The document summarizes a study that evaluated the anti-diabetic potential of leaves from the Nelumbo nucifera plant in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. A methanolic extract of N. nucifera leaves was tested for anti-diabetic effects over 15 days in diabetic rats. Oral administration of the extract at doses of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg significantly reduced blood glucose levels and body weight loss compared to diabetic controls, demonstrating anti-diabetic effects. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds like saponins and carbohydrates in the extract that may contribute to its anti-diabetic activity.
This research paper evaluated the hepatoprotective activity of Tephrosia purpurea Linn stem. The stem was extracted with methanol and subjected to phytochemical screening which revealed the presence of flavonoids, phytosterols, alkaloids and proteins. An acute toxicity study found the extract was safe up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg. Hepatoprotective activity was evaluated against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Biochemical parameters (SGPT, SGOT, ALP, bilirubin) were assessed. The methanol extract reduced these serum levels and exhibited dose-dependent hepatoprotective activity comparable to the standard drug silymarin. Phytoc
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
The Effect Of Roselle Extract (Hibiscus Sabdariffa Linn.) On Blood Glucose ...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Toxicity studies in animals are conducted to identify any toxic effects of a substance prior to clinical use in humans. The document outlines various types of toxicity studies including acute, subacute, chronic, and lethality studies. Acute studies involve a single high dose to determine toxic effects over 14 days, while repeated dose studies like subacute and chronic studies administer multiple lower doses over weeks to years to identify target organ toxicity. Lethality studies determine the lethal dose for 50% of animals (LD50). Systemic toxicity parameters evaluated include effects on liver, kidney, heart and other organs. Toxicity studies provide safety information required for approval to conduct human clinical trials.
Redbook 2000: General Guidelines for Designing and Conducting ToxicityStudies.Dmitri Popov
This document provides guidelines for designing and conducting toxicity studies, including recommendations for animal care, selection of species/strains, clinical testing procedures, urinalysis, neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity screening, and microscopic evaluation of tissues. It recommends following NIH and DHEW guidelines for animal care and housing. Both male and female rodents (usually rats) and non-rodents (usually dogs) should be used. Ophthalmological exams, hematology, clinical chemistry, and urinalysis should be conducted according to schedules in other FDA guidelines. Tissues should be examined microscopically for abnormalities.
This document describes a study that evaluated the anti-diabetic effects of an Ayurvedic herbo-mineral formulation called Trushanadi loha. The formulation contains 14 plant and mineral ingredients. An aqueous extract was tested in rats. Blood glucose levels were measured. The extract produced a 40% reduction in blood glucose levels in normal rats, demonstrating significant anti-diabetic activity. The formulation was also found to be non-toxic in acute oral toxicity tests in rats at doses up to 5,000 mg/kg. Overall, the study provides evidence that Trushanadi loha has anti-diabetic properties and a safe toxicity profile.
This study evaluated the prophylactic (preventive) and curative effects of a hydro-alcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera pods on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage in rats. Rats were pre-treated or post-treated with three different doses of the extract (100, 250, 500 mg/kg) for 14 days before or after being administered CCl4 to induce liver injury. Biochemical markers, glutathione, malondialdehyde, and histopathological examination of the liver were used to assess the degree of liver damage and the protective effects of the extract. The extract was found to significantly reduce liver damage markers and bilirubin levels in a dose-dependent
This research paper evaluated the hepatoprotective activity of Tephrosia purpurea Linn stem. The stem was extracted with methanol and subjected to phytochemical screening which revealed the presence of flavonoids, phytosterols, alkaloids and proteins. An acute toxicity study found the extract was safe up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg. Hepatoprotective activity was evaluated against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Biochemical parameters (SGPT, SGOT, ALP, bilirubin) were assessed. The methanol extract reduced these serum levels and exhibited dose-dependent hepatoprotective activity comparable to the standard drug silymarin. Phytoc
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
The Effect Of Roselle Extract (Hibiscus Sabdariffa Linn.) On Blood Glucose ...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Toxicity studies in animals are conducted to identify any toxic effects of a substance prior to clinical use in humans. The document outlines various types of toxicity studies including acute, subacute, chronic, and lethality studies. Acute studies involve a single high dose to determine toxic effects over 14 days, while repeated dose studies like subacute and chronic studies administer multiple lower doses over weeks to years to identify target organ toxicity. Lethality studies determine the lethal dose for 50% of animals (LD50). Systemic toxicity parameters evaluated include effects on liver, kidney, heart and other organs. Toxicity studies provide safety information required for approval to conduct human clinical trials.
Redbook 2000: General Guidelines for Designing and Conducting ToxicityStudies.Dmitri Popov
This document provides guidelines for designing and conducting toxicity studies, including recommendations for animal care, selection of species/strains, clinical testing procedures, urinalysis, neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity screening, and microscopic evaluation of tissues. It recommends following NIH and DHEW guidelines for animal care and housing. Both male and female rodents (usually rats) and non-rodents (usually dogs) should be used. Ophthalmological exams, hematology, clinical chemistry, and urinalysis should be conducted according to schedules in other FDA guidelines. Tissues should be examined microscopically for abnormalities.
This document describes a study that evaluated the anti-diabetic effects of an Ayurvedic herbo-mineral formulation called Trushanadi loha. The formulation contains 14 plant and mineral ingredients. An aqueous extract was tested in rats. Blood glucose levels were measured. The extract produced a 40% reduction in blood glucose levels in normal rats, demonstrating significant anti-diabetic activity. The formulation was also found to be non-toxic in acute oral toxicity tests in rats at doses up to 5,000 mg/kg. Overall, the study provides evidence that Trushanadi loha has anti-diabetic properties and a safe toxicity profile.
This study evaluated the prophylactic (preventive) and curative effects of a hydro-alcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera pods on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage in rats. Rats were pre-treated or post-treated with three different doses of the extract (100, 250, 500 mg/kg) for 14 days before or after being administered CCl4 to induce liver injury. Biochemical markers, glutathione, malondialdehyde, and histopathological examination of the liver were used to assess the degree of liver damage and the protective effects of the extract. The extract was found to significantly reduce liver damage markers and bilirubin levels in a dose-dependent
This document outlines protocols for conducting toxicity studies of herbal medicines. It discusses various types of toxicity studies including acute, sub-acute, chronic, and subchronic studies. It provides details on commonly used laboratory animals, testing parameters, dosages, and observations for each type of study. The goal is to safely assess herbal medicines and determine appropriate dosage levels for clinical use by evaluating toxicity signs and examining tissue samples.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of Some Novel Phthalim...BRNSS Publication Hub
Objective: Different Phthalimide derivatives (4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-2-[1,2,4]triazol-4-yl]-isoindole-1,3-dione derivatives) were synthesized and biological activities of them were evaluated. Materials and Methods: In the present study, four new phthalimide derivatives were synthesized. The structures of final compounds were characterized on the basis of spectral data. Then, biological evaluation of all the synthesized compounds means in vivo anticancer activity was evaluated on the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) bearing Swiss albino mice model, and in vitro antioxidant activity was assessed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazine (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Results: The titled compounds (2A-2D) were found to reduce tumor volume, viable cell count and increase non-viable cell count, and percentage increase in life span. All compounds showed significant activity in quenching DPPH free radical. Conclusion: All compounds showed significant (P<0.01) anticancer activity compared to EAC control group. All synthesized compound exhibited considerable antioxidant activity against free radicals, and they showed significant IC50 values and can, thus, ensure protection against oxidative stress.
Antinociceptive and Diuretic Activities of Tagetes erecta LinnJing Zang
In the present investigation, the possible antinociceptive and diuretic activities of methanolic extract of Tagetes erecta has been tested in animal models. The methanol extract of both aerial part and root of the plant exhibited significant antinociceptive activity at higher dose (400 mg/kg body weight) in Swiss albino mice. The root extract was found to reduce the writhing more effectively than that of aerial part which is comparable to that produced by aminopyrine, used as standard drug. In addition, crude whole plant extract was also showed efficient diuresis at higher dose 400 mg/kg tested. Diuretic activity was proved by the electrolyte loss ratio (Na+/K+ excretion ratio) and we used furosemide as the reference.
Effects of Metformin, Pioglitazone and Aqueous Extract of Delonix Regia on Bl...iosrjce
The effects of Delonix regia extract (d200mg, d300mg, and d400mg), metformin (m8.3mg, m12.5mg
and m16.5mg), pioglitazone (p0.5mg, p0.7mg and p0.9mg) and combined formulation of metformin and extract
(m6.25d150mg) on glycated hemoglobin status in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Albino wistar rats. Diabetic
status of these rats was assessed by estimating fasting blood glucose levels. A total of 150 albino rats were used
for the investigation and were grouped into twelve groups of twelve rats each as follows; Group I: normal
control rats (NCR). Group II: Diabetic control rats (DCR). Group III: Diabetic rats treated with d200mg.
Group IV: Diabetic rats treated with d300mg. Group V: Diabetic rats treated with d400mg. Group VI: Diabetic
rats treated with m8.3mg. Group VII: Diabetic rats treated with m12.5mg. Group VIII: Diabetic rats treated
with m16.5mg. Group IX: Diabetic rats treated with p0.5mg. Group X: Diabetic rats treated with p0.75mg.
Group XI: Diabetic rats treated with p1.0mg. Group XII: Diabetic rats treated with m125d300mg each for male
and female respectively, for a total of 56 days. After every two weeks interval of treatment for eight weeks three
rats from each group were sacrificed and blood sample were collected and analyzed for various parameters.
