International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A Systemic Optimization Approach for the Design of Natural Gas Dehydration PlantIJRES Journal
In designing dehydration units for natural gas, several critical parameters exist which can be varied to achieve a specified dew point depression. This paper studies the effects of varying number of trays in the contactor, glycol circulation rate through the contactor, temperature of the reboiler in the regenerator, amount of stripping gas used and operating pressure of the regenerator on the water content of the gas in a glycol dehydration unit. The effect of incorporating free water knock out (FWKO) tank before the absorber is also presented. An offshore platform in the Arctic region was chosen as the base case of this simulation and was modeled by using ASPEN HYSYS. Results show that the incorporation of FWKOT does not affect the TEG circulation rate required to approach equilibrium.
Thermodynamic analysis of vapour compression refrigeration system using alte...IOSR Journals
This document discusses thermodynamic analysis of alternative refrigerants for vapor compression refrigeration systems. It aims to analyze the environmental and energy consumption impacts of various refrigerants. The document defines key terms like ozone depletion potential and global warming potential. It then analyzes several potential refrigerant alternatives to R22 and R134a like propane, isobutane, R410a, R407c, and a mixture called MO9. The thermodynamic properties of these refrigerants are obtained from software and their coefficients of performance are compared. The analysis found that MO9 shows potential as a suitable substitute for R134a in new and retrofit systems due to its performance and lower environmental impact.
Wang W., Makeev A., Povorov S. Experimental investigation on performances of ...Елена Овечкина
The document experimentally investigates the thermal-hydraulic performance of a plate heat exchanger's cold side for lubrication/water-water heat transfer. Tests were conducted with hot lubrication/water at 72°C and varying cold water velocities from 12°C. Results show that the convective heat transfer coefficient increases with the Reynolds number. The Fanning friction factor decreases with increasing Reynolds number. For Peclet numbers below 2500, increasing the Peclet number leads to an increased Nusselt number. The study provides heat transfer characteristics of the plate heat exchanger's cold side for lubrication/water-water.
Methanol Steam Reforming in Pd-Ag Membrane Reactor for High Purity Hydrogen G...sameer_israni
The document summarizes Sameer Israni's research on methanol steam reforming in a palladium-silver membrane reactor. Key points:
1) Experiments and modeling were conducted to understand the effects of various species on hydrogen flux through Pd-Ag membranes during methanol steam reforming. Surface poisoning was found to be the main cause of reduced flux.
2) A packed bed membrane reactor with a single Pd-Ag fiber was tested and modeled. Higher temperatures and pressures led to increased hydrogen utilization and productivity.
3) A 3D model was developed to simulate large-scale multi-fiber membrane reactors and understand the effects of design parameters on productivity.
A preliminary (small) study of samples at 11 producing Marcellus gas wells in Pennsylvania to determine the actual amount of radon present. The study shows that theoretical claims by anti-drillers that Marcellus Shale gas contains high, life-threatening levels of radon are simply not true.
IRJET- A Review on Improvement of Heat Transfer Rate by Passive MethodsIRJET Journal
This document reviews research on improving heat transfer rates through passive methods. It discusses how adding nanoparticles to fluids to create nanofluids can improve heat transfer efficiency in heat exchangers. Several studies are summarized that found adding metal oxide nanoparticles like CuO and Al2O3 to water and ethylene glycol increased heat transfer rates compared to the base fluids alone. Corrugated plate heat exchangers in particular saw higher effectiveness with nanofluid use. However, more research is still needed to determine optimum nanoparticle concentrations for different nanofluids and applications. The aim of this review is to analyze how lower concentrations of Al2O3/water nanofluid could impact performance in plate heat exchangers.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A Systemic Optimization Approach for the Design of Natural Gas Dehydration PlantIJRES Journal
In designing dehydration units for natural gas, several critical parameters exist which can be varied to achieve a specified dew point depression. This paper studies the effects of varying number of trays in the contactor, glycol circulation rate through the contactor, temperature of the reboiler in the regenerator, amount of stripping gas used and operating pressure of the regenerator on the water content of the gas in a glycol dehydration unit. The effect of incorporating free water knock out (FWKO) tank before the absorber is also presented. An offshore platform in the Arctic region was chosen as the base case of this simulation and was modeled by using ASPEN HYSYS. Results show that the incorporation of FWKOT does not affect the TEG circulation rate required to approach equilibrium.
Thermodynamic analysis of vapour compression refrigeration system using alte...IOSR Journals
This document discusses thermodynamic analysis of alternative refrigerants for vapor compression refrigeration systems. It aims to analyze the environmental and energy consumption impacts of various refrigerants. The document defines key terms like ozone depletion potential and global warming potential. It then analyzes several potential refrigerant alternatives to R22 and R134a like propane, isobutane, R410a, R407c, and a mixture called MO9. The thermodynamic properties of these refrigerants are obtained from software and their coefficients of performance are compared. The analysis found that MO9 shows potential as a suitable substitute for R134a in new and retrofit systems due to its performance and lower environmental impact.
Wang W., Makeev A., Povorov S. Experimental investigation on performances of ...Елена Овечкина
The document experimentally investigates the thermal-hydraulic performance of a plate heat exchanger's cold side for lubrication/water-water heat transfer. Tests were conducted with hot lubrication/water at 72°C and varying cold water velocities from 12°C. Results show that the convective heat transfer coefficient increases with the Reynolds number. The Fanning friction factor decreases with increasing Reynolds number. For Peclet numbers below 2500, increasing the Peclet number leads to an increased Nusselt number. The study provides heat transfer characteristics of the plate heat exchanger's cold side for lubrication/water-water.
Methanol Steam Reforming in Pd-Ag Membrane Reactor for High Purity Hydrogen G...sameer_israni
The document summarizes Sameer Israni's research on methanol steam reforming in a palladium-silver membrane reactor. Key points:
1) Experiments and modeling were conducted to understand the effects of various species on hydrogen flux through Pd-Ag membranes during methanol steam reforming. Surface poisoning was found to be the main cause of reduced flux.
2) A packed bed membrane reactor with a single Pd-Ag fiber was tested and modeled. Higher temperatures and pressures led to increased hydrogen utilization and productivity.
3) A 3D model was developed to simulate large-scale multi-fiber membrane reactors and understand the effects of design parameters on productivity.
A preliminary (small) study of samples at 11 producing Marcellus gas wells in Pennsylvania to determine the actual amount of radon present. The study shows that theoretical claims by anti-drillers that Marcellus Shale gas contains high, life-threatening levels of radon are simply not true.
IRJET- A Review on Improvement of Heat Transfer Rate by Passive MethodsIRJET Journal
This document reviews research on improving heat transfer rates through passive methods. It discusses how adding nanoparticles to fluids to create nanofluids can improve heat transfer efficiency in heat exchangers. Several studies are summarized that found adding metal oxide nanoparticles like CuO and Al2O3 to water and ethylene glycol increased heat transfer rates compared to the base fluids alone. Corrugated plate heat exchangers in particular saw higher effectiveness with nanofluid use. However, more research is still needed to determine optimum nanoparticle concentrations for different nanofluids and applications. The aim of this review is to analyze how lower concentrations of Al2O3/water nanofluid could impact performance in plate heat exchangers.
Role of gasification modelling in overall plant designIlkka Hannula
This document discusses gasification modelling and its role in the overall design of biomass-to-liquids (BTL) plants. It provides simplified block diagrams of a BTL plant and shows experimental conversions as a function of reactor temperature. Gasification modelling is important for validation against raw gas measurements, with typical errors of around 5%. The document also presents results from modelling different BTL plant designs, including capital and production costs. Overall, gasification modelling provides valuable insights for optimizing BTL plant design and economics.
Absorber Models for absorption of Carbon dioxide from sour natural gas byMeth...IJERA Editor
Mathematical models of the absorber for the absorption of carbon dioxide (CO2)from sour natural gas in Methyl-diethanol Amine (MDEA)solution were developed. The resulting ordinary differential model equations were solved numerically using theode45 solver of MATLAB 7.5. The accuracy of the models was ascertained using industrial plant data from the carbon dioxide absorber of the Obiafu/Obrikom Gas Treatment plant in Rivers State, Nigeria. The models predicted the CO2 concentration in the sweet gas, gas and solvent (MDEA) temperature progressions along the packed absorber. The results obtained from solutions to the models compared favorably with the plant outputs with a maximum deviation between models predictions and industrial plant outputs of 0.44%. The models were used to simulate the influence of sour gas flow rates and solvent (MDEA) concentration in solution on the performance (absorption rates of CO2) of the absorber.The results show that the absorption rate of CO2 increases with increasing gas flow rate and solvent concentration.
This document proposes and analyzes four new ternary refrigerant mixtures consisting of low GWP synthetic and natural refrigerants. The mixtures were theoretically tested in cooling cycles at evaporating temperatures of 0 and -30°C with a constant 30°C condensing temperature. The mixtures consisted of combinations of R32, R41, R161, R152a, R1234ze(E), R1234yf, R1243zf, and RE170. Thermodynamic and operational parameters were used to determine the optimal mixture composition, which was found to be R1234yf–R152a–RE170 with a weight share of 0.1/0.5/0.4. This mixture has the potential
Experimental Study and CFD Analysis of Thermal Performance Improvement of Car...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study and CFD analysis of using MgO/water nanofluid to improve the thermal performance of a car radiator. Experiments were conducted to test different volume fractions of MgO/water nanofluid and measure its thermal properties and heat transfer rate in the radiator. CFD simulations were also performed to validate the experimental temperature distributions. The results showed that using MgO/water nanofluid as the coolant led to higher heat transfer rates and outlet temperatures in the radiator compared to using just water, with enhancements of up to 70% observed, and the performance increased with higher nanoparticle volume fractions.
