefore, they should be used at
places where the properties and performances are
best matched [15-18].
III. AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION
Automotive applications for lubricants can
be engine oils and gear oils .Engine oils run through
the internal parts of the engine generating energy.
Gear oils are the unseen workhorses of the
automotive lubricants and commands the lubrication
of automotive power trains. The power trains transfer
the power from engine to the drive wheels. This
equipment consists of one or more gear box
assemblies that allows a smooth transfer of rotational
energy through various speeds and torque ranges. In
automotive vehicles these gearboxes consists of
transmission and differential. An automotive
lubricant provides protection to various moving parts
like gears, bearings, seals etc. Lubricant in gear box
provides two primary benefits, first is to lubricate the
teeth and second is to remove heat generated from the
gear operation. Selection of appropriate lubricant in a
gear system provides for slip free power transmission
at higher mechanical efficiency, good reliability,
requiring low maintenance and long life. Practically
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www.ijera.com 66 | P a g e
lowest viscous oil should be used to minimize
friction and churning losses and then suitable
viscosity grade can be used depending upon the
operating speed, load and temperature. Gear oils can
be used in open or closed gear applications and
accordingly the requirement for the same shall vary.
A gear box of four stroke two wheeler is a common
example of closed gear type application where oil
operating temperature falls in the range of 40o
c-60o
c.
Castor oil contains higher percentages of
triglycerides of ricinoleic acid (85%) containing
double bond and hydroxyl group in its structure
imparting polarity. As a result it shows greater
affinity to adsorb at metal / interacting surface
resulting in reduced friction and wear. Additionally,
it also have comparatively higher molecular weights
inducing lower volatilities , higher viscosity index
and better low temperature performance. This gives
castor oil preference over other vegetable oils to be
used as a base stock for lubricant formulation. Mahua
oil contains higher percentages of saturated fatty
acids (stearic and palmatic) showing better
antioxidation characteristics and unsaturated types
(Oleic) providing better antifriction features. Karanja
oil also shows presence of major proportion of oleic
and linoleic acids.The viscosity profile for such
discussed nonedible oil varieties lies in the range of
13 cst to 260 cst in specific temperature range of 40
o
c and 100 o
c which are competitive to the available
commercial oils.
Suitable blending of these oils has immense
potential in gear box applications for specific
operating range. Researches have shown that
oxidation defence mechanism or oxidation stability
for oils reduces with increase in operating
temperatures. Oxidation stability is a chemical
reaction that occurs with a combination of the
lubricating oil and oxygen primarily. Oxidation will
lead to an increase in the oil's viscosity and deposits
of varnish and sludge leading to improper oil film
formation between the interacting parts. Generally,
oxidation will reduce the service life of a lubricant by
half, for every 10o
C (18o
F) increase in fluid
temperature above 60o
C (140o
F) as per Arrhenius rate
rule. Blends of above discussed vegetable oils under
the critical temperature range can be effective in
reducing the wear and tear [19-22].
IV. ECONOMIC FEASIBILTY
Cost is one of the factors to be considered
when selecting lubricants. This stands true while
making substitutions as using alternative forms of
lubricants, fluids, and greases in place of mineral oils
and synthetics. Treated and refined vegetable oils like
castor, mahua, karanja etc. available in local market
costs around Rs. 60–120per litre. This cost can be
further reduced if they are produced in bulk. Mineral
based commercial lubricants for automotive gear
applications equipped with additives package
designed for extreme operating condition on an
average costs currently around Rs.240 per litre. Use
of vegetable oils in straight and blended forms may
have lower overall performance, which can be taken
care of by proper and sophisticated treatment applied
in the form of costly chemical or thermal
modification. In general vegetable oil based
lubricants costs around 2-2.5 times more expensive
than the mineral oils in terms of performance and
compatibility with the components [23]. Vegetable
oils are much competitive using full accounting. The
full accounting cost consists of capital cost, operating
costs and environmental costs. Environmental costs
includes disposal, reconditioning, reduction in
emission reduction measures, reduction in cost of
preventive and health safety measures, risk
minimization and lower clean up costs for spillages.
The greater lubricity of vegetable oils results in lower
friction and wear, thus longer component life. Better
adhesion to component causing lesser oil losses.
Around 45-55% of oil is exposed to the environment
directly, total life cycle costs makes the vegetable oil
applications to be strongly economical and feasible
[24]. Implementation of compulsive legal policies
globally shall help in justifying the economic
feasibility of expensive alternatives against the
competitive mineral oil and their derivative
lubricants.
V. CONLUSIONS
Following conclusions can be drawn from
the above :
1. Alternative forms has to be explored at local and
global level to cater the increasing demands of
lubricants in industry and compliment the
depleting mineral oils.
2. Use of nonedible oil varieties for lubricating
tasks does not add up to the import bills of
country.
3. Vegetable oil based lubricants cannot be used in
every applications on account of insufficient
amount of production and exploration.
Moreover, they should be used at places where
the properties and performances are best
matched.
4. Chemical structure of oils and fatty acids have
profound effect on the physical properties and
tribological performances.
5. Prominent Indian nonedible oil varieties like
castor, mahua, karanja etc. has immense
potential in pure and blended form for
lubricating automotive gears due to their good to
better physiochemical properties.
6. Mineral based lubricants perform better in terms
of overall performance and compatibility with
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 3( Version 5), March 2014, pp.64-67
www.ijera.com 67 | P a g e
machinery components on account of strong base
stocks and special additive package.
7. Lower overall performance of vegetable oil
based lubricants can be increased to competitive
levels by application of proper modification
technique for desired application.
8. Full accounting costs plays an important role in
deciding the feasibility of natural oils for specific
applications.
9. Excessive usage of conventional oil grades to
cater the ongrowing demands of technology has
led to their faster depletion and as result the
resource gap has to be filled by appropriate
alternative.
10. Extensive exploration of alternatives and
promoting their bulk production with
implementation of legal policies may determine
promising future for them.
REFERENCES
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[2] Rudnick, L.R., “Lubricant Additives:
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[4] Lathi,P.S., Mattiason,B., “Green Approach
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[19] Farooq M., Ramli A., Gul S., Muhhamd N.,
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[20] Lakes S.C., Automotive gear lubricants,
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[23] Strategic Market Management System,
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Profiles- June 25, 2002
[24] http://www.klinegroup.com/market research
/product catalog/ lubricant stocks.