The result obtained showed an elevated level of glycated hemoglobin in diabetic-induced wistar albino rats
compared with normal control rats. However, there was reversal of the effects when treated with the
drug/extract. Also there was reduction in the blood glucose level of the diabetic rats treated with metformin
(from 6.37±0.69 to 5.20±0.62mmol/l), pioglitazone (from 7.30±0.21mmol/l to 4.70±0.46), aqueous extract of
Delonixregia (from 8.20±0.81mmol/l to 6.10±0.60) and combined formulation of metformin and extract (from
7.81±0.34 to 4.80±0.17), at p<0.05 confidence level when compared with diabetic control rats in the various
weeks of treatment respectively
Preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vivo evaluation of antipyretic effe...CrimsonAlternativemedicine
Preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vivo evaluation of antipyretic effects of methanolic extract of Argyreia pilosa Wight & Arn. by DSNBK Prasanth in Advances in Complementary & Alternative Medicine
The antipyrexia action of the methanol extract of A. pilosa had been explored utilizing the yeast evoked pyrexia procedure in rabbits. Paracetamol utilized as a positive control as well as negative control group acquired distilled water. Rectal temperatures of all rabbits had been documented instantly prior to the administration of the extract or vehicle or paracetamol as well as again at 30min period for 3h utilizing digital thermometer. The extract had been additionally phytochemically tested with regard to alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides and phenols. At 400mg/kg dosage the extract revealed considerable decrease in yeast evoked raised temperature when compared with that of standard drug paracetamol where by the extract dose 200mg/kg had been less effective as compared to higher dose (p<0.05). Phytochemical testing demonstrated the existence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, steroids, acid compounds, glycosides, amino acids, and proteins. This research confirmed that this methanol extract of A. pilosa at a dose of 400mg/kg owns considerable antipyretic outcome against the yeast-induced raised temperature. The antipyretic activity of A. pilosaextract could be due to its secondary metabolites, which probably consist of flavonoids like Rutin and Quercetin; sterols like β-Sitosterol. But, further phytochemical, as well as biological tests, are recommended to determine the other active chemical constituents accountable for the antipyretic activity.
In vitro antidiabetic activity of Clerodendrum viscosum VentSriramNagarajan17
The study evaluated the antidiabetic effects of Clerodendrum viscosum, a common plant in Bangladesh, on alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Mice were divided into five groups: a normal control group, an alloxan-induced diabetic control group, two groups treated with 250 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg of the C. viscosum extract, and a group treated with the antidiabetic drug glibenclamide. The extract significantly reduced blood glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner, with the 500 mg/kg dose showing stronger effects compared to the 250 mg/kg dose. The extract was found to have antidiabetic properties and lower blood glucose in diabetic mice.
This document reports on a study that investigated the aging process in rat liver from 8-12 weeks old to 20 weeks old. It examined age-dependent changes, the effects of the liver toxin carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and the hepatoprotective effects of the seeds of Vitis vinifera (grapevine). Biochemical markers and histological analysis showed that aging leads to changes in liver structure similar to low doses of CCl4. CCl4 treatment significantly increased liver damage markers and oxidative stress. Treatment with an ethanolic extract of grape seeds significantly reduced liver damage markers, oxidative stress, and improved liver structure compared to CCl4 treatment alone. The results suggest the grape seed extract has hepatoprotect
Biochemical effect of Aqueous Carica papaya Seed and Leaf Extracts on Serum B...iosrjce
The cost of administering modern anti diabetic drugs is usually beyond the reach of most people in
the low income group especially those in the developing world where the disease is on the increase. This has led
to the current shift to the use of preparations from various parts of plants because of the current increase in the
knowledge of their toxicity, side effects, active constituents and doses. This study was conducted to compare the
effects of the aqueous Carica papaya seed and leaf extracts on serum biochemistry of alloxan induced diabetic
rats especially glucose level. Male Wister rats weighing 150-200g were induced with single freshly prepared
alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg body weight).Diabetes was confirmed after seven days in alloxan-induced rats
showing fasting blood glucose levels ≥ 200mg/dl. The diabetic rats were randomly allocated into three
experimental groups which received Seed extract, leaf extract or normal saline depending on the group. The
extracts were administered orally for twenty-eight days after which the animals were sacrificed and blood
samples were collected for Biochemical analyses. The results showed that both extracts have significant
hypoglycaemic, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects although extract of the seed proved to be more
potent than that of the leaf
General toxicology testing refers to a series of toxicity tests required by international regulators to prove safety in experimental animals prior to human testing. It includes acute, sub-acute, and chronic toxicity tests conducted according to OECD guidelines in rodents and non-rodents. Preclinical studies include phytochemistry, formulation development, pharmacology/pharmacokinetic profiling, safety toxicology studies, and efficacy studies. Toxicology studies are guided by regulatory requirements like OECD/ICH guidelines and Good Laboratory Practices to ensure quality. Acute, sub-acute, and chronic toxicity tests provide information on toxicity effects from single or repeated substance exposure over different time periods and help determine safe doses for clinical trials.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.16
ABSTRACT- The present research article was described about the hypotriglycerdemic activity of Withania coagulans
bud extract. Withania coagulans Dunal belonging to the family Solanaceae is a small bush which is widely spread in
South Asia. The biological activity of with anolides from Withania coagulans has antihyperglycaemic activity and the
plant is commonly called as Indian cheese maker due to the milk coagulation characteristics of the bud. The present study
was to investigate preliminary studies shows satisfactory result. The chromatographic studies like TLC, HPTLC and
HPLC show good spot. HPTLC shows maximum height and area of 18.83%.HPLC shows maximum peak at 1.867
minutes having area coverage of 87.4%.The free radical scavenging activity of chloroform fraction (CF) of a crude drug
shows 510μg/ml of scavenging activity. The IC50 value for MTT assay was found to be 84.7μg/ml. The GLUT4 study
shows significant uptake of glucose. PPAR gamma activity regulation of glucose disposal and insulin sensitivity in the
skeletal muscles shows concentration dependence response using standard Pioglitazone. The bud of Withania coagulants
will be a promising medicine for more ailments.
Key-words- Withania coagulants, Hypotriglycerdemic, HPLC, HPTLC, GLUT-4, MTT assay
Ethynyl estradiol was evaluated for sub-acute oral toxicity in a repeated 28-day study using rats in accordance with OECD 407 guidelines. Rats were divided into four groups that received daily doses of either an olive oil solution (control), 10 μg/kg, 50 μg/kg, or 200 μg/kg of ethynyl estradiol by oral gavage. Parameters evaluated included body weight, food consumption, hematology, histopathology, spermatology, and estrous cycling. Results showed reduced food consumption and body weight gain in males at 200 μg/kg. Hematological changes and abnormal estrous cycling were also observed at higher doses.
Toxicological profile of Grewia bicolor root extractIOSRJPBS
The document summarizes a study on the toxicological profile of Grewia bicolor root extract. The study found:
1) The tolerated dose of the extract in rats was 800mg/kg while the toxic dose was 1600mg/kg, with behavioral and neurological signs observed at toxic doses.
2) The median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was calculated to be 2663.92 mg/kg in acute toxicity testing.
3) In a 28-day sub-acute toxicity study, rats administered 800mg/kg of the extract daily showed no changes in body weight, hematological, or biochemical parameters compared to controls.
This document provides an overview of hepatoprotective activity and agents. It discusses the anatomy and functions of the liver, common liver disorders, and mechanisms of hepatotoxicity. Screening methods for evaluating hepatoprotective effects include in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models. Several plants are described that have shown hepatoprotective properties, including Picrorrhiza kurroa, Orthosiphon stamineus, Tridax procumbens, Boerhaavia diffusa, and Hoslundia opposita. The document provides references for further information.
This document summarizes the results of a study that investigated the dose-dependent effects of ginger in inhibiting oxidative stress and genotoxicity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Male rats were divided into several groups, including a control group, diabetic non-treated group, and diabetic groups treated with 0.5%, 1%, or 5% ginger powder. Ginger treatment was found to reduce blood glucose and lipid levels, modulate antioxidant enzymes, and reduce DNA damage and genotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner compared to untreated diabetic rats. The study suggests that ginger exerts protective effects against diabetes by reducing oxidative stress and genotoxicity in a dose-response manner.
Hepatoprotective Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Some Medicinal Plant Mixtures ...IOSRJPBS
The rhizomes of Ginger (Zingiberofficinale), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Licorice (Glycyrrhizaglabra), the bark of Cinnamon tree,(Cinnamomumzeylanicum) and the calyces of red Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)are herbs used in thishepatoprotective studies. This study evaluates the hepatoprotective activity of water extract mixtures using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in rats.In vitroantioxidant activity of plant water extracts was determined using DPPH. The water extractmixtures wereadministered for 10 days; on the 10thday all rats were challenged with CCl4 except control group animals. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and albumin levels were determined to prove the hepatoprotectiveeffect.The enzyme activities were significantly increased in CCl4 treated rats. The four water extract mixtures exhibited significant (P<0.05)><0.05) increased in all the water extract mixtures used.
This document provides an overview of toxicity testing methods for acute, subacute, and chronic toxicity studies. It discusses the importance and history of toxicity testing, as well as standard methods and guidelines established by organizations like OECD and EPA. A variety of in vivo and in vitro toxicity tests are described, including acute, repeated dose, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and local toxicity studies. The document also addresses the large number of animals used annually for toxicity testing globally and the regulatory framework for animal testing in India.
This study evaluated the safety of rambutan rind extract (RRE) in male rats. In the acute toxicity study, the lethal dose (LD50) of RRE was found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. Significant decreases in body weight gain and food consumption were observed at doses above 1000 mg/kg. In the sub-chronic toxicity study, no mortality or signs of toxicity were observed at doses up to 1000 mg/kg/day for 30 days. At 2000 mg/kg/day, the mortality rate was 12.5%. Significant decreases in body weight gain, food consumption, and plasma triglyceride and blood urea nitrogen levels were observed. Histopathological examination found no changes
Comparative Study of The Antioxidant Activities of Monodora Myristica And A. ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
Antidiabetic and Cytoprotective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of SalaciaNitida ...IOSRJPBS
The document summarizes a study that investigated the antidiabetic and cytoprotective effects of the ethanolic root extract of Salacia nitida on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Key findings of the study include:
1) The ethanolic extract of S. nitida roots showed significant antidiabetic activity, demonstrated by a dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose levels and increase in body weight of treated diabetic rats.
2) Histological examination showed the extract helped restore damaged pancreatic and kidney tissues in treated diabetic rats closer to normal.
3) The extract demonstrated significant glucose tolerance effects and may lower blood glucose through mechanisms like stimulating insulin production or protecting pancreatic beta cells.