IRJET- Design and Development of a Waste Heat Recovery Unit for Household Ref...IRJET Journal
The document describes a study to design and develop a waste heat recovery unit for a household refrigerator system. The researchers designed a new water-cooled condenser to replace the original air-cooled condenser. They integrated the new condenser with a waste heat recovery unit placed behind the refrigerator. Testing found that the water in the recovery unit could reach temperatures of around 50°C after 3 hours, with an average of 40°C. The new system did not significantly affect refrigerator performance while improving the overall efficiency by recovering waste heat.
The document discusses natural gas liquid (NGL) recovery processes. It describes several types of NGL recovery processes including refrigeration processes like mechanical refrigeration, self-refrigeration, and cryogenic refrigeration. It also discusses lean oil absorption, solid bed adsorption, membrane separation, and twister supersonic separation. The document provides details on different types of natural gas reservoirs and discusses various refrigeration techniques in depth. It concludes by mentioning modern NGL recovery processes are based on turbo expanders using reflux configurations.
This document summarizes a study that performed a life assessment of a fighter jet engine annular combustor liner using a combined fluid/structural approach. Computational fluid dynamics analyses were conducted to obtain the thermal loading on the combustor liner from the combustion process. Finite element analyses were then performed to calculate the resulting temperature and stress/strain distributions in the liner. A method was developed to analyze a complete measured flight profile with limited computational effort. The creep and fatigue life for a measured flight were calculated and compared to field experience data. While the exact number of cycles to crack initiation was difficult to predict, the locations and directions of cracking correlated well with field data.
Performance Evaluation of Domestic Refrigerator Using Eco-Friendly Refrigeran...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on using eco-friendly refrigerants in domestic refrigerators. It begins with an abstract that outlines comparing the performance of a refrigerator using R-134a, a mixture of propane R290 and isobutene R600a, and incorporating a condenser fan and acrylic door. The document then reviews literature on experiments evaluating the performance of refrigerators using alternative refrigerants like hydrocarbon mixtures, R152a, R600a, and HC-12a compared to R-134a. Key findings from the literature include improved COP and reduced energy consumption when using alternative refrigerants. The proposed work is to experimentally evaluate the performance of a refrigerator using a mixture of R290 and
The document summarizes an experimental investigation on the performance of an air conditioner using R32 refrigerant. It begins with an abstract describing the refrigerant comparison experiment conducted on a 1.5 ton capacity air conditioning system using R22, R134a, and R32. Performance parameters like coefficient of performance, mass flow rate, and power to the compressor were calculated. The results and simulations showed R32 to be the most efficient refrigerant for retrofitting air conditioning systems due to its lower global warming potential and atmospheric lifetime compared to R22.
This document reviews 10 research papers on alternative refrigerants to replace chlorofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons. The key points summarized are:
1) Various studies tested propane, propane/butane mixtures, and hydrofluorocarbon/hydrocarbon mixtures as potential refrigerants and found they provided performance similar to or better than CFC-12 in terms of coefficient of performance and cooling capacity.
2) Simulation and experimental studies identified propane/butane mixtures with 60% propane as the best drop-in replacement for R-134a, with higher performance under normal and tropical conditions.
3) Retrofitting domestic refrigerators with a hydrocarbon mixture of R-290 and
FTIR analysis provides more accurate gas detection and analysis compared to traditional mudlogging techniques. FTIR can analyze gas composition, including C1-C5 gases, in under a second without the use of columns. This new data from FTIR, such as specific gravity calculations and molecular ratios, provides insights into formation evaluation and reservoir characterization to better identify sweet spots and optimize well placement. Quantitative fluorescence testing also allows for on-site analysis of oil shows and quantity. When combined with geochemistry analyses like isotopes, this real-time data at the wellsite enables improved geosteering to keep the wellbore in the target zone.
The document provides a detailed design report for a redesigned hydrogen production plant. The base case design produces 8,000 kg/hr of pure hydrogen gas using steam methane reforming and pressure swing adsorption. The plant can also flexibly operate at 60% capacity. Total capital investment is $112 million over 2 years. The plant is economically viable with a 9% internal rate of return over 30 years of operation. Gaseous emissions are a concern and various abatement methods are discussed to improve sustainability.
This document summarizes a pilot plant study on capturing CO2 from power plant flue gas using a vacuum swing adsorption (VSA) process with zeolite 13X. Key findings include:
1) A basic 4-step VSA cycle was able to achieve 95.9% CO2 purity and 86.4% recovery from a 15% CO2 flue gas stream.
2) A modified 4-step cycle with light product pressurization and two beds achieved improved performance of 94.8% purity and 89.7% recovery.
3) Energy consumption in the pilot plant was 339-583 kWh/tonne of CO2 captured, higher than theoretical calculations due to non
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Study in Rectangle Type St...IRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates heat transfer in straight and obliquely finned microchannel heat sinks using water and nanofluids as coolants. Rectangle cross-section microchannels are studied at varying flow rates and heat inputs. Results show that a 0.1% concentration of Al2O3/water nanofluid provides the best heat transfer enhancement of 24.15% in the obliquely finned microchannel compared to water and SiO2/nanofluid. Overall, the obliquely finned microchannel provides 21.45% better heat transfer than the straight microchannel design. The study examines heat transfer and flow characteristics in microchannels to improve thermal management in electronics.
1. Thermal analysis was conducted on the Kahir RCC dam in Iran to analyze temperature distributions and cracking risks over 6000 days.
2. Finite element modeling in ANSYS simulated heat generation during hydration and temperature changes over time for the dam's two-part construction schedule.
3. Results found maximum temperature changes up to 21.7°C without resulting cracking risks, due to the dam's low restraint from its foundation properties. Movement joints were still advised for differential settlement prevention.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the performance of a CO2 refrigeration system enhanced with a dew point cooler (DPC). Key findings include:
1) Experiments were conducted on a 20 kW CO2 refrigeration system to characterize its performance with and without a DPC under ambient temperatures above 40°C. The DPC avoided transcritical operation and increased COP by up to 140% compared to the conventional system.
2) A mathematical model was developed and validated experimentally. The model identified the optimum condenser inlet air temperature for each condenser temperature to maximize COP across a range of conditions.
3) An annual case study for Adelaide, Australia found the DPC-enhanced CO2 system could
IRJET- Life Cycle Testing of Hermetic Compressor using Hydro-Carbon RefrigerantIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that tested hermetic compressors using hydrocarbon refrigerants over a life cycle of 200 hours. The study selected R290 and R600a as alternative refrigerants to replace R134a and analyzed their properties. It constructed two conditioned rooms, one for maintaining a stable ambient temperature and the other for testing a window AC charged with refrigerant blends. The compressor was tested by running it for 200 hours and checking its parts. The results of compressor performance were then plotted. The methodology demonstrated how to select refrigerants, construct test rooms, install and charge an AC, test cooling parameters, and conclude on refrigerant mixtures.
1) The document summarizes the status of efforts to decommission Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station units 1-4 as of March 6, 2013. It describes the plant parameters, radiation levels, accumulated water processing and storage, installation of water shielding walls to prevent groundwater contamination, and plans for spent fuel removal.
2) Radiation doses at the site boundary were below legal limits, with a maximum of 6.8 microsieverts per hour. Water temperatures in spent fuel pools were maintained between 10-21 degrees Celsius.
3) Plans are outlined to improve reliability of cooling systems, install multi-nuclide removal facilities, and remove spent fuel from Unit 4 by late 2014 and Unit 3 within 2014
This document discusses a study that evaluated the effectiveness of using refrigerant leak detectors to screen used oil for total halogens, as some used oil recyclers do for cost reasons instead of using EPA-approved methods. The study tested several models of leak detectors on formulated samples and commercial products containing various halogenated and non-halogenated compounds that may be present in used oil. The study found that the leak detectors were unable to reliably detect some halogenated species in used oils and produced false negatives and positives. The document concludes that leak detectors are not a suitable screening tool and that recyclers should use EPA or ASTM-approved methods instead.
Absorption of CO2 gas from CO
2/Air mixture into aqueous sodium hydroxide solution has been
achieved using packed column in pilot scale at constant temperature (T) of 25±1℃.The aim of the present work
was to improve the Absorption rate of this process, to find the optimal operation conditions, and to contribute to
the using of this process in the chemical industry. Absorption rate (RA) was measured by using different
operating parameters: gas mixture flow rate (G) of 360 -540 m3/h, carbon dioxide inlet concentration (CCO
2) of
0.1-0.5 vol. %, NaOH solution concentration (CNaOH) of 1-2 M, and liquid holdup in the column (VL) of 0.022-0.028 m3 according to experimental design. The measured RA was in the range of RA = 3.235 – 22.340 k-mol/h.
Computer program (Statgraphics/Experimental Design) was used to estimate the fitted linear model of RA in
terms of (G, CCO2, CNaOH, and VL), and the economic aspects of the process. R -squared of RA model was
91.7659 percent, while the standard error of the estimate shows the standard deviation of the residuals to be
1.7619. The linear model of RA was adequate, the operating parameters were significant except the liquid holdup
was not significant, and the interactions were negligible.
Role of gasification modelling in overall plant designIlkka Hannula
This document discusses gasification modelling and its role in the overall design of biomass-to-liquids (BTL) plants. It provides simplified block diagrams of a BTL plant and shows experimental conversions as a function of reactor temperature. Gasification modelling is important for validation against raw gas measurements, with typical errors of around 5%. The document also presents results from modelling different BTL plant designs, including capital and production costs. Overall, gasification modelling provides valuable insights for optimizing BTL plant design and economics.
Absorber Models for absorption of Carbon dioxide from sour natural gas byMeth...IJERA Editor
Mathematical models of the absorber for the absorption of carbon dioxide (CO2)from sour natural gas in Methyl-diethanol Amine (MDEA)solution were developed. The resulting ordinary differential model equations were solved numerically using theode45 solver of MATLAB 7.5. The accuracy of the models was ascertained using industrial plant data from the carbon dioxide absorber of the Obiafu/Obrikom Gas Treatment plant in Rivers State, Nigeria. The models predicted the CO2 concentration in the sweet gas, gas and solvent (MDEA) temperature progressions along the packed absorber. The results obtained from solutions to the models compared favorably with the plant outputs with a maximum deviation between models predictions and industrial plant outputs of 0.44%. The models were used to simulate the influence of sour gas flow rates and solvent (MDEA) concentration in solution on the performance (absorption rates of CO2) of the absorber.The results show that the absorption rate of CO2 increases with increasing gas flow rate and solvent concentration.
This document proposes and analyzes four new ternary refrigerant mixtures consisting of low GWP synthetic and natural refrigerants. The mixtures were theoretically tested in cooling cycles at evaporating temperatures of 0 and -30°C with a constant 30°C condensing temperature. The mixtures consisted of combinations of R32, R41, R161, R152a, R1234ze(E), R1234yf, R1243zf, and RE170. Thermodynamic and operational parameters were used to determine the optimal mixture composition, which was found to be R1234yf–R152a–RE170 with a weight share of 0.1/0.5/0.4. This mixture has the potential
Experimental Study and CFD Analysis of Thermal Performance Improvement of Car...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study and CFD analysis of using MgO/water nanofluid to improve the thermal performance of a car radiator. Experiments were conducted to test different volume fractions of MgO/water nanofluid and measure its thermal properties and heat transfer rate in the radiator. CFD simulations were also performed to validate the experimental temperature distributions. The results showed that using MgO/water nanofluid as the coolant led to higher heat transfer rates and outlet temperatures in the radiator compared to using just water, with enhancements of up to 70% observed, and the performance increased with higher nanoparticle volume fractions.
IRJET- Design and Development of a Waste Heat Recovery Unit for Household Ref...IRJET Journal
The document describes a study to design and develop a waste heat recovery unit for a household refrigerator system. The researchers designed a new water-cooled condenser to replace the original air-cooled condenser. They integrated the new condenser with a waste heat recovery unit placed behind the refrigerator. Testing found that the water in the recovery unit could reach temperatures of around 50°C after 3 hours, with an average of 40°C. The new system did not significantly affect refrigerator performance while improving the overall efficiency by recovering waste heat.
The document discusses natural gas liquid (NGL) recovery processes. It describes several types of NGL recovery processes including refrigeration processes like mechanical refrigeration, self-refrigeration, and cryogenic refrigeration. It also discusses lean oil absorption, solid bed adsorption, membrane separation, and twister supersonic separation. The document provides details on different types of natural gas reservoirs and discusses various refrigeration techniques in depth. It concludes by mentioning modern NGL recovery processes are based on turbo expanders using reflux configurations.
This document summarizes a study that performed a life assessment of a fighter jet engine annular combustor liner using a combined fluid/structural approach. Computational fluid dynamics analyses were conducted to obtain the thermal loading on the combustor liner from the combustion process. Finite element analyses were then performed to calculate the resulting temperature and stress/strain distributions in the liner. A method was developed to analyze a complete measured flight profile with limited computational effort. The creep and fatigue life for a measured flight were calculated and compared to field experience data. While the exact number of cycles to crack initiation was difficult to predict, the locations and directions of cracking correlated well with field data.
Performance Evaluation of Domestic Refrigerator Using Eco-Friendly Refrigeran...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on using eco-friendly refrigerants in domestic refrigerators. It begins with an abstract that outlines comparing the performance of a refrigerator using R-134a, a mixture of propane R290 and isobutene R600a, and incorporating a condenser fan and acrylic door. The document then reviews literature on experiments evaluating the performance of refrigerators using alternative refrigerants like hydrocarbon mixtures, R152a, R600a, and HC-12a compared to R-134a. Key findings from the literature include improved COP and reduced energy consumption when using alternative refrigerants. The proposed work is to experimentally evaluate the performance of a refrigerator using a mixture of R290 and
The document summarizes an experimental investigation on the performance of an air conditioner using R32 refrigerant. It begins with an abstract describing the refrigerant comparison experiment conducted on a 1.5 ton capacity air conditioning system using R22, R134a, and R32. Performance parameters like coefficient of performance, mass flow rate, and power to the compressor were calculated. The results and simulations showed R32 to be the most efficient refrigerant for retrofitting air conditioning systems due to its lower global warming potential and atmospheric lifetime compared to R22.
This document reviews 10 research papers on alternative refrigerants to replace chlorofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons. The key points summarized are:
1) Various studies tested propane, propane/butane mixtures, and hydrofluorocarbon/hydrocarbon mixtures as potential refrigerants and found they provided performance similar to or better than CFC-12 in terms of coefficient of performance and cooling capacity.
2) Simulation and experimental studies identified propane/butane mixtures with 60% propane as the best drop-in replacement for R-134a, with higher performance under normal and tropical conditions.
3) Retrofitting domestic refrigerators with a hydrocarbon mixture of R-290 and
FTIR analysis provides more accurate gas detection and analysis compared to traditional mudlogging techniques. FTIR can analyze gas composition, including C1-C5 gases, in under a second without the use of columns. This new data from FTIR, such as specific gravity calculations and molecular ratios, provides insights into formation evaluation and reservoir characterization to better identify sweet spots and optimize well placement. Quantitative fluorescence testing also allows for on-site analysis of oil shows and quantity. When combined with geochemistry analyses like isotopes, this real-time data at the wellsite enables improved geosteering to keep the wellbore in the target zone.
The document provides a detailed design report for a redesigned hydrogen production plant. The base case design produces 8,000 kg/hr of pure hydrogen gas using steam methane reforming and pressure swing adsorption. The plant can also flexibly operate at 60% capacity. Total capital investment is $112 million over 2 years. The plant is economically viable with a 9% internal rate of return over 30 years of operation. Gaseous emissions are a concern and various abatement methods are discussed to improve sustainability.
This document summarizes a pilot plant study on capturing CO2 from power plant flue gas using a vacuum swing adsorption (VSA) process with zeolite 13X. Key findings include:
1) A basic 4-step VSA cycle was able to achieve 95.9% CO2 purity and 86.4% recovery from a 15% CO2 flue gas stream.
2) A modified 4-step cycle with light product pressurization and two beds achieved improved performance of 94.8% purity and 89.7% recovery.
3) Energy consumption in the pilot plant was 339-583 kWh/tonne of CO2 captured, higher than theoretical calculations due to non
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Study in Rectangle Type St...IRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates heat transfer in straight and obliquely finned microchannel heat sinks using water and nanofluids as coolants. Rectangle cross-section microchannels are studied at varying flow rates and heat inputs. Results show that a 0.1% concentration of Al2O3/water nanofluid provides the best heat transfer enhancement of 24.15% in the obliquely finned microchannel compared to water and SiO2/nanofluid. Overall, the obliquely finned microchannel provides 21.45% better heat transfer than the straight microchannel design. The study examines heat transfer and flow characteristics in microchannels to improve thermal management in electronics.
1. Thermal analysis was conducted on the Kahir RCC dam in Iran to analyze temperature distributions and cracking risks over 6000 days.
2. Finite element modeling in ANSYS simulated heat generation during hydration and temperature changes over time for the dam's two-part construction schedule.
3. Results found maximum temperature changes up to 21.7°C without resulting cracking risks, due to the dam's low restraint from its foundation properties. Movement joints were still advised for differential settlement prevention.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the performance of a CO2 refrigeration system enhanced with a dew point cooler (DPC). Key findings include:
1) Experiments were conducted on a 20 kW CO2 refrigeration system to characterize its performance with and without a DPC under ambient temperatures above 40°C. The DPC avoided transcritical operation and increased COP by up to 140% compared to the conventional system.
2) A mathematical model was developed and validated experimentally. The model identified the optimum condenser inlet air temperature for each condenser temperature to maximize COP across a range of conditions.