This study evaluated the antidiabetic potential of the flower of Withania coagulans Dunal in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Phytochemical analysis of methanolic and aqueous extracts found the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, steroids, tannins, and proteins. Diabetic rats were treated with high and low doses of the extracts for 28 days. Results showed significant decreases in blood glucose levels of treated rats compared to untreated diabetic controls, suggesting antidiabetic properties. The findings indicate that bioactive compounds in W. coagulans may be useful for treating diabetes.
This document outlines protocols for conducting toxicity studies of herbal medicines. It discusses various types of toxicity studies including acute, sub-acute, chronic, and subchronic studies. It provides details on commonly used laboratory animals, testing parameters, dosages, and observations for each type of study. The goal is to safely assess herbal medicines and determine appropriate dosage levels for clinical use by evaluating toxicity signs and examining tissue samples.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of Some Novel Phthalim...BRNSS Publication Hub
Objective: Different Phthalimide derivatives (4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-2-[1,2,4]triazol-4-yl]-isoindole-1,3-dione derivatives) were synthesized and biological activities of them were evaluated. Materials and Methods: In the present study, four new phthalimide derivatives were synthesized. The structures of final compounds were characterized on the basis of spectral data. Then, biological evaluation of all the synthesized compounds means in vivo anticancer activity was evaluated on the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) bearing Swiss albino mice model, and in vitro antioxidant activity was assessed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazine (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Results: The titled compounds (2A-2D) were found to reduce tumor volume, viable cell count and increase non-viable cell count, and percentage increase in life span. All compounds showed significant activity in quenching DPPH free radical. Conclusion: All compounds showed significant (P<0.01) anticancer activity compared to EAC control group. All synthesized compound exhibited considerable antioxidant activity against free radicals, and they showed significant IC50 values and can, thus, ensure protection against oxidative stress.
Antinociceptive and Diuretic Activities of Tagetes erecta LinnJing Zang
In the present investigation, the possible antinociceptive and diuretic activities of methanolic extract of Tagetes erecta has been tested in animal models. The methanol extract of both aerial part and root of the plant exhibited significant antinociceptive activity at higher dose (400 mg/kg body weight) in Swiss albino mice. The root extract was found to reduce the writhing more effectively than that of aerial part which is comparable to that produced by aminopyrine, used as standard drug. In addition, crude whole plant extract was also showed efficient diuresis at higher dose 400 mg/kg tested. Diuretic activity was proved by the electrolyte loss ratio (Na+/K+ excretion ratio) and we used furosemide as the reference.
Effects of Metformin, Pioglitazone and Aqueous Extract of Delonix Regia on Bl...iosrjce
The effects of Delonix regia extract (d200mg, d300mg, and d400mg), metformin (m8.3mg, m12.5mg
and m16.5mg), pioglitazone (p0.5mg, p0.7mg and p0.9mg) and combined formulation of metformin and extract
(m6.25d150mg) on glycated hemoglobin status in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Albino wistar rats. Diabetic
status of these rats was assessed by estimating fasting blood glucose levels. A total of 150 albino rats were used
for the investigation and were grouped into twelve groups of twelve rats each as follows; Group I: normal
control rats (NCR). Group II: Diabetic control rats (DCR). Group III: Diabetic rats treated with d200mg.
Group IV: Diabetic rats treated with d300mg. Group V: Diabetic rats treated with d400mg. Group VI: Diabetic
rats treated with m8.3mg. Group VII: Diabetic rats treated with m12.5mg. Group VIII: Diabetic rats treated
with m16.5mg. Group IX: Diabetic rats treated with p0.5mg. Group X: Diabetic rats treated with p0.75mg.
Group XI: Diabetic rats treated with p1.0mg. Group XII: Diabetic rats treated with m125d300mg each for male
and female respectively, for a total of 56 days. After every two weeks interval of treatment for eight weeks three
rats from each group were sacrificed and blood sample were collected and analyzed for various parameters.
The result obtained showed an elevated level of glycated hemoglobin in diabetic-induced wistar albino rats
compared with normal control rats. However, there was reversal of the effects when treated with the
drug/extract. Also there was reduction in the blood glucose level of the diabetic rats treated with metformin
(from 6.37±0.69 to 5.20±0.62mmol/l), pioglitazone (from 7.30±0.21mmol/l to 4.70±0.46), aqueous extract of
Delonixregia (from 8.20±0.81mmol/l to 6.10±0.60) and combined formulation of metformin and extract (from
7.81±0.34 to 4.80±0.17), at p<0.05 confidence level when compared with diabetic control rats in the various
weeks of treatment respectively
Preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vivo evaluation of antipyretic effe...CrimsonAlternativemedicine
Preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vivo evaluation of antipyretic effects of methanolic extract of Argyreia pilosa Wight & Arn. by DSNBK Prasanth in Advances in Complementary & Alternative Medicine
The antipyrexia action of the methanol extract of A. pilosa had been explored utilizing the yeast evoked pyrexia procedure in rabbits. Paracetamol utilized as a positive control as well as negative control group acquired distilled water. Rectal temperatures of all rabbits had been documented instantly prior to the administration of the extract or vehicle or paracetamol as well as again at 30min period for 3h utilizing digital thermometer. The extract had been additionally phytochemically tested with regard to alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides and phenols. At 400mg/kg dosage the extract revealed considerable decrease in yeast evoked raised temperature when compared with that of standard drug paracetamol where by the extract dose 200mg/kg had been less effective as compared to higher dose (p<0.05). Phytochemical testing demonstrated the existence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, steroids, acid compounds, glycosides, amino acids, and proteins. This research confirmed that this methanol extract of A. pilosa at a dose of 400mg/kg owns considerable antipyretic outcome against the yeast-induced raised temperature. The antipyretic activity of A. pilosaextract could be due to its secondary metabolites, which probably consist of flavonoids like Rutin and Quercetin; sterols like β-Sitosterol. But, further phytochemical, as well as biological tests, are recommended to determine the other active chemical constituents accountable for the antipyretic activity.
In vitro antidiabetic activity of Clerodendrum viscosum VentSriramNagarajan17
The study evaluated the antidiabetic effects of Clerodendrum viscosum, a common plant in Bangladesh, on alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Mice were divided into five groups: a normal control group, an alloxan-induced diabetic control group, two groups treated with 250 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg of the C. viscosum extract, and a group treated with the antidiabetic drug glibenclamide. The extract significantly reduced blood glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner, with the 500 mg/kg dose showing stronger effects compared to the 250 mg/kg dose. The extract was found to have antidiabetic properties and lower blood glucose in diabetic mice.
This document reports on a study that investigated the aging process in rat liver from 8-12 weeks old to 20 weeks old. It examined age-dependent changes, the effects of the liver toxin carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and the hepatoprotective effects of the seeds of Vitis vinifera (grapevine). Biochemical markers and histological analysis showed that aging leads to changes in liver structure similar to low doses of CCl4. CCl4 treatment significantly increased liver damage markers and oxidative stress. Treatment with an ethanolic extract of grape seeds significantly reduced liver damage markers, oxidative stress, and improved liver structure compared to CCl4 treatment alone. The results suggest the grape seed extract has hepatoprotect
Biochemical effect of Aqueous Carica papaya Seed and Leaf Extracts on Serum B...iosrjce
The cost of administering modern anti diabetic drugs is usually beyond the reach of most people in
the low income group especially those in the developing world where the disease is on the increase. This has led
to the current shift to the use of preparations from various parts of plants because of the current increase in the
knowledge of their toxicity, side effects, active constituents and doses. This study was conducted to compare the
effects of the aqueous Carica papaya seed and leaf extracts on serum biochemistry of alloxan induced diabetic
rats especially glucose level. Male Wister rats weighing 150-200g were induced with single freshly prepared
alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg body weight).Diabetes was confirmed after seven days in alloxan-induced rats
showing fasting blood glucose levels ≥ 200mg/dl. The diabetic rats were randomly allocated into three
experimental groups which received Seed extract, leaf extract or normal saline depending on the group. The
extracts were administered orally for twenty-eight days after which the animals were sacrificed and blood
samples were collected for Biochemical analyses. The results showed that both extracts have significant
hypoglycaemic, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects although extract of the seed proved to be more
potent than that of the leaf
General toxicology testing refers to a series of toxicity tests required by international regulators to prove safety in experimental animals prior to human testing. It includes acute, sub-acute, and chronic toxicity tests conducted according to OECD guidelines in rodents and non-rodents. Preclinical studies include phytochemistry, formulation development, pharmacology/pharmacokinetic profiling, safety toxicology studies, and efficacy studies. Toxicology studies are guided by regulatory requirements like OECD/ICH guidelines and Good Laboratory Practices to ensure quality. Acute, sub-acute, and chronic toxicity tests provide information on toxicity effects from single or repeated substance exposure over different time periods and help determine safe doses for clinical trials.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.16
ABSTRACT- The present research article was described about the hypotriglycerdemic activity of Withania coagulans
bud extract. Withania coagulans Dunal belonging to the family Solanaceae is a small bush which is widely spread in
South Asia. The biological activity of with anolides from Withania coagulans has antihyperglycaemic activity and the
plant is commonly called as Indian cheese maker due to the milk coagulation characteristics of the bud. The present study
was to investigate preliminary studies shows satisfactory result. The chromatographic studies like TLC, HPTLC and
HPLC show good spot. HPTLC shows maximum height and area of 18.83%.HPLC shows maximum peak at 1.867
minutes having area coverage of 87.4%.The free radical scavenging activity of chloroform fraction (CF) of a crude drug
shows 510μg/ml of scavenging activity. The IC50 value for MTT assay was found to be 84.7μg/ml. The GLUT4 study
shows significant uptake of glucose. PPAR gamma activity regulation of glucose disposal and insulin sensitivity in the
skeletal muscles shows concentration dependence response using standard Pioglitazone. The bud of Withania coagulants
will be a promising medicine for more ailments.
Key-words- Withania coagulants, Hypotriglycerdemic, HPLC, HPTLC, GLUT-4, MTT assay
Ethynyl estradiol was evaluated for sub-acute oral toxicity in a repeated 28-day study using rats in accordance with OECD 407 guidelines. Rats were divided into four groups that received daily doses of either an olive oil solution (control), 10 μg/kg, 50 μg/kg, or 200 μg/kg of ethynyl estradiol by oral gavage. Parameters evaluated included body weight, food consumption, hematology, histopathology, spermatology, and estrous cycling. Results showed reduced food consumption and body weight gain in males at 200 μg/kg. Hematological changes and abnormal estrous cycling were also observed at higher doses.