3) An annual case study for Adelaide, Australia found the DPC-enhanced CO2 system could
IRJET- Life Cycle Testing of Hermetic Compressor using Hydro-Carbon RefrigerantIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that tested hermetic compressors using hydrocarbon refrigerants over a life cycle of 200 hours. The study selected R290 and R600a as alternative refrigerants to replace R134a and analyzed their properties. It constructed two conditioned rooms, one for maintaining a stable ambient temperature and the other for testing a window AC charged with refrigerant blends. The compressor was tested by running it for 200 hours and checking its parts. The results of compressor performance were then plotted. The methodology demonstrated how to select refrigerants, construct test rooms, install and charge an AC, test cooling parameters, and conclude on refrigerant mixtures.
1) The document summarizes the status of efforts to decommission Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station units 1-4 as of March 6, 2013. It describes the plant parameters, radiation levels, accumulated water processing and storage, installation of water shielding walls to prevent groundwater contamination, and plans for spent fuel removal.
2) Radiation doses at the site boundary were below legal limits, with a maximum of 6.8 microsieverts per hour. Water temperatures in spent fuel pools were maintained between 10-21 degrees Celsius.
3) Plans are outlined to improve reliability of cooling systems, install multi-nuclide removal facilities, and remove spent fuel from Unit 4 by late 2014 and Unit 3 within 2014
This document discusses a study that evaluated the effectiveness of using refrigerant leak detectors to screen used oil for total halogens, as some used oil recyclers do for cost reasons instead of using EPA-approved methods. The study tested several models of leak detectors on formulated samples and commercial products containing various halogenated and non-halogenated compounds that may be present in used oil. The study found that the leak detectors were unable to reliably detect some halogenated species in used oils and produced false negatives and positives. The document concludes that leak detectors are not a suitable screening tool and that recyclers should use EPA or ASTM-approved methods instead.
Absorption of CO2 gas from CO
2/Air mixture into aqueous sodium hydroxide solution has been
achieved using packed column in pilot scale at constant temperature (T) of 25±1℃.The aim of the present work
was to improve the Absorption rate of this process, to find the optimal operation conditions, and to contribute to
the using of this process in the chemical industry. Absorption rate (RA) was measured by using different
operating parameters: gas mixture flow rate (G) of 360 -540 m3/h, carbon dioxide inlet concentration (CCO
2) of
0.1-0.5 vol. %, NaOH solution concentration (CNaOH) of 1-2 M, and liquid holdup in the column (VL) of 0.022-0.028 m3 according to experimental design. The measured RA was in the range of RA = 3.235 – 22.340 k-mol/h.
Computer program (Statgraphics/Experimental Design) was used to estimate the fitted linear model of RA in
terms of (G, CCO2, CNaOH, and VL), and the economic aspects of the process. R -squared of RA model was
91.7659 percent, while the standard error of the estimate shows the standard deviation of the residuals to be
1.7619. The linear model of RA was adequate, the operating parameters were significant except the liquid holdup
was not significant, and the interactions were negligible.
The document discusses enhancing the mechanical properties of lateritic bricks for improved performance. Three types of bricks were produced: improved stabilized lateritic bricks (ISLB), control stabilized lateritic bricks (CSLB), and adobe unstabilized lateritic bricks (AULB). ISLB were immersed in different concentrations of a zycosil water solution. Testing showed ISLB had better capillary rise, erosion resistance, abrasion resistance, density, and compressive strength compared to CSLB and AULB. Higher zycosil concentrations in ISLB resulted in enhanced mechanical properties. It was concluded coating lateritic bricks with zycosil improves their performance.
Prediction of Weld Quality of A Tungsten Inertr Gas Welded Mild Steel Pipe Jo...IJERA Editor
The weld quality of tungsten inert gas (TIG) welded joint has been investigated to identify the most economical weld parameters that will bring about optimum properties. Response surface methodology has been used in the optimization of the tungsten inert gas weld of mild steel pipes. Response surface methodology, based on the central composite face centered design was generated for the purpose of optimization of the weld quality.All the process parameters have desirability of 1. Tensile strength response for this solution have a desirability of 0.910595 and the yield strength of 0.59. Result showed that minimizing current and voltage an average tensile strength of 535.452MPa and yield strength of up to 408.74MPa can be achieved, while keeping gas flow rate and electrode diameter within the range of test. It was also deduced that tensile elongation of the TIG weld is not influenced by the process parameters selected for the purpose of this study.
Hepatoprotective Activity of Cinnamon Zeylanicum Leaves against Alcohol Induc...IJERA Editor
Plants play an important role in the life of human, as the major source of food, as well as for the maintenance and improvement of health and for the elimination of the enemies since ages. Plants are the basic source of knowledge of modern medicine. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum are evaluated in alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Silymarin (100mg/kg) was given as reference standard. The aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum have shown very significant hepatoprotection against alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats in reducing SGOT, SGPT, Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and GGT and levels of total bilirubin and total protein were investigated and showed an increase in alcohol induced rats when compared to control. The extracts of the test plant exhibited significant (p < 0.05) hepatoprotective activity against the alcohol induced liver models by improving liver function which was indicated by reduction in the levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin and total protein.
Design of Automated Rotory Cage Type Fixture for Cylinder BlockIJERA Editor
Project gives feasible solution to move and rotate the component with full proofing fixturing for special purpose operations like drilling, Tapping, deburring, washing, drying involve in manufacturing and assembly unit of industry. Rotary cage type fixture is made for handling the cylinder head inside the cleaning machine use for making fully ready component before assembly operation .System is useful to save time manpower and deliver perfect cleaned and dry component .system involved all the mechanical components along with the sensors used to restrict the rotating operations, stop and go operations etc.
A Review: Compensation of Mismatches in Time Interleaved Analog to Digital Co...IJERA Editor
The execution of today's correspondence frameworks is exceedingly subject to the utilized Analog-to-Digital converters (ADCs), and with a specific end goal to give more flexibility and exactness to the developing correspondence innovations, superior-ADCs are needed. In this respect, the time-interleaved operation of an exhibit of ADCs (TI-ADC) might be a sensible result. A TI-ADC can build its throughput by utilizing M channel ADCs or sub converters in parallel and examining the data motion in a period-interleaved way. In any case, the execution of a TI-ADC gravely suffers from the bungles around the channel ADCs. In this paper we survey the advancement in the configuration of low-intricacy advanced remedy structures and calculations for time-interleaved ADCs in the course of the most recent five years. We devise a discrete-time model, state the outline issue, and finally infer the calculations and structures. Specifically, we examine proficient calculations to outline time-differing remedy filters and additionally iterative structures using polynomial based filters. Thusly, the remuneration structure may be utilized to repay time-differing recurrence reaction befuddles in time-interleaved ADCs, and in addition to remake uniform examples from nonuniformly tested indicators. We examine the recompense structure, research its execution, and exhibit requisition zones of the structure through various illustrations. At long last, we give a standpoint to future examination questions.
Implementation for Controller to Unified Single Phase Power Flow Using Digita...IJERA Editor
Presenting in his paper, Digital signal processor (DSP)-based implementation of a single phase unified power flow controller (UPFC). For shunt side and series side An efficient UPFC control algorithm is achieved. Discussing the laboratory experimental results using DC source are taken as an UPFC linked by two ll-bridge PWM voltage source converters.
Comparative Analysis of Lossless Image Compression Based On Row By Row Classi...IJERA Editor
This document proposes and evaluates a near lossless image compression algorithm that divides color images into red, green, and blue channels. It classifies pixels in each channel row-by-row and records the results in mask images. The image data is then decomposed into sequences based on the classification and the mask images are hidden in the least significant bits of the sequences. Different encoding schemes like LZW, Huffman, and RLE are applied and compared. Experimental results on test images show the proposed algorithm achieves smaller bits per pixel than simple encoding schemes. PSNR values also indicate very little difference between original and reconstructed images.
Geological-Structural Setting of Massif and the Levels of Quartz - Sulphide M...IJERA Editor
Kaptina gabbro massif is placed in the northern half of the eastern Mirdita ophiolitic belt and is spreaded in a relatively large area. Petrology of Kaptina gabbro massif is very complicated as in view of the diversity of rocks that are spreaded within it as well in view of structurally construction. In this region are exposed all components of the Mirdita ophiolitic Complex, as well as oceanic sedimentary cover, the Cretaceous one and the newer mollasic formations of Pliocene-Quaternary. Kaptina gabbro massif has an irregular shape, however is seen a certain extension in the meridional - submeridional direction. This massif is plunged in the South and the West under volcanogenic formations to come back in the small output in the lower Bisaku and to join more south with the Bulshari gabbro massif. The outputs of massif are expanded towards the north - northeast. In construction of gabbro massif take part a range of rocky types that stay in various reports regarding surface spreading. Greater spreading in all the massif have gabbronorite, in close connection with them stay norite and gabbro.
Future Internet: Challenge And Research TrendIJERA Editor
1) The document discusses the challenges of the current Internet and outlines the concept of Future Internet research, which aims to address these challenges through new network architectures, technologies, and services.
2) It describes major Future Internet research programs and testbeds in countries like the US, Europe, Japan, China, and South Korea. These programs focus on areas like virtualization, resource sharing, mobility, and federation of experimental facilities.
3) The trends of Future Internet research include a focus on networking ubiquitous devices and interconnecting people, things, and content through both evolutionary and revolutionary approaches.