Toxicological profile of Grewia bicolor root extractIOSRJPBS
The document summarizes a study on the toxicological profile of Grewia bicolor root extract. The study found:
1) The tolerated dose of the extract in rats was 800mg/kg while the toxic dose was 1600mg/kg, with behavioral and neurological signs observed at toxic doses.
2) The median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was calculated to be 2663.92 mg/kg in acute toxicity testing.
3) In a 28-day sub-acute toxicity study, rats administered 800mg/kg of the extract daily showed no changes in body weight, hematological, or biochemical parameters compared to controls.
This document provides an overview of hepatoprotective activity and agents. It discusses the anatomy and functions of the liver, common liver disorders, and mechanisms of hepatotoxicity. Screening methods for evaluating hepatoprotective effects include in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models. Several plants are described that have shown hepatoprotective properties, including Picrorrhiza kurroa, Orthosiphon stamineus, Tridax procumbens, Boerhaavia diffusa, and Hoslundia opposita. The document provides references for further information.
This document summarizes the results of a study that investigated the dose-dependent effects of ginger in inhibiting oxidative stress and genotoxicity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Male rats were divided into several groups, including a control group, diabetic non-treated group, and diabetic groups treated with 0.5%, 1%, or 5% ginger powder. Ginger treatment was found to reduce blood glucose and lipid levels, modulate antioxidant enzymes, and reduce DNA damage and genotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner compared to untreated diabetic rats. The study suggests that ginger exerts protective effects against diabetes by reducing oxidative stress and genotoxicity in a dose-response manner.
Hepatoprotective Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Some Medicinal Plant Mixtures ...IOSRJPBS
The rhizomes of Ginger (Zingiberofficinale), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Licorice (Glycyrrhizaglabra), the bark of Cinnamon tree,(Cinnamomumzeylanicum) and the calyces of red Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)are herbs used in thishepatoprotective studies. This study evaluates the hepatoprotective activity of water extract mixtures using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in rats.In vitroantioxidant activity of plant water extracts was determined using DPPH. The water extractmixtures wereadministered for 10 days; on the 10thday all rats were challenged with CCl4 except control group animals. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and albumin levels were determined to prove the hepatoprotectiveeffect.The enzyme activities were significantly increased in CCl4 treated rats. The four water extract mixtures exhibited significant (P<0.05)><0.05) increased in all the water extract mixtures used.
This document provides an overview of toxicity testing methods for acute, subacute, and chronic toxicity studies. It discusses the importance and history of toxicity testing, as well as standard methods and guidelines established by organizations like OECD and EPA. A variety of in vivo and in vitro toxicity tests are described, including acute, repeated dose, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and local toxicity studies. The document also addresses the large number of animals used annually for toxicity testing globally and the regulatory framework for animal testing in India.
This study evaluated the safety of rambutan rind extract (RRE) in male rats. In the acute toxicity study, the lethal dose (LD50) of RRE was found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. Significant decreases in body weight gain and food consumption were observed at doses above 1000 mg/kg. In the sub-chronic toxicity study, no mortality or signs of toxicity were observed at doses up to 1000 mg/kg/day for 30 days. At 2000 mg/kg/day, the mortality rate was 12.5%. Significant decreases in body weight gain, food consumption, and plasma triglyceride and blood urea nitrogen levels were observed. Histopathological examination found no changes
Comparative Study of The Antioxidant Activities of Monodora Myristica And A. ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
Antidiabetic and Cytoprotective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of SalaciaNitida ...IOSRJPBS
The document summarizes a study that investigated the antidiabetic and cytoprotective effects of the ethanolic root extract of Salacia nitida on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Key findings of the study include:
1) The ethanolic extract of S. nitida roots showed significant antidiabetic activity, demonstrated by a dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose levels and increase in body weight of treated diabetic rats.
2) Histological examination showed the extract helped restore damaged pancreatic and kidney tissues in treated diabetic rats closer to normal.
3) The extract demonstrated significant glucose tolerance effects and may lower blood glucose through mechanisms like stimulating insulin production or protecting pancreatic beta cells.
This study evaluated the antidiabetic potential of the flower of Withania coagulans Dunal in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Phytochemical analysis of methanolic and aqueous extracts found the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, steroids, tannins, and proteins. Diabetic rats were treated with high and low doses of the extracts for 28 days. Results showed significant decreases in blood glucose levels of treated rats compared to untreated diabetic controls, suggesting antidiabetic properties. The findings indicate that bioactive compounds in W. coagulans may be useful for treating diabetes.
Effect of Ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata on lipid profile of str...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Poor control of diabetes mellitus can result to impairment in lipid profile culminating to dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease and stroke. Measurement of triglyceride (TAG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are recommended in cardiovascular screening. Herbal and natural products have been used in folk medicine for centuries throughout the world. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata on lipid profile of streptozotocin-induced diabetic wistar albino rats. All the chemicals and reagents used in this research were of analytical grade. A total of 48 rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=8): diabetic rats in group 1 were not treated, rather received only 0.5ml normal saline; 0.5mg glibenclamide was given to diabetic rats in group 2; non-diabetic rats in group 3 received 0.5ml normal saline only, diabetic rats that were treated with 250 mg/kg, 350mg/kg and 450mg/kg b.w of ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata, were labeled groups 4, 5 and 6, respectively. At the end of the 21 days study period, the rats were fasted overnight and blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture. Lipid profile was assayed using standard biochemical methods. Injection of streptozotocin led to a significant (p<0.05) decline in HDL-C while the levels of TAG, TC, and LDL-C increased significantly. Remarkably, treatment with 250 mg/kg, 350mg/kg and 450mg/kg b.w of ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata led to reversal of the altered lipid profile. However, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) when the Chromolaena odorata extract-treated groups were compared to group 2 rats (treated with glibenclamide), a known standard antidiabetic drug. In conclusion, results from this research indicated that the ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata possess hypo-cholesterolaemic and hypo-triacylglycerolaemic effects as the extract decreased the LDL-cholesterol and increased the HDL-cholesterol levels.
Keywords: Chromolaena odorata, cholesterol, streptozotocin, Diabetes mellitus, Lipid profile, dyslipidemia
Antihyperglycemic and Anti-hyperlipidemic Effect of Herbamed, A Herbal Formul...CrimsonPublishersIOD
This study evaluated the anti-diabetic effects of an herbal formulation called "Herbamed" in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Herbamed contains extracts of 4 plants - Vernonia amygdalina, Ocimum gratissimum, Zingiber officinale, and Allium sativum. Rats were made diabetic using alloxan injections. Treatment with Herbamed at 2 doses for 7 days significantly reduced blood glucose levels and improved lipid profiles in diabetic rats in a dose-dependent manner. The effects were comparable to the anti-diabetic drug metformin. The study suggests Herbamed has anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic properties, supporting its
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Phytochemical evaluation and pharmacological screening of Scrophularia hyperc...SriramNagarajan18
Phytochemical evaluation and pharmacological screening of Scrophularia hypercifolia for hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and antihyperglycemic activity in alloxan induced diabetic rats Mehnoor Farheen*, Tayyaba Siddiqua
The global prevalence of obesity is increasing rapidly and high dietary fat intake is major risk factor for the development of obesity. The present study was taken undertaken to evaluate the effect of Argyreia Nervosa Burn.F leaf ethanol extract on serum lipid profile in Wistar male albino rat fed with high fat diet and to compare it with a standard hyperlipidemic drug Sibutramine (10mg/kg). Fifty four health Wistar albino male rats were randomized in to 9 groups of 6 animals each. The groups were followed as follows Group I: Sham operated Normal (Normal Diet), Group II: Control (High fat diet), Group III: Sibutramine 10 mg/kg + HFD, Group IV: EEAN (100mg/kg) + HFD, Group V: EEAN (200mg/kg) +HFD, Group VI: EEAN
(400mg/kg) + HFD, Remaining groups have received different types of extracts at various doses. Lipid profile in serum with high triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol levels were significantly reduced by treatment of 0.5g/day A. nervosa. The A. nervosa markedly lowers the levels of serum cholesterol and VLDL. The present investigation shows that all triton induced rats
displayed hyperlipidemia as shown by their elevated levels of serum and liver cholesterol, triglyceride, PL, VLDL, LDL and the reduction in the HDL level. It can be concluded that 0.5g/day of A. nervosa treatment was effective in reduction of cholesterol, PL, TG, VLDL, LDL and HDL in a dose dependant manner.
Abstract:
Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor in the
initiation and progression of atherosclerotic lesions,
conditions such as coronary heart disease, ischemic
cerebrovascular disease and peripheral vascular
disease. This leads to high mortality and morbidity
rate in developed countries. This is mainly due to
altered lipoprotein metabolism. Standard treatments
for Hyperlipidemia & dyslipidemia with statins and
with the other available agents have adverse effects.
Thus, there is more need for development of newer
pharmacological agents which are more efficient in
lowering LDL Cholesterol and Triglycerides. The
hypolipidemic activity of Nathaichoori Chooranam
was studied on high fat diet induced
hyperlipidemic rats. Hyperlipidemia in experimental
rats was evidenced by an enhancement in the levels
of Cholesterols, Triglycerides, LDL and VLDL.
The trial drug showed significant hypolipidemic
effect by lowering the serum levels of biochemical
parameters, such as significant reduction in the level
of serum Cholesterol, TGL, LDL, VLDL and
increase in HDL level which was similar to the
standard drug atorvastatin. So, it is concluded that
the Nathaichoori chooranam can be used in the
treatment of Hyperlipidemia and Obesity.
Effect of ethanolic extract of piper nigrum ijrpppharmaindexing
- The document describes a study investigating the effect of ethanolic extract of Piper nigrum Linn. fruits on the pharmacodynamics of atorvastatin in hyperlipidemic rats.
- Rats were fed a standard cholesterol diet for 30 days to induce hyperlipidemia and then divided into groups receiving atorvastatin alone or in combination with the extract.
- Blood samples were collected and analyzed for lipid profiles on days 1 and 8. Atorvastatin alone and in combination with the extract significantly reduced lipid levels compared to the hyperlipidemic control group, suggesting the extract increases the efficacy of atorvastatin.
Evaluation of Antiulcer Activity of Extract of Calycophyllum Spruceanum (Bent...gynomark
Objective The objective of the study was to evaluate the antiulcer activity of ethanolic extract of Calycophyllum spruceanum bark. Methodology The ethanol-HCL and pylorus ligation induced models was selected using swiss albino mice and the animals were fasted overnight and then grouped as negative control (0.9% normal saline), standard (omeprazole 30mg/kg), test 1 (CSBE 100mg/kg) and test 2 (CSBE 200mg/kg). The ulcer score, ulcer index and percent ulcer inhibition were determined in ethanol/HCL model. The volume of gastric secretion, pH, total acidity, ulcer index and percent of ulcer inhibition was determined in pylorus ligation model. The ulcerogenic abrasions in the mucosal membrane were observed under a microscope (10X) and scored manually. Results The preliminary phytochemical screening indicated the presence of sterols, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins and coumarins. The bark extract was tolerable at dose of 2000mg/kg. The selected doses of the extracts of 100, 200mg/kg was shown the significant and dose dependent antiulcer activity in ethanol/HCL and pylorus-ligation models as 11.08 %, 32.59% and 28.29%, 37.03% respectively. The dose of 200mg/kg of CSBE was shown the superlative activity ((#p?0.001)) in both models. Conclusion: It was concluded that, the ethanolic extract of Calycophyllum spruceanum bark has a significant antiulcer activity. This activity might be due to presence of supportive phytochemical like flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids. and glycosides. Hence, further evaluation is needed to isolate and identify the specific constituents responsible for the activity.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the antidiabetic effects of Vinca rosea extracts in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Key findings include:
1) Methanolic extracts of Vinca rosea reduced blood glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner and improved body weight, lipid profiles, and other diabetes-related biomarkers.
2) The extracts showed regeneration of pancreatic beta cells and restoration of cellular population in the islets of Langerhans.
3) The high dose extract (500mg/kg) was more effective than the low dose (300mg/kg) in managing diabetes symptoms after 14 days, showing similar effects to the antidiabetic drug gliben
This research article studied the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Piper longum root aqueous extract (PlrAqe) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In short term studies, PlrAqe at 200 mg/kg body weight significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels in diabetic rats over 6 hours. In long term studies over 30 days, PlrAqe treatment normalized fasting blood glucose and lipid profiles and protected liver and kidney functions in diabetic rats. The results suggest that PlrAqe is effective in managing hyperglycemia and diabetes complications, and may be a potential source for new oral anti-diabetic agents.
Anti-diabetic potentials of Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder: Phytochemistry ...RaktimavaDasSarkar
Original Artcle by Falak Naz, Muhammad Zahoor, Muhammad Ayaz, Muhammad Ashraf, Asif Nawaz, Amal Alotaibi.
Presentation prepared by Raktimava Das Sarkar
This study evaluated the effects of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Rats were divided into 7 groups, including normal controls and diabetic controls. Diabetic rats were treated with various doses of Moringa extracts for 30 days. Treatment with some doses of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts significantly reduced blood glucose and lipid levels and improved liver and kidney functions compared to diabetic controls. Histological examination showed the highest dose of ethanolic extract improved liver, kidney and pancreatic tissues. The results suggest Moringa extracts have antidiabetic potential by reducing hyperglycemia and protecting organ function.
ANTIDIABETIC POTENTIAL OF MEMECYLON TERMINALE DALZ EXTRACTS IN ALLOXAN INDUCE...Jing Zang
Memecylon terminale Dalz is an endemic plant that is exclusively present in the Western Ghat region of Southern India. The traditional healers in this region have been using this plant extract to cure disorders such as dysentery, diabetes, diarrhea, piles, haemoptysis, menorrhagia and shown to possess carminative stomachic astringent property. The present study was carried out to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity of different extracts of M. terminale Dalz in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Chloroform and methanolic extracts of M. terminale Dalz leaves were screened for hypoglycemic activity in alloxan induced diabetes in Swiss albino rats. The lipid profile was also examined in diabetic rats administered with these extracts. The efficacy of these extracts was also analyzed for their ability to inhibit α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Of the two extracts, chloroform extract (500 mg/kg body weight) showed dose dependent decrease in blood glucose level which was comparable to that of control after 24 h of extract administration. On the other hand, chloroform extract also showed good lipid profile that was comparable with standard drug. As compared to chloroform extract, the methanolic extract showed good inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme activity. The results of our study indicate that M. terminale Dalz plant possesses significant protective effects against alloxan induced diabetes. However, detailed structure function analysis of active ingredients of the extract is needed to be validated.
Hepatoprotective Activity of Methanolic Extract of Whole Plant of Pulicaria W...IOSRJPBS
Natural remedies from medicinal plants are considered to be effective and safe alternative treatment for liver injury. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of whole plant of Pulicaria wightiana in wistar rats. The studies were conducted using the two popular inducing agents Paracetamol (2 g/kg, p.o.) in 1% NaCMC and Carbon tetrachloride (1 ml/kg). Silymarin (100 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as reference drug in the respective models. The effect was estimated by measuring the enzymatic levels and histo- pathological studies. The methanolic extract of whole plant of Pulicaria wightiana has shown very significant hepatoprotection against both Paracetamol and CCl4 - induced hepatotoxicity study models in wistar rats. This was evidenced by marked reduction in marker enzymes in serum. Histopathological studies also confirmed the hepatoprotective nature of the extract
The document summarizes a study on the antidiabetic activity of Aegle marmelos leaves. The study involved inducing diabetes in rats using alloxan monohydrate. The rats were then divided into several groups, including a control group, diabetic group, group receiving A. marmelos extract, and group receiving the antidiabetic drug glibenclamide. Various biochemical parameters were measured and statistically analyzed after 20 days of treatment. The results suggest that A. marmelos extract was effective in managing diabetes, lowering blood glucose and improving other biochemical parameters in diabetic rats.
EVALUATION OF ANTI HYPERLIPIDEMIC ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF AMARANTHUS...gynomark
The document describes a study that evaluated the anti-hyperlipidemic activity of the ethanolic extract of Amaranthus roxbhurgianus in albino rats. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract showed the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, flavonoids, and sterols. Acute toxicity studies in rats found no deaths up to a dose of 2g/kg. Rats fed a high-cholesterol diet and treated with the Amaranthus roxbhurgianus extract at doses of 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg showed a significant reduction in serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and atherogenic index, and an increase in HDL levels compared to the
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Similar to Evaluation of anti diabetic potential of leaves of nelumbo nucifera in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (20)
Patient compliance: Challenges in management of cardiac diseases in Kuala Lum...pharmaindexing
Background
The objective of this study was to investigate the degree of compliance among cardiac patients who attend the health facilities in Kuala Lumpur and Perak, Malaysia. The reasons for non-compliance and recommendations from healthcare professionals were also evaluated.
Method
A cross-sectional study of 400 patients and 100 healthcare professionals was carried out. This study utilizes variables on external factors and internal factors as the measurement tools. The questionnaire which consists of Morisky self-reported medication adherence questions was administered to patients and causes for non-compliance sought. Questionnaire for healthcare professionals was used to determine strategies that can improve compliance rate.
Results
The study revealed a 15.8% of high adherence rate, 54.3% of moderate adherence rate and 30% of poor adherence to cardiovascular disease medications. The chi-square tests showed the strong association between dependent and independent variables. The model chosen for testing the patient compliance through external and internal factors gives an R2 value of 85.0% with an adjusted R2 of 84.7%. The F value (317.187) was also significant (p=0.000) which means that the variables have better fit in the multivariate model. The major reasons determined for non-adherence were attitudes and beliefs, lifestyle, side effects and cost of medications. The study recommends that pharmacists and dispensing technicians should be adequately qualified to provide proper counselling to cardiac patients on their medicines and disease conditions.
Conclusion
The result of this study is of value to health care providers. Compliance to cardiovascular medications will avoid treatment failures encountered in therapy.
Overview on Recurrence Pregnancy Loss etiology and risk factorspharmaindexing
Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) can be defined as more than two to three consecutive miscarriages before 20 weeks’ gestation; it affects approximately 1% to 2% of women. RPL is a multifactorial disease. It is very important to study the etiology and risk factors of RPL to find the best diagnostic tests and suitable therapeutic intervention. This article will discuss the current understanding etiologies and risk factors of RPL.
Novel treatments for asthma: Corticosteroids and other anti-inflammatory agents.pharmaindexing
Asthma management is a challenge due to the prevalence of disease in the world. Based on the immunological and inflammatory mechanisms of asthma, corticosteroids and anti-inflammatory participate greatly in the treatment plan. Due to different reasons, there is still an unmet need to develop new agents in this field. A lot of compounds with anti-inflammatory effect are investigated in both pre-clinical and clinical studies.
A review on liver disorders and screening models of hepatoprotective agentspharmaindexing
The liver is a vital organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. It has a wide range of functions, including detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of bio chemicals necessary for digestion. The liver is necessary for survival; there is currently no way to compensate for the absence of liver function long term, although liver dialysis can be used short term.
Carbamazepine induced Steven Johnson syndrome: A case reportpharmaindexing
Drugs are the most common cause that induces Steven Johnson syndrome (SJS) and includes antiepileptic drugs, antiretroviral drugs, anti-tuberculosis drugs, Sulphonamides, fluoroquinolones, penicillins, non-Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Multivitamins. The genetic markers are also the cause for carbamazepine induced Steven Johnson Syndrome. In our study, the antiepileptic drug (Carbamazepine) is the cause for Steven Johnson Syndrome. A female patient aged 25 years came to the hospital with the complaints of bubbling over the skin and all over the body with papillary vesicles associated with pain and irritation, fever, myalgia, and nausea. The patient is known case of Phenytoin induced Steven Johnson Syndrome. In this case the patient developed the Steven Johnson Syndrome approximately after one month after starting the carbamazepine.By the withdrawal of the drug, the condition of the patient was improved.