Optimization of EDM Process of (Cu-W) EDM Electrodes on Different ProgressionIJERA Editor
This document summarizes previous research on optimizing EDM (electrical discharge machining) processes using different compositions of Cu-W electrodes. It discusses factors like material removal rate, tool wear rate, surface roughness, and how they are affected by machining parameters like discharge current, voltage, pulse-on time, duty cycle and flushing pressure. The document reviews several past studies that investigated these relationships and optimized the EDM process for different materials. It provides figures from some of these past studies to illustrate their findings.
El documento describe la vida y obra del compositor Ludwig van Beethoven. Explica que Beethoven compuso su famosa Sonata Claro de Luna en un momento de profunda depresión y soledad, inspirado por las palabras de una joven ciega que deseaba ver la luna. La sonata captura la belleza de una noche de luna y fue una de las obras que renovó el deseo de Beethoven de seguir viviendo a pesar de su sordera y aislamiento.
El documento describe varias imágenes y lugares alrededor del lago Titicaca, que se encuentra entre Bolivia y Perú. Incluye fotos de la frontera entre los dos países, el cartel de bienvenida a Bolivia, la ciudad boliviana de Copacabana y su santuario junto al lago, y una monja bendiciendo un automóvil nuevo con agua.
El documento resume las principales pérdidas estimadas directas e indirectas causadas por tres enfermedades en el ganado: brucelosis bovina, fiebre aftosa y parasitosis gastrointestinal. Entre las pérdidas directas e indirectas de la brucelosis bovina se encuentran abortos, disminución de la producción de leche, costos terapéuticos y status sanitario complicado. La fiebre aftosa causa pérdidas directas por enfermedad, mortandad y costos de erradicación, e indirectas por limitaciones comercial
Los hombres disfrutan de una variedad de pasatiempos como el deporte, la lectura, la música y los juegos de mesa. Algunos pasatiempos populares incluyen jugar al fútbol o al baloncesto, leer libros o periódicos, tocar un instrumento musical, jugar al ajedrez o a las cartas con amigos. Estos pasatiempos ofrecen diversión, entretenimiento y una forma de relajarse después del trabajo o los quehaceres diarios.
"Recheos, urbanismo salvaxe, depuración desastrosamente deficiente, portos deportivos privatizadores, porto caótico e depredador, alteración de correntes e destrución de praias...".
"O porto de Vigo non pode seguir medrando indefinidamente, arruinando a nosa maior fonte de recursos, para convertela nun almacén de vehículos e nun polígono industrial", láianse ao respecto do enfrontamento co peirao vigués, "os balances económicos do Porto sempre dan positivo, porque só contan os cartos gañados, mais nunca cuantifican canto vale o que destrúen".
O documento discute uma proposta de negócios para distribuir produtos regionais transmontanos como azeite, vinho e queijos para a Alemanha, Itália e Romênia. A empresa teria vantagens como baixo custo de produção e mercado em expansão, mas desvantagens como irregularidade de preços e pouca conhecimento dos produtos nos mercados externos.
IRJET- Application of Nanofluids to Improve Performance of a Flat Plate Solar...IRJET Journal
This document reviews research on using nanofluids to improve the performance of flat plate solar collectors. Nanofluids are fluids containing nano-sized particles that can enhance heat transfer properties. Several studies have found that nanofluids can increase heat transfer coefficients and collector efficiencies compared to using plain water. Specifically, alumina, copper oxide, and carbon nanotubes dispersed in water have shown efficiency improvements of up to 29% relative to water alone. Higher nanofluid concentrations and lower flow rates tend to increase efficiency, up to an optimal point. Overall, the literature demonstrates that nanofluids have promising potential to enhance flat plate solar collector performance.
Improving Performance in Engine Cooling System using Nano fluidsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on improving engine cooling system performance using nanofluids. It discusses how nanofluids offer higher thermal conductivity compared to conventional coolants like water and ethylene glycol mixtures. Several studies are summarized that experimentally investigate heat transfer enhancement when adding nanoparticles like Al2O3, CuO, and ZnO to base fluids and flowing them through an automobile radiator. In general, these studies found that nanofluids can increase the radiator's heat transfer rate by up to 45% compared to pure water, with greater enhancement at higher nanoparticle concentrations and fluid flow rates. Nanofluids thus show potential to improve engine cooling system efficiency.
Abstract: Passive liquid water recovery from fuel cell effluent can be achieved by designing effective desiccant. Recovered water from desiccant is used for humidification of proton exchange membrane (PEM) to maintain at hydrated state. Proper membrane humidity is crucial to ensure optimal operation of a PEM to generate electricity. In this study a desiccant called water separator is designed, it works without consuming any external energy. The main aim of designing a component is to recover liquid water from hundred percent humidified air (vapour) which is coming out from cathode compartment of fuel stack and it is further used for humidifying the oxidant before entering the stack inlet. The self-sufficient water in vapour is investigated theoretically and experimentally. When the water separator temperature reached the critical point especially in large power applications or long time operation, recovered water was not sufficient for air humidification. On the contrary, it is sufficient while the temperature of water separator was below critical line. The temperature of separator is controlled by providing adequate heat transfer. The recovered amount of water by condensing the outlet gas or vapour to a proper temperature, easily satisfy required amount for humidification of oxidant at inlet of stack.
Abstract: Passive liquid water recovery from fuel cell effluent can be achieved by designing effective desiccant. Recovered water from desiccant is used for humidification of proton exchange membrane (PEM) to maintain at hydrated state. Proper membrane humidity is crucial to ensure optimal operation of a PEM to generate electricity. In this study a desiccant called water separator is designed, it works without consuming any external energy. The main aim of designing a component is to recover liquid water from hundred percent humidified air (vapour) which is coming out from cathode compartment of fuel stack and it is further used for humidifying the oxidant before entering the stack inlet. The self-sufficient water in vapour is investigated theoretically and experimentally. When the water separator temperature reached the critical point especially in large power applications or long time operation, recovered water was not sufficient for air humidification. On the contrary, it is sufficient while the temperature of water separator was below critical line. The temperature of separator is controlled by providing adequate heat transfer. The recovered amount of water by condensing the outlet gas or vapour to a proper temperature, easily satisfy required amount for humidification of oxidant at inlet of stack.
Keywords:cell stack, Proton exchange membrane, Humidification, Vapour, Liquid water recovery.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Pipe in Pipe Tube Heat Exchanger using S...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental investigation of a pipe-in-pipe tube heat exchanger using silica (SiO2) nanofluid. The heat exchanger consists of an outer steel pipe and inner aluminum pipe. SiO2 nanofluid with 2% volume concentration and 100nm nanoparticle size is used and compared to water as the base fluid. Test results show that the nanofluid improves heat transfer characteristics and heat transfer coefficient compared to water. Specifically, the effectiveness of the heat exchanger increased by 23.1% when using nanofluid versus water. Varying the mass flow rate was also found to impact the heat transfer rate and effectiveness.
This document discusses various processes for separating and enriching the tritium isotope. It begins by introducing tritium isotope separation and some key concepts. It then describes several processes that have been used to enrich tritium for analytical purposes, including water electrolysis, water distillation, thermal diffusion, and permeation through membranes. The document also discusses processes that have been used to recover and enrich tritium from nuclear power plants, such as water distillation, thermal diffusion, adsorption, and chromatography. It emphasizes that effective tritium separation and control is important for both the nuclear power and potential fusion power industries.
This document presents a theoretical analysis of a vapor compression refrigeration system using refrigerants R-22, R407C, and R410A. Equations are developed based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics to model the system and analyze parameters such as coefficient of performance (COP), exergetic efficiency, and exergy destruction ratio (EDR). Results show R410A has the highest relative capacity change with increased subcooling degree and COP increase with higher evaporator temperatures. Exergetic efficiency is maximized and EDR minimized at evaporator temperatures of -30 to -35°C. R410A performance is better than R407C based on the thermodynamic analysis.
Low temperature nitrification_ningan_20MLDAmit Christian
Low Temperature Biological nitrification of Municipal Wastewater Using Highly porous Activated carbon impregnated Levapor Carriers. A Single step process which allows for lower Total Nitrogen Removal due to Simultaneous Nitrification and Denitrification (SNDN) at very low Winter temperature
IRJET- Thermal Analysis of Corrugated Plate Heat Exchanger by using Ansys...IRJET Journal
This document discusses thermal analysis of a corrugated plate heat exchanger using ANSYS software through finite element analysis. It summarizes previous research on using nanofluids like Al2O3 in water to improve heat transfer in these types of heat exchangers. The document then outlines the methodology that will be used, which involves studying the corrugated plate heat exchanger with counterflow configuration and varying parameters like volume flow rate and corrugation angle to determine the optimal heat transfer results.
This document analyzes the performance of different ocean thermal energy conversion cycles, including single-stage Rankine, double-stage Rankine, and Kalina cycles. It finds that double-stage Rankine and Kalina cycles, which use multiple heat exchangers or working fluid mixtures, can improve power output over a single-stage Rankine cycle by reducing irreversible losses during heat exchange. The analysis applies a simple method to evaluate temperature differences between working fluids and seawater in order to compare the system characteristics and effectiveness of reducing these losses across cycle types.