Monoherbal formulation development for laxative activitypharmaindexing
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia specifically approves flaxseed as a poultice for boils externally and demulcent or laxative internally. In this study monoherbal formulation development for laxative activity of flaxseed was undertaken. The plantLinumusitatissimumhasshowed higher percentage of total ash as well as alcohol soluble extractive values. The aqueous extract of Linumusitatissimumwas prepared by using pilot scale extraction plant and spray drying unit. The qualitative phytochemical studies reveal the presence of amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins and proteins. From the available literatures it was found that Linumusitatissimum contains more number of amino acids. The formulated tablets showed acceptable pharmacopoeial limits and complies with specifications for thickness, hardness, friability and weight variation. The formulation has showed better laxative activity indicating additive property of the combined phytoconstituents of the plant.
Monoherbal formulation development for laxative activitypharmaindexing
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia specifically approves flaxseed as a poultice for boils externally and demulcent or laxative internally. In this study monoherbal formulation development for laxative activity of flaxseed was undertaken. The plantLinumusitatissimumhasshowed higher percentage of total ash as well as alcohol soluble extractive values. The aqueous extract of Linumusitatissimumwas prepared by using pilot scale extraction plant and spray drying unit. The qualitative phytochemical studies reveal the presence of amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins and proteins. From the available literatures it was found that Linumusitatissimum contains more number of amino acids. The formulated tablets showed acceptable pharmacopoeial limits and complies with specifications for thickness, hardness, friability and weight variation. The formulation has showed better laxative activity indicating additive property of the combined phytoconstituents of the plant.
Pneumonia and respiratory failure from swine origin influenza H1n1pharmaindexing
Swine influenza (swine flu) became alarming health concern when World Health Organization declared as “public health emergency of international concern” on April 25, 2009. After documentation of human-to-human transmission of the virus in at least three countries of two WHO regions, the WHO raised the pandemic level to 6.1 During the 1918, flu pandemic infected one-third of the world's population (an estimated 500 million people) and caused approximately 50 million deaths.2 In 1976, an outbreak of swine influenza occurred in New Jersey, USA, which involved more than 200 cases, some of them severe, resulting in one death.3 In 1988, another fatality was reported as a complication of swine influenza.
A descriptive study on newborn care among postnatal mothers in selected mater...pharmaindexing
The newborn health challenge faced by India is more formidable than that experienced by any other country in the world. The newborn health is inevitably affected by the traditional care practices of the mothers causing high infant morbidity and mortality.The aim of the study were determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of postnatal mothers regarding new born care and find out the association between knowledge, attitude and practice of postnatal mothers regarding new born care and to determine the association between these as well as with the selected demographic variables. A descriptive study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of postnatal mothers regarding new born care in selected maternity centres in Madurai. Survey approach was employed to select sample and it consisted of 100 postnatal mothers. Data was collected using structured interview schedule. Findings of the study showed that 65% of postnatal mothers had moderate knowledge; 61% had favourable attitude and 57% of them had high practice of new born care. There was a significant association between knowledge and attitude (r=+0.567), knowledge and practice (r=+0.388), attitude and practice (r=+0.321) .There was a significant association between knowledge and education, monthly family income and obstetrical score at p<0.05. Findings of the study indicated the need to conduct frequent assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of postnatal mothers regarding new born care. Awareness and attitude of the mothers towards new born care still has lots of lacunae especially in those who belong to the lower socio economic statusand poorly educated postnatal mothers. So it is imperative to provide comprehensive training in the field of new born care for mothers during pregnancy
Late 19th century was evident of intelligent biomaterial; which has changed researcher’s perspective towards science and technology. This intelligent biomaterial are envisioned to have huge impact on Healthcare from sequential signalling of biomedical molecule, mimicking natural gene, an effective drug carrier, to high resolution diagnostic tool.From drug discovery aspect many of NCE fail to reach therapeutic potential due to PK/ PD profile. Nanotechnology has changed the face of drug discovery form chemical evaluation to structure of proteins in signalling pathways and development of chemical antibody. Nanotechnology from lab to market approval is long process due to regulatory evaluation. Though it seems to be bright future market it has to go through a long process from being innovation to complete market product. This makes whole process expensive making investor reluctant to invest in big projects.Western world is aware of dramatic potential of nano-projects; which has its limitation in financial investments; with major challenge of transforming nano science to commercial pharmaceutical product.
The Flaws in health practice in post-operative management of a patient in ter...pharmaindexing
This case study summarizes the treatment of a 4-year old child with congenital urinary tract obstruction who presented with constipation, fever, and cough. Laboratory tests found low electrolyte levels, high blood acids, and kidney damage. The child's treatment included surgery, dialysis to correct electrolyte imbalances, and antibiotics for chest infection. However, the case study notes discrepancies in the post-operative treatment, including questionable antibiotic selection and prescribing of calcium channel blockers not recommended for children. The study concludes there is a need for clinical pharmacists on the healthcare team to improve rational medication use.
Corticosteroid induced disorders – An overviewpharmaindexing
Glucocorticoids are important in the treatment of many inflammatory, allergic, immunologic, and malignant disorders, and the toxicity of glucocorticoids is one of the commonest causes of iatrogenic illness associated with chronic inflammatory disease.Glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy is characterized by fast-twitch or type II muscle fiber atrophy. Corticosteroid (CS) therapy is widely used in the treatment of rheumatic diseases.Osteoporosis remains one of its major complications.Steroid induced glaucoma is a form of open angle glaucoma occurring as an adverse effect of corticosteroid therapy. Glucocorticoids induce hepatic and extrahepatic insulin resistance.Glucocorticoid treatment impairs both glucose transport in fat and muscle cells. Corticosteroid-induced psychosis represents a spectrum of psychological changes that can occur at any time during treatment. Cushing’s syndrome describes the signs and symptoms associated with prolonged exposure to inappropriately high levels of the hormone cortisol. Physicians must be aware of these adverse effects and be equipped to manage them.
Anti-inflammatory activity of pupalia lappacea L. Jusspharmaindexing
Pupalia lappacea (L) Juss is an erect shrub used in folklore medicine to treat bone fractures and in inflammatory conditions. Methanolic extract of aerial parts shown is claimed in traditional medicine that the leaves of the plant are used in the treatment of inflammation. In the present study, the methanolic extract of Pupalia lappacea was screened for its anti-inflammatory activity using carageenan induced rat paw edema egg white induced paw oedema models. The methanolic extract at the dose of 200 mg/kg p.o exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced paw edema model (p<0.01). In egg white induced model, methanolic extract at the dose of 200 mg/kg inhibited paw oedema significantly (p<0.01) indicating that both test samples inhibit the increase in number of fibroblasts and synthesis of collagen and mucopolysaccharides during prostaglandin formation during the inflammation. These experimental results have established a pharmacological evidence for the folklore claim of the drug to be used as an anti inflammatory agent. HPTLC analysis of the extract shows the presence of gallic acid 1.24mg/ml, ferulic acid 2.00mg/ml, chlorogenic acid 46.25mg/ml and rutin 7.02mg/ml of the extract which were responsible for the claimed anti-inflammatory action in the animal models studied.
Lucinactant: A new solution in treating neonatal respiratory distress syndrom...pharmaindexing
This document summarizes research on Lucinactant, a novel synthetic surfactant approved by the FDA in 2012 for treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). It contains a peptide called sinapultide that mimics the function of human surfactant protein B. Studies found Lucinactant was as effective as or more effective than previous animal-derived surfactants in reducing mortality from RDS, but its pharmacokinetics are not fully understood. The document reviews clinical trials and mechanisms of Lucinactant and discusses its efficacy, safety profile, and potential cost benefits compared to other surfactants.
Bioactivity screening of Soil bacteria against human pathogenspharmaindexing
This study aimed to isolate soil bacteria with potential bioactive properties against human pathogens. 36 bacterial strains were isolated from 3 soil samples and screened against common pathogens. 14 isolates showed antibacterial activity, including against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, E. coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aureginosa and Salmonella typhi. The 3 most active bacterial isolates were selected for further production and isolation of their bioactive metabolites. Testing found the metabolites had prominent antibacterial effects against the clinical pathogens studied, indicating their potential as a source of new antimicrobials given the rise in drug resistance.
A study on sigmoid Volvulus presentation and managementpharmaindexing
A study on sigmoid volvulus presentation and management was a 2yr retrospective study done at RMMCH.The diagnosis of sigmoid volvulus was made from a history of large bowel obstruction (constipation, abdominal distension, and abdominal pain), which were often recurrent and plain abdominal radiographs.The morbidity associated isSuperficial wound infection occurred in four patients. All the infected wounds eventually healed with conservative measures. Clinical anastomotic dehiscence was noted in 1 patient for which during relaparotomy proximal colostomy and mucous fistula was done. The mortality associated is shown is there were 9 deaths of which 7 were due to sepsis and 2 were due to comorbid illness. Two out of eight patients for whom a colopexy was done had a recurrent attack of sigmoid volvulus. The duration of hospital stay ranged between 10 and 21 days. Use of sigmoidoscopic detorsion for viable colon should be encouraged. Sigmoidopexy, which is associated with a recurrence rate of 20% in our series of patients, should be used selectively.Hartmann’s procedure is a safe option in sigmoid volvulus with gangrenous bowel. Primary anastomosis in emergency situation can be carried out with morbidity and mortality in patients with viable colon
Evaluation of Preliminary phytochemical on various some medicinal plantspharmaindexing
The present study was carried out to evaluate the physical status and percentage yield of methanolic extract and its fractions of whole plant of Leucas cephalotes, leaves of Hiptage benghalensis and leaves of Kydia calycina were recorded for future references and Preliminary phytochemical screening of MLC, MHB and MKC revealed the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, steroidal and phenolic compounds. MLC revealed the presence of all the above mentioned phytoconstituents except saponins and also MKC steroidal compounds. The fractions of MLC, MHB and MKC revealed the presence of glycosides, phenolic compounds, steroids and flavonoids.
Comparision of in vitro antibacterial activity of cefoperazone and levofloxac...pharmaindexing
This study compared the in vitro antibacterial activity of cefoperazone and levofloxacin against various clinical isolates. 120 bacterial isolates from patient samples were tested for susceptibility to cefoperazone and levofloxacin using disc diffusion. Results showed levofloxacin had lower resistance than cefoperazone for E. coli and P. aeruginosa, while cefoperazone was more effective against S. aureus. However, resistance to both antibiotics was gradually increasing, highlighting the need for regular surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility.
Concept of srotas from ayurvedic perspective with special reference to neurologypharmaindexing
Ayurveda is a life science. The researchers of ayurveda could rule out the presence of srotas (channels) spreading throughout the human body. These srotas (channels) are governed by vayu which is using all the srotas (channels) of the body to carry out the functional and physiological activities of the human body without which the human society will not exist. Several synonymous words have been described by the ayurvedicacharyas for srotas. Some are micro and some are macro in structures and they adopt the same colour of the particular dhatus of the body to which it belongs. The aim of the study is to justify that srotas are nothing but innurmerable channels or pathways of the nervous system governed by electric current without which no functional and physiological activities of the human body will develope.
Health promotion survey in overweight and obese students of universities in n...pharmaindexing
Introduction
Overweight and obesity is one of the major health problems in the UK and worldwide. Approximately two-thirds of the population in the UK is either overweight or obese. Overweight and obesity is an important issue that causes distress to most women. Health promotion is the best method to educate overweight and obese women. It is defined as the process enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health by Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. It is aimed to enhance the well-being of the individuals and their positive attitudes towards prevention of various diseases. In order to make any improvement to the health promotion for overweight and obesity, the risk factors and the opinions from the public should first be identified and addressed.
Methods
Cross-sectional survey design was selected with a questionnaire that consisted of 20 open and close ended questions. A sample size of 196 was determined. The data thus gathered was analyzed using SPSS V20 (Statistical Package for Social Science version 20). Descriptive statistics (fx) and (SD) were used and Chi-square X2 test for association was employed.
Results
Out of the total 196 responses, only (40%) of the students had normal weight (SD 1.1), (25%) students had a good understanding of health promotion (SD 1.6), half (50%) appeared concerned about their weight (SD 0.5), (60%) had an obese family member (0.5). The BMI of students was associated with the presence of an obese member in their family and their weight as a concern for them. (P-value <0.05).
Conclusion
The health promotion service is beneficial as it was found to have raised concerns in the mind of the students regarding over weight and obesity. However it was observed that the understanding of health promotion service was different among students and this is the root of the problem.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
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Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
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TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
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Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Evaluation of anti diabetic potential of leaves of nelumbo nucifera in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
1. ~ 18 ~
* Corresponding author: Nallani Venkata Rama Rao,
E-mail address: nvramarao009@gmail.com,
IJAMSCR |Volume 1 | Issue 1 | Oct - 2013
www.ijamscr.com
Research article
Evaluation of anti-diabetic potential of leaves of Nelumbo nucifera in
streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
*Nallani Venkata Rama Rao, A.Narendra Babu, M.Sathish Kumar, P.Sharmila Nirojini,
Venkatarao Vutla, Ramarao Nadendla
Department of pharmacology, Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Lam, Guntur, A.P.
India.
ABSTRACT
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (Nymphaeaceae), also known as sacred lotus, is a well known medicinal
plant. Nelumbo nucifera (family Nymphaeaceae) are free floating plants.The methanolic extract of Nelumbo
nucifera leaves was obtained by soxhlet extraction apparatus. The extract was subjected to preliminary
phytochemical screening by using standard procedures.The toxicity studies and dose fixation were carried out
by using OECD 425 guideline. According to OECD 425 guideline toxicity study no toxic symptoms were
observed up to dose 2000 mg/kg.The anti diabetic effect of Nelumbo nucifera leaf methanolic extract given in
streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Oral administration of methanolic extract for 15 days in diabetic mice
exhibits highly significant (P < 0.01) antidiabetic activity and also alters the body weight significantly . The
data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by Dunnett's test.The observations confirm that
methanolic extract of NELUMBO NUCIFERA leaf and stem has antidiabetic activity due to presence of
alkaloids,aminoacids, saponins, glycosides, triterpenoid, vitamins etc There is a need of further investigation to
isolate and identify the principle chemical constituents for its anti diabetic property.
KEYWORDS: Antidiabetic activity, Nelumbo nucifera , Hypogycemic, Weight variation, streptozotocin
INTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic
disorder which affects a significant portion of the
population worldwide.[1] DM is a group of
metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia,
hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia,
resulting from defects in insulin secretion, its
action or both. [2] Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes
are known to be multifactorial diseases caused by
a combination of genetic (inheritance) and
environmental (diet and lifestyle) factors.[3] Non-
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is a
multifactorial disease, which is characterised by
hyperglycemia and lipoprotein abnormalities.[4]
These traits are hypothesised to damage cell
membranes, which results in excess generation of
reactive oxygen species. NIDDM has also been
associated with an increased risk for developing
premature atherosclerosis due to an increase in
triglycerides (TG) and low-density lipoproteins
(LDL), and decrease in high-density lipoprotein
levels (HDL).[5] Two groups of oral hypoglycemic
drugs, sulphonylureas and biguanides, have been
used in the treatment of DM. They act by lowering
blood glucose thereby delaying or preventing the
onset of diabetic complications.[6] Nelumbo
nucifera (Family Nymphaeaceae) are free floating
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences
and Clinical Research (IJAMSCR)
2. Nallani Venkata Rama Rao, ,et al / Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Research Vol-1(1) 2013 [18-24]
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~ 19 ~
plants . Leaves are to be useful in vomiting,
dysentery, cholera, diarrhea, ringworm affection
and dyspepsia,fever, intermittent fever, cough,
burning sensation, dysuria and hyperdipsia,
hemorrhoids, haemoptysis, menorrhagia,
inflammation, bleeding piles and leucorrhoea, skin
diseases, leprosy and pruritus.
Aim and Objective
The main aim of the present work was to evaluate
the anti diabetic activity of Nelumbo leaves and
stem in streptozotocin induced diabetis by using
methanol as a solvent.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collection and authentication of plant Leaves of the
plant were collected from local region of
Pallavaram,Chennai, India in the month of March
2010. The botanical identity was confirmed by a
taxonomist Prof. Kamal, Department of Botany;
Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur where voucher
specimen (No. GU0309186) has been deposited.
Preparation of plant extract
The leaves and stem of N. nucifera were washed,
shade dried and powdered. The powdered material
was defatted with petroleum ether (60-80ºC) and
then extracted with methanol in Soxhlet apparatus
(40 cycles). The extract was concentrated for
further studies at reduced pressure and temperature
in a rotary evaporator. Methanolic extract was
tested for the presence of secondary metabolites by
various phytochemical tests.In this extract more
amount of phytochemical constituents was isolated
and the yield of the extract was very high when
compared with the other extracts.
Acute toxicity test
Acute oral toxicity study for the test extract of the
plant was carried out using OECD/OCED guideline
425. The test procedure minimizes the number of
animals required to estimate the oral acute toxicity.
The test also allows the observation of signs of
toxicity and can also be used to identify chemicals
that are likely to have low toxicity.
SELECTION ANIMALS
Healthy, young adult albino Wistar rats (200-250
g) were used for this study. Animals were fasted
(food but not water was withheld overnight) prior
to dosing. The fasted body weight of each animal
was determined, and the dose was calculated
according to the body weight.
Limit test at 2000 mg/kg
The drug was administered in the dose of 2000
mg/kg body weight orally to one animal. This first
test animal survived. Then, four other animals were
dosed sequentially; therefore, a total of five
animals were tested. Animals were observed
individually at least once during the first 30 min
after dosing, periodically during the first 24 h (with
special attention given during the first 4 h), and
daily thereafter, for a total of 14 days. No animal
died. Therefore, the LD 50 is greater than 2000
mg/kg. [12] An investigation with 1/20th
,1/8 th
, 1/4
th
of 2000 mg/kg, i.e.100,250 and 500 mg was done
in pre-screening. Only 250mg/kg and 500 mg/kg
was found to be effective against diabetes, hence
this dose was used in final screening.
Phytochemical screening
The plant may be considered as biosynthetic
laboratory for the chemical compounds such as
carbohydrates, protein, glycosides, Saponin etc.
The compounds that are responsible for therapeutic
effect are usually the secondary metabolites. A
systematic study of a crude drug embraces
thorough consideration of both primary and
secondary metabolites derived as result of plant
metabolism. The plant material may be subjected to
preliminary phytochemical screening for detection
of various plant constituents. Standard screening
test of the extract was carried out for various plant
constituents. The crude extract was screened for the
presence or absence of secondary metabolites such
as carbohydrate, polysacharides, saponins, etc. by
using standard procedures. [10-11]
Experimental animals
Healthy Wistar albino rats of either sex (150-200 g)
were housed in polypropylene cages in an air-
conditioned area at 25 ± 2º&C with 12/12 h light-
dark cycle. All animals had free access to standard
pellet diet (Mahavir Industries, Delhi) and clean
water ad libitum. The norms for Good Laboratory
Practice (GLP) were followed for care of
laboratory animals. The study was approved by
Institutional Animal Ethical Committee (IAEC,
clearance no: 003/2009/IAEC/anu).
Drugs and chemicals used Metformin,
streptozotocin (STZ), and sodium citrate buffer
were used in this study. Other chemicals used for
extraction purpose and phytochemical tests were of
laboratory grade.
3. Nallani Venkata Rama Rao, et al / Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Research Vol-1(1) 2013 [18-24]
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Antidiabetic activit: [13–15]
After fasting, DM was induced by intra peritoneal
injection of STZ dissolved in 0.1 M cold sodium
citrate buffer (pH 4.4) at a dose of 70 mg/kg b.w.
The animals were allowed to drink 5% glucose
solution overnight to overcome the drug-induced
hypoglycemia. After 72 h, STZ-treated animals
were considered as diabetic when the fasting
plasma levels were observed above 200 mg/dL
with glucosuria. The experiments were conducted
on animal groups to see the effect of MENn on
diabetic rats.
Six rats were used in each of the five groups which
were as follows:
Group I: Normal control (vehicle).
Group II: Diabetic control (vehicle).