The Economic Comparison Between Dry Natural Gas And Nitrogen Gas For Strippin...inventionjournals
Natural gas isa substantial energy source among other sources of fossil fuels. It is usually produced saturated with water vapor under production conditions. The natural gas dehydration is very paramount in the gas industry to stripthe water vapor existing in the gas production, at low-temperature conditions that may plug the system because of hydrate formation in pipelines. Totake off water vapor from natural gas flow usestriethylene glycol (TEG) in the gas dehydration process. In the glycol method, the wet gas is contactwith leanglycolinan absorber to dehydrate naturalgas and the rich glycol will be recovered and used again. This paper deals with stripping gas in the regenerator of glycol dehydration package with part of dry natural gas instead of nitrogen for stripping water vapor from triethylene glycol and studying the economic comparison between both of them by using modeling and simulation with HYSYS program. The two methods were investigated and evaluated to choose the optimal one with respect to the capital and utility costs, provided that keeping the same specifications and quantity of the glycol purity.In addition, the wet gas from the stripping process can be used to operate texsteam pumps and compressors or recycle with wet gas feed. The model has been built according to the actual process flow diagram. Finally, the results of this model could be considered as a basis on which a new heat and material balance will be developed for the plant.
The document summarizes a study comparing two methods for treating sour water: natural gas stripping and air stripping. Natural gas stripping was found to have a lower estimated annual operating cost of $1,130,010.41 compared to $1,199,876.69 for air stripping, making it the optimum method according to the simulations and analysis. Sensitivity studies showed that increasing the stripping gas flow rate and sour water temperature results in lower ammonia concentrations in the cleaned water for both methods.
Water Gas Shift Reaction Characteristics Using Syngas from Waste Gasification inventionjournals
The characteristics of a high temperature water gas shift reaction over a commercial Fe-based catalyst using syngas from waste gasification were investigated using lab equipment tests and found to be feasible for producing valuable chemical products. The CO conversion and H2/CO ratio were observed using various values for the gas hourly space velocity(GHSV), steam/CO ratio, and temperature. The CO conversion and H2/CO ratio increased with increasing temperature, increasing steam/CO ratio and decreasing SV. The CO conversion values were 32.95% and 46.84% and the H2/CO ratios were 1.8 and 2.09 with temperatures of 350 C and 400C, respectively, when the steam/CO ratio was 2.4 and SV was 458 h-1 . The H2/CO ratio and CO conversion were 1.42 and 30.14%, respectively, when the steam/CO ratio was 1.45, and increased with an increase in the steam/CO ratio. The H2/CO ratio increased to 2.36 and the CO conversion increased to 51.70% when the steam/CO ratio was 3.44. However, the increase in the CO conversion was insignificant when the steam/CO ratio was greater than 2.9.
Improving the Cooling Performance of Automobile Radiator with Ethylene Glycol...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on improving the cooling performance of an automobile radiator using ethylene glycol-water based ZrO2 and Al2O3 nanofluids. Key findings include:
1) Experiments were conducted using different volume concentrations of ZrO2 and Al2O3 nanofluids at varying flow rates and a constant inlet temperature of 90°C.
2) Results showed that heat transfer coefficients and Nusselt numbers increased with higher nanoparticle concentrations and flow rates for both nanofluids. ZrO2 nanofluid performed better than Al2O3 nanofluid.
3) Outlet temperatures of the radiator decreased more when using nanofluids compared to the
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This document describes the simulation and design of a process to recover monoethylene glycol (MEG) from effluent waste streams of a petrochemical company in Iran. Aspen Plus simulation software was used to model the process, which involves separating water, salts, and various glycols (MEG, DEG, TEG, TTEG) using a series of distillation columns. Sensitivity analyses were performed to optimize column parameters such as pressure, reflux ratio, and boilup ratio. The results showed that MEG, DEG, TEG, and TTEG could be recovered at rates of 5.01, 2.039, 0.062, and 0.089 kg/hr, respectively.
Operation of Solar and Waste-heat Powered Adsorption Desalinationiskandaruz
W.G. Chun1, K. Chen2, K. C. Ng3
1Department of Nuclear & Energy Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
3Department of Mechanical & Production Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Effect of Solar Daylighting on Indoor Visual Environment for an Office Spaceiskandaruz
Hyunjoo Han, Saffa B. Riffat
Institute of Sustainable Energy Technology, School of the Built Environment, University of Nottingham
University Park, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
This document provides an introduction to solid waste incineration. It discusses the basics of the incineration process and combustion chemistry. The document classifies different types of waste and characterizes waste properties important for combustion such as heating value and moisture content. It describes the mechanisms of primary and secondary combustion. The primary combustion process involves drying, volatilization, and burnout of solids. Secondary combustion is needed to fully destroy unburned gases, vapors, and particulates. Operational parameters like excess air levels and their impact on combustion efficiency and gas temperatures are also covered.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
Session 1 - Intro to Robotic Process Automation.pdfUiPathCommunity
👉 Check out our full 'Africa Series - Automation Student Developers (EN)' page to register for the full program:
https://bit.ly/Automation_Student_Kickstart
In this session, we shall introduce you to the world of automation, the UiPath Platform, and guide you on how to install and setup UiPath Studio on your Windows PC.
📕 Detailed agenda:
What is RPA? Benefits of RPA?
RPA Applications
The UiPath End-to-End Automation Platform
UiPath Studio CE Installation and Setup
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Introduction to Automation
UiPath Business Automation Platform
Explore automation development with UiPath Studio
👉 Register here for our upcoming Session 2 on June 20: Introduction to UiPath Studio Fundamentals: https://community.uipath.com/events/details/uipath-lagos-presents-session-2-introduction-to-uipath-studio-fundamentals/
Northern Engraving | Modern Metal Trim, Nameplates and Appliance PanelsNorthern Engraving
What began over 115 years ago as a supplier of precision gauges to the automotive industry has evolved into being an industry leader in the manufacture of product branding, automotive cockpit trim and decorative appliance trim. Value-added services include in-house Design, Engineering, Program Management, Test Lab and Tool Shops.
High performance Serverless Java on AWS- GoTo Amsterdam 2024Vadym Kazulkin
Java is for many years one of the most popular programming languages, but it used to have hard times in the Serverless community. Java is known for its high cold start times and high memory footprint, comparing to other programming languages like Node.js and Python. In this talk I'll look at the general best practices and techniques we can use to decrease memory consumption, cold start times for Java Serverless development on AWS including GraalVM (Native Image) and AWS own offering SnapStart based on Firecracker microVM snapshot and restore and CRaC (Coordinated Restore at Checkpoint) runtime hooks. I'll also provide a lot of benchmarking on Lambda functions trying out various deployment package sizes, Lambda memory settings, Java compilation options and HTTP (a)synchronous clients and measure their impact on cold and warm start times.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena SyrotaFwdays
Imagine an IoT processing system that is already quite mature and production-ready and for which client coverage is growing and scaling and performance aspects are life and death questions. The system has Redis, MongoDB, and stream processing based on ksqldb. In this talk, firstly, we will analyze scaling approaches and then select the proper ones for our system.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
The Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) invited Taylor Paschal, Knowledge & Information Management Consultant at Enterprise Knowledge, to speak at a Knowledge Management Lunch and Learn hosted on June 12, 2024. All Office of Administration staff were invited to attend and received professional development credit for participating in the voluntary event.
The objectives of the Lunch and Learn presentation were to:
- Review what KM ‘is’ and ‘isn’t’
- Understand the value of KM and the benefits of engaging
- Define and reflect on your “what’s in it for me?”
- Share actionable ways you can participate in Knowledge - - Capture & Transfer
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...
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1. L.A. Benitez et alInt. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 1), April 2014, pp.114-119
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Two Noveland Simple Correlations to Estimate Equilibrium
Water Dew Point for Natural Gas Dehydration Process
Leonel Alberto Benitez1*
, Juan Pablo Gutiérrez1
, Eleonora Erdmann2
, Liliana
Ale Ruiz3
, Enrique Tarifa4
1
Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI-UNSa-CONICET). Consejo de Investigaciones
(CIUNSa). Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa).Avda. Bolivia Nº 5150 – Salta
(4400), Argentina.
2
Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA). Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI-
UNSa-CONICET). Av. Madero 399 – Ciudad de Buenos Aires (C1106ACD), Argentina.
3
Consejo de Investigaciones (CIUNSa). Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa). Avda.
Bolivia Nº 5150 – Salta (4400), Argentina.
4
Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy (UNJu) - CONICET. ÍtaloPalanca N°10 – San Salvador
de Jujuy (4600), Argentina.
ABSTRACT
Water is probably the most undesirable component found in crude natural gas because its presence can produce
hydrate formation, and it can also lead to corrosion or erosion problems in pipes and equipment. Natural gas
must be dehydrated before being transported through a long distance to ensure an efficient and trouble-free
operation. Thermodynamic modelling of triethyleneglycol (TEG)-water system is still rather inaccurate,
especially with regard to systems at high temperature and high TEG concentration. As a consequence, design
and operation of absorber towers are affected by the lack of accurate data. Two novel correlations have been
developed to estimate the equilibrium water dew point of a natural gas stream by evaluating experimental data
and literature. These data were collected and analyzed by means of images scanned with MATLAB software
R2012B version. An average percentage error is of 1-2% for linear correlation and it is of 2-3% for non-linear
correlation. Results are quite accurate and they are consistent with literature data. Due to the simplicity and
precision of the correlations developed in this work, the equations obtained have a great practical value.