Group III: Diabetic rats treated with MENn (250
mg/kg p.o.).
Group IV: Diabetic rats treated with MENn (500
mg/kg p.o.).
Group V: Diabetic rats treated with
Metformin(0.25 mg/kg p.o.).
Vehicle, MENn, and Metformin, were adminis-
tered once daily for 15 days from the day of
induction. Blood was drawn from Retero orbital
puncture , and blood glucose level was estimated
on 0, 10 th
and 15 th
day of experiment with the help
of glucometer (one touch ultra, Johnson and
Johnson Ltd.) using strip method.
Statistical analysis
All results were expressed as mean ± SEM. The
data were analyzed using analysis of variance
(ANOVA), and the group means were compared by
Dunnett's test. Values were considered statistically
significant with P < 0.05. GraphPad Instat was used
for the analysis of data.
Preliminary phytochemical screening
Phytochemical screening was done using color
forming and precipitating chemical reagents to
generate preliminary data on the constituents of the
plant extract. The chemical tests revealed the
presence of major secondary metabolites such as
carbohydrate, poly sacharids, saponins, etc. in the
extract of the leaves and stem of N.nucifera The
results indicated the presence of saponins and
carbohydrate, poly sacharides compounds in
methanolic extract of N.nucifera.
Acute toxicity studies
A preliminary toxicity study was designed to
demonstrate the appropriate safe dose range that
could be used for subsequent experiments rather
than to provide complete toxicity data on the
extract. Acute toxicity studies conducted revealed
that the administration of methanolic extract (up to
a dose of 2000 mg/kg) of N.nucifera did not
produce significant changes in behavior of the
animals. No death was observed up to the dose of
2000 mg/kg b.w. The rats were physically active.
These effects were observed during the
experimental period (15 days). The results showed
that in single dose the plant extract had no adverse
effect, indicating that the medium lethal dose (LD
50 ) could be greater than 2000 mg/kg body weight
in rats. In acute toxicity study, no toxic symptoms
were observed for MENn up to dose of 2 g/kg body
weight. All animals behaved normally. No
neurological or behavioral effects could be noted.
No mortality was found up to 15 days study.
Blood glucose level
In STZ -induced diabetic rats, the blood glucose
levels were in the range of 279-281 mg/dL, which
were considered as severe diabetes. In the
Metformin(0.25 mg/kg) and methanolic extract
(250mg/kg & 500 mg/kg) treated groups, the peak
values of blood sugar significantly decreased from
281.2 mg/dL to 102.34 mg/dL and from 280.6
mg/dL to 109.13 mg/dL on the 15 th
day,
respectively [Table 1] . Hence, in this study
observations showed that the methonalic n reduced
the blood glucose level in diabetic rats but values
did not return to those of normal controls.
Therefore, methanolic extract possesses significant
(P < 0.05) antidiabetic activity, when compared
with diabetic control. There was a marked
reduction in blood glucose level (in 15 days) in
STZ -diabetic animals. This effect of the
methanolic extract (250mg/kg & 500 mg/kg) is
nearly equal to, if not better than, that of Metformin
(0.25 mg/kg) [Table 1].
Body weight variation
Body weight of streptazosin-induced NIDDM rats
were found to be statistically less (p<0.05)
compared to normal rats at basal level (before drug
treatment).After one week of drug treatment,
methanolic extract did not improve the body weight
of NIDDM rats (p>0.05) compare to NIDDM
control. Progress in weight gain of animals in drug
treated group was absorbed up to 21 days. Body
4. Nallani Venkata Rama Rao, ,et al / Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Research Vol-1(1) 2013 [18-24]
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~ 21 ~
weight of different group of animals at basal level
& at the end of 0, 7, 14, 25 days of drug treatment
[Table 2]. The various numbers of plants have been
traditionally used to treat diabetes, and some have
been proven to have hypoglycemic effects. These
studies have identified that compounds such as
polysaccharides, flavonoids, terpenoids and
tannins, and steroids are responsible for
antidiabetic effect. Methanolic extract also contains
flavonoids, saponins and carbohydrate, steroids,
tannins, and phenolic compounds. The observed
hypoglycemic effects of this plant could have
resulted from the combined activity of these
compounds present in the extract.Administration of
STZ caused rapid destruction of pancreatic β-cells
in rats, which led to impaired glucose stimulated
insulin release and insulin resistance, both of which
are marked feature of type II diabetes.Oral
hypoglycemic agents and insulin are currently
available for treating DM. There is, however, a
growing interest in herbal remedies due to the side
effects associated with the existing drugs. The
present investigation indicates the hypoglycemic
and also protective effects of methanolic extract on
serum lipid profile of STZ-diabetic rats. We have
observed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in blood
glucose in methanolic extract -treated diabetic rats,
when compared with diabetic control rats. The
possible mechanism of extract on hypoglycemic
action may be through potentiation of pancreatic
secretion of insulin from b-cell of islets and/or due
to enhanced transport of blood glucose to the
peripheral tissue or by other mechanisms such as
stimulation of glucose uptake by peripheral tissue,
inhibition of endogenous glucose production or
activation of gluconeogenesis in liver and muscles.
Diabetes is associated with hyperlipidemia. It is
well known that insulin activates enzyme
lipoprotein lipase, which hydrolyzes triglyceride
under normal conditions. Destruction of β-cells
leads to depletion of plasma insulin, which results
in hyperlipidemia. The significant control of
plasma lipid levels suggests that the extract may
produce its action by improving insulin secretion.
A significant reduction in bodyweight was
observed in the STZ- induced diabetic rats. the
decrease in the weight in diabetes is due to
continuous excretion of glucose and decrease in
peripheral uptake of glucose and glycogen
synthesis. the decreace in weight was arrested on
administration of methanolic extract.Diabetogenic
agents significantly increase the cholesterol and TG
levels. The abnormally high concentration of serum
lipids in DM is mainly due to an increase in the
mobilisation of free fatty acids from the peripheral
fat depots, since insulin inhibits the hormone-
sensitive lipase. The marked hyperlipidemia that
characterises the diabetic state may, therefore, be
regarded as a consequence of the uninhibited
actions of lipolytic hormones on the fat depots.
Excess of fatty acids in plasma produced by STZ
promotes the liver conversion of some fatty acids
to phospholipids and cholesterol. These two
substances, along with excess of TG formed in the
liver, may be discharged into lipoproteins in the
blood. As a result, serum phospholipids are
elevated. Administration of MENn to diabetic rats
improved the cholesterol and TG . This effect may
be due to low activity of cholesterol biosynthesis
enzymes and/or low level of lipolysis which are
under the control of insulin. [25] Defects in
carbohydrate metabolizing machinery and
consistent efforts of the physiological system to
correct the imbalance in carbohydrate metabolism
place an overexertion on the endocrine system,
which leads to the deterioration of endocrine
control. Continuing deterioration of endocrine
control exacerbates the metabolic disturbances and
leads primarily to hyperglycemia.The most
significant findings of this study is that the MENn
has shown beneficial effect not only on blood
glucose, but also on glucose and ketone levels of
urine in STZ -induced diabetic rats. Urine analysis
on 0 day showed the presence of glucose and traces
of ketone in the entire group except normal control.
However, on 15 th
day glucose and ketone traces
were absent in methanolic extract and Metformin-
treated groups while they were present in diabetic
control [Table 2]. Therefore, results obtained from
this study are quite promising and comparable with
Metformin, a standard drug used to treat DM.The
observations confirm that methanolic extract of the
leaf and stem of the plant has antidiabetic activity
and is also involved in correction of altered
biological parameters. It also warrants further
investigation to isolate and identify the
hypoglycemic principles in this plant so as to
elucidate their mode of action.
5. Nallani Venkata Rama Rao, et al / Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Research Vol-1(1) 2013 [18-24]
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TABLE 1: Effect of MENn on blood glucose level in STZ- induced diabetic rats
Groups Blood glucose (mg/dl)
0day 10day 15day
Normal control (-) 94.2±3.65 95.0±2.7 95.8±3.06
Diabetic control(-) 210.35±1.41 220.56±2.35 242.56±2.53
Diabetic rats + MENn(250mg/kg) 205.05±1.45 166.23±1.81 143.23±2.13
Diabetic rats + MENn(500mg/kg) 200.38±4.84 152.44±1.56 109.13±2.42
Diabetic rats + Metformin(0.25mg/kg) 200.74±8.41 123.43±3.21 102.34±1.36
Vales are mean ± SEM; n=6 ; **P<0.01as compare to NIDDM control ( one way ANOVA followed by Dunnet multiple
comparison test ); MENn = methanolic extract of Nelumbo , NIDDM = non insulin dependent diabetic mellitus.
TABLE 2: Effect of MENn on body weight in STZ- induced diabetic rats
Groups Body weight variation
0 day 10day 15day
Normal control (-) 236. 13±1.19 235.12±1.92 236.23±1.43
Diabetic control(-) 235.12 ± 1.42 223.14 ± 2.11 210.25 ±1.64
Diabetic rats + MENn(250mg/kg) 212.22 ±1.21 200.32 ±0.51 207.41 ±1.12
Diabetic rats + MENn(500mg/kg) 224.10 ±2.14 210.43 ±0.18 220. 35 ±0.44
Diabetic rats + Metformin(0.25mg/kg) 225.12 ±1.31 218.32 ±1.45 224.35 ±0.65
Data-1: Blood glucose Estimation
Blood glucose estimation
o
days
10
days
15
days
0
100
200
300
NC
DC
D+MENn(250mg/kg)
D+MENn(500mg/kg)
D+Metformin(0.25mg/kg)
Bloodglucoselevel
6. Nallani Venkata Rama Rao, ,et al / Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Research Vol-1(1) 2013 [18-24]
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Data-2: Body weight
variation
CONCLUSION
The observations confirm that methanolic extract
of the leaf and stem of the plant has antidiabetic
activity and is also involved in correction of altered
biological parameters. It also warrants further
investigation to isolate and identify the
hypoglycemic principles in this plant so as to
elucidate their mode of action.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to thank, Dr. Ramarao Nadendla,
Principal, and management of Chalapathi institute
of pharmaceutical sciences, Guntur, India for
providing the facilities necessary to carry out this
research work.
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