Consequently, they allow process engineers to perform a quick check of the water dew point at different
conditions without using complex expressions or graphics.
Keywords-Correlation, Dew Point, Natural Gas, TEG-water system, Triethylene glycol, Water Dehydration
I. INTRODUCTION
Natural gas is a vital component of the
world's supply of energy. It is a fossil fuel which is
one of the cleanest, safest, and most useful energy
sources. Natural gas burns more cleanly than other
hydrocarbon fuels, such as oil and coal, and produces
less carbon dioxide per unit of energy released.
Natural gas is a hydrocarbon gas mixture which is
formed primarily of methane, ethane, propane and
butane; but commonly includes some impurities such
as water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide
and traces of heavier condensable hydrocarbons.
Water is probably the most undesirable
component found in raw natural gas. Its presence
could produce important clogging and plugging in
pipelines, valves and other devices. Normal gas flow
is stopped and obstructed in transport lines due to
hydrate formation, Fig.1 (a) and (b) [1].
Furthermore, it could lead to corrosion or
erosion problems in pipes and equipment, caused by
the dissolution of CO2 and H2S in water.
Natural gas treating should be unavoidable
to prevent such problems. Therefore, impurities such
as H2S, CO2 and H2O should be reduced or removed
from natural gas stream in order to use it as a fuel.
The removal is made to satisfy and meet certain
specifications regulated by governmental or private
entities
Natural gas dehydration represents an
important operation in the gas industry. A natural gas
stream must be dehydrated before being carried to
consumption and distribution centers to ensure an
efficient and trouble-free operation. Basically, the
fundamental objective of the dehydration is to
remove water, in vapor phase mainly, from the
treating gas which leaves sweetening process. By far,
the most common and successful technique for
natural gas dehydration is the contact between the gas
and a hygroscopic liquid. Glycol solutions are the
most common liquid absorbents in gas industry.
Glycols are diols whose hydroxyl groups give them a
high affinity for water. Particularly ethylene glycol
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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(EG), diethylene glycol (DEG), triethylene glycol
(TEG), and tetraethylene glycol (T4EG) allow
reaching different dehydration levels. TEG
Absorption process is one of the most acknowledged
methods used for natural gas dehydration [2].
Figure 1(a). Adhered Hydrate on internal walls on
gas pipelines (Picture from Repsol YPF)
Figure 1(b). A large gas hydrate plug formed in a
subsea hydrocarbon pipeline (Picture from Petrobras
- Brazil).
A TEG dehydration process could be
divided into two main parts, ‘gas dehydration’ and
‘solvent regeneration’. In the dehydration stage,
water is removed from the gas; while in the
regeneration stage, water is removed from the
solvent. After this process, the fresh glycol solution is
apt again to be used in the contactor tower [4, 5]. The
regeneration stage is a normal operation in the gas
industries. It allows reducing undesirable solvent
waste which implies mainly important economic
saves.
A typical dehydration process diagram is
shown in Fig. 2 [4, 5]. A lean TEG solution is fed at
the top side of the contactor, while natural gas is
introduced at the bottom. It leads to a countercurrent
contact between the gas stream and the lean TEG
solution. The contactor is an absorption column
which allows mass transfer at high pressure and low
temperature. Consequently, the bottom stream, which
leaves the contactor unit, is a rich TEG solution with
high concentration of water and some hydrocarbons.
It is depressurized by means of a pressure reducing
valve. This stream enters into the regeneration stage
where it is forced to pass by a flash separator in order
to strip gaseous hydrocarbon and condensates which
are carried by the glycol.
The rich glycol is heated in the rich-lean
heat exchanger. Then it is filtered before being fed to
the regenerator step. The regenerator sector includes
a reboiler, a distillation column (STILL), and a surge
drum. In the regenerator column, the glycol itself is
stripped from the absorbed water. The process occurs
almost at near atmospheric pressure by the
application of external heat. The low water
concentration stream that leaves the surge drum is the
regenerated lean glycol. Then, it is partly cooled in
the lean-rich exchanger. Finally, the solution is
pumped through the glycol cooler before being
recycled to the contactor.
Figure 2.Diagram of a Typical Process Natural
Gas Dehydration with TEG.
Evaluation of a TEG dehydration system
consists of establishing the minimum TEG
concentration required to reach water dew point
specification in the final gas stream [6]. In order to
have a precise design of a dehydration unit, data from
liquid-vapor equilibrium (LVE) for TEG-water
system must be accurate, particularly in the diluted
water region. For this purpose, sophisticated graphs,
charts and correlations are found in literature. They
show these equilibrium data as water dew point of a
natural gas stream in equilibrium with a TEG
solution at diverse contactor temperatures and TEG
concentrations (Worley, Rosman and Parrish) [7].
So, a required TEG concentration can be estimated
for a particular application, or the dew point
depression for a given theoretical TEG concentration
at a given contactor temperature.
A better alternative for the complex graphs
and correlations is the application of the correlations
presented by Bahadori and Vuthaluru. The new
correlation reported has been developed for the
simple estimation of water dew point in a stream of
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natural gas in equilibrium with a solution of TEG at
different TEG concentrations and temperatures [8].
In spite of this, thermodynamic modeling of
TEG-water system is still rather inaccurate,
especially with regard to systems at high temperature
and high TEG concentration [3]. As a consequence,
the design and operation stages of absorber towers
are affected by the lack of accurate data. A better
alternative to these complex tools is the application
of simpler correlations.Consequently, two novel
correlations have been developed to estimate the
equilibrium water dew point of a natural gas stream
by evaluating experimental data and literature.
II. METHODS
Mathematical models for prediction of water
dew point of a natural gas stream could be estimated
as a linear function and a non-linear function of
contactor temperature for different TEG
concentration.
Correlations have been developed by
evaluating experimental data and literature. The
required literature data to develop the correlation is
presented in Figure 20.54 in GPSA (Gas Processors
and Suppliers Association Engineering Data Book,
2004). This figure is based on Parrish, et al. (1986)
[7] equilibrium data, which covers VLE data for
TEG–water system for contactor temperatures
between 80 F and 130 F and TEG concentrations
ranging from 95wt% to 99.99wt%. These data were
collected and analyzed by means of an image
scanning technique with MATLAB software R2012B
version. MATLAB and Image Processing Toolbox
provide a wide set of tools that allow users to easily
handle, process and analyze data from various format
image.
2.1 METHODOLOGY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A
LINEAR CORRELATION
Water dew point (Td) of a natural gas stream
in equilibrium with a TEG solution is correlated as a
linear function of contactor temperature (Tc) for
different TEG concentration in weight percent (W).
Coefficients for this equation are correlated as a new
function of their corresponding TEG concentrations.
The methodology that has been applied to
set correlation’s coefficients is summarized in the
following steps:
1. The linear function Td=ai+biTc correlate the
water dew point Td of a natural gas stream in
equilibrium with a solution of TEG as function
of temperature of the contactor Tc, for a given
concentration of TEG Wi. As a result, values of
ai and bi are obtained which are associated to the
Wi concentration.
2. Repeat step 1 for different concentrations of
TEG.
3. Correlate the coefficients ai and bi, which were
found in the previous steps, with the
concentration of TEG Wi. Indeed, functions
fa(W) and fb(W) were determined such that
provides the best fit to the values ai and bi
respectively. To obtain the appropriate structure
of each of the above functions, a bank of
adjustment functions was used, whose
parameters were adjusted by regression. The best
fit functions were selected to be part of the
correlation. Fig. 3(a) and Fig. 3(b) show
adjustment achieved.
Figure 3(a). Functions fa(W) that provides the best
fit to the coefficients values ai
Figure 3(b). Functions fb(W) that provides the best
fit to the coefficients values bi
Thus, the first proposal correlation is
obtained, which is listed below:
cd bTaT (1)
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
GW
WF
EW
WD
CW
WB
Aa
(2)
2
2
2
2
22
2
1
F
B
EW
Ln
C
GExpAb
D
(3)
W dependence is shown in equations (2) and
(3) whose coefficients are reported in Table 1.
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Table 1. Coefficients used in Equations (2) and (3)
Coeff. 95%<TEG<99.99% Coeff. 95%<TEG<99.99%
A1 -4.368339E+01 A2 2.109645E+00
B1 -1.662446E+01 B2 4.398181E+01
C1 1.115752E+02 C2 -1.291611E+01
D1 -1.001244E-01 D2 -1.057123E-01
E1 -1.101131E+03 E2 5.603903E+01
F1 -1.587084E-01 F2 -2.988238E-02
G1 1.002125E+02 G2 -5.000000E-01
Table 2 shows the average absolute
percentage error (AAPE) from the literature reported
data is 1.40% [7 – 9]. There is also an average
absolute error of 0.35% compared with data source
[7] which were used into the adjust step, with a
maximum error of 1.00% and a minimum of 0.01%.
This demonstrates an excellent accuracy and
performance of the proposed correlation.
Table 2. Linear Estimation, as a linear function of the
temperature of the contactor, in comparison with the
literature reported data (Bahadori y Vuthaluru;
Parrish et al., 1986; Herskowitz and Gottlieb, 1984)
[7 – 9]
TEG Concn.
WeightPerce
nt
Tc (K)
Reporte
d
Data
Linear
Correlatio
n
Td (K)
Absolut
e
Error
Percent
95 303.1
5
278.15 274.43 1.34
97 318.1
5
284.65 282.80 0.65
98 333.1
5
290.65 290.21 0.15
99 283.1
5
243.15 241.32 0.75
99.9 303.1
5
232.65 228.20 1.91
99.97 283.1
5
210.00 204.72 2.52
99.99 303.1
5
211.70 206.51 2.45
Average absolute percentage error (AAPE)1.40
2.2 METHODOLOGY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A
NON-LINEAR CORRELATION
It should be possible to develop a correlation
with less regression coefficients. Water dew point
(Td) of a natural gas stream in equilibrium with a
TEG solution is correlated as a non-linear function of
contactor temperature (Tc) for different TEG
concentration in weight percent (W). This new
correlation is as follows:
3333333 ITHLnCGWFLnBAT Cd
2
333
2
333 ITHLnEGWFLnD C (4)
The methodology that has been applied to
set correlation’s coefficients is the one followed for
the linear correlation. The required literature data to
develop this correlation is also presented in Figure
20.54 in GPSA [7]. Table 3 shows the coefficients for
the correlation obtained from the non-linear
regression.
Table 3.Coefficients for the new correlation
Coefficients 95% <TEG< 99.99%
A3 6.107109E+01
B3 1.346193E+01
C3 1.101468E+01
D3 3.014112E+00
E3 7.489034E-01
F3 4.499560E+00
G3 -1.073135E+03
H3 -5.953315E+00
I3 5.952720E+02
Table 4 shows a contrast between the results
reported by the non-linear correlation with the
literature reported data [7 - 9]; the average absolute
percentage error (AAPE) is of 2.41%. There is also
an average absolute error of 0.46% compared to data
source [7] which were used into the adjust step, with
a maximum error of 1.43% and a minimum of 0.01%.
This demonstrates an excellent accuracy and
performance of the proposed correlation.
For a second time, it is demonstrated that the
results reached by using this method have an
excellent accuracy and performance. Although
absolute error of this correlation is 70% greater than
the deflection of the first linear correlation, the
number of implemented coefficients is reduced to
half.
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Table 4. Non-Linear Estimation, as a non-linear
function of the temperature of the contactor, in
comparison with the literature reported data (Parrish
et al., 1986; Herskowitz and Gottlieb, 1984) [7 – 9]
TEG Concn.
WeightPerce
nt
Tc (K)
Reporte
d Data
Non-
Linear
Correlatio
n
Td (K)
Absolut
e
Error
Percent
95 303.1
5
278.15 280.41 0.81
97 318.1
5
284.65 282.44 0.78
98 333.1
5
290.65 284.86 1.99
99 283.1
5
243.15 239.11 1.66
99.9 303,1
5
232.65 227.86 2.06
99.97 283.1
5
210.00 197.17 6.11
99.99 303.1
5
211.70 204.37 3.46
Average absolute percentage error (AAPE)2.41
2.3 ASSOCIATED ERRORS
When wet gas is in contact with the rich
TEG solution in the absorption column at a constant
pressure and temperature, equilibrium is attained in
time. Since the gas and TEG are not in contact for a
long enough time to reach the state of equilibrium,
the actual water dew point is always higher than the
equilibrium dew point (Td,eq). Consequently, the
actual dew point of an output gas stream (Td,act)
depends on the TEG circulation rate and the number
of equilibrium stages. A well-designed and properly
operated unit will have an actual water dew point of 6
to 11ºC higher than the equilibrium dew point [10].
CóTT eqdactd º116,, (5)
There is no practical requirement to include
temperatures higher than 130 F in the analysis of this
study. For higher inlet gas temperatures a cooler is
used to limit the TEG loss with dehydrated gas. Both
linear and non-linear correlations should be used up
to 10.300 kPa (abs) with little error. This is because
equilibrium dew points are relatively insensitive to
pressure [7, 8].
III. EXAMPLE
A simple example is presented to illustrate
the associated simplicity with the use of the proposed
correlation for the simple estimation of natural gas
water dew point at different temperatures and
concentrations of TEG.
0.85 Million Sm3
/day of a natural gas stream
enters to a TEG contactor at 38 ºC and 4100 kPa
(abs). The target H2O dew point is 4 ºC (269.15 K).
Calculate the lean TEG concentration in mass percent
at this given temperature (38 ºC). Assume a 6 ºC
approach to equilibrium:
To find the solution, value of W must be
iterated until find the one which causes the actual
dew point equal to 269.15 K; Td,act = Td + 6 K. The
following calculations are performed using the two
proposed correlations in this work.
3.1 LINEAR CORRELATION
A- Assume TEG concentration W = 98%
Applying equations (2) and (3), we obtain:
a=15.9124886 y b=0.82334051
Equilibrium water dew point of gas stream was
calculated by equation (1) is Td,eq=272.09 K. Actual
water dew point is Td,act= 272.09 + 6 = 278.09 K.
B- Assume TEG concentration W = 98.9 %
Applying equations (2) and (3), we obtain:
a=23.2088603 y b=0.77423461
Equilibrium water dew point of gas stream was
calculated by equation (1) is Td,eq=264.11 K. Actual
water dew point is Td,act= 264.11 + 6 = 270.11 K.
C- Assume TEG concentration W = 98.97 %
Applying equations (2) and (3), we obtain:
a=23.9550366 y b=0.76887996
Equilibrium water dew point of gas stream
was calculated by equation (1) is Td,eq=263.19 K.
Actual water dew point is Td,act= 263.19 + 6 = 269.19
K.
3.2 NON-LINEAR CORRELATION
a- Assume TEG concentration W = 98 %
Equilibrium water dew point of gas stream
was calculated by equation (4) is Td,eq=271.85 K.
Actual water dew point is Td,act = 271.85 + 6 = 277.85
K.
B- Assume TEG concentration W = 98.9 %
Equilibrium water dew point of gas stream
was calculated by equation (4) is Td,eq=263.26 K.
Actual water dew point is Td,act = 263.26+ 6 = 269.26
K.
C- Assume TEG concentration W = 98.91 %
Equilibrium water dew point of gas stream
was calculated by equation (4) is Td,eq=263.14 K.
Actual water dew point is Td,act = 263.14 + 6 = 269.14
K.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The linear correlation result Td,act=269.19 K
has good concordance with expected water dew point
(Td=269.15 K). So required glycol purity to meets
targeted water dew point is W=98.97 %.The obtained
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non-linear correlation result Td,act= 269.14 K has good
concordance with the expected water dew point
(Td=269.15 K). So required glycol concentration to
reach the required water dew point is W =98.91 %.
It is noted that using the correlation
developed by Bahadori and Vuthaluru [8] to solve the
proposed example, they obtained a TEG
concentration equal to W =99.02%. This shows an
excellent performance of proposed correlation.
V. CONCLUSIONS
Two novel correlations have been developed
to estimate the equilibrium water dew point of a
natural gas stream. These equations are much simpler
than currently available models involving a large
number of parameters, requiring more complicated
and longer computations. They tend to replace
cumbersome, complex tables and graphs which are
generally used in the design and operation of gas
dehydration systems. Therefore, results show an
excellent performance of proposed correlations.
Results are quite accurate and they are consistent
with experimental and literature data. Due to the
simplicity and precision of the correlations developed
in this work, the equations obtained have a great
practical value. Due to the simplicity and precision of
the correlations developed in this work, the equations
have a great practical value. Indeed, they are basic
algebraic equations that can be easily implemented in
a spreadsheet. Consequently, they allow process
engineers to perform a quick check of the water dew
point at different conditions without using complex
expressions or graphics. Additionally, these
correlations are also useful in the design of the
absorber in the dehydration process.
NOMENCLATURE
Ai Coefficient
Bi Coefficient
Ci Coefficient
Di Coefficient
Ei Coefficient
Fi Coefficient
Gi Coefficient
Hi Coefficient
Ii Coefficient
Td Water Dew Point, K
Td,eq Equilibrium Water Dew Point, K
Td,act Actual Water Dew Point, K
Tc Contactor Temperature, K
W TEG concentration in water solution,
(weight percent)
REFERENCES
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for Gas Hydrate Research, Heriot-Watt
University, Edinburgh.
http://www.pet.hw.ac.uk/research/hydrate/h
ydrates_why.cfm
[2] F. Gironi, M. Maschietti, V. Piemonte,
Modeling triethylene glycol-water systems
for natural gas dehydration, Eighth
International Conference on Chemical and
Process Engineering, Chemical Engineering
Transactions, ISBN 88-95608-00-6.
[3] C.H. Twu, V. Tassoneb, W.D. Simb, S.
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[6] A. Bahadori, Y. Hajizadeh, H.B.Vuthaluru,
M.O.Tade, S. Mokhatab, J. Nat. Gas Chem.,
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[7] Gas Processors & Suppliers Association
(GPSA), Gas Processors and Suppliers
Association Engineering Data Book
(Twelfth ed., Tulsa, OK, USA, 2004).
[8] A. Bahadori, H. B. Vuthaluru, J. Nat. Gas
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[10] P.Gandhidasan, Energy Sources, 25, 2003,
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ISSN: 0718-
8706http://www.exeedu.com/publishing.cl/a
v_cienc_ing/