This document proposes and evaluates a near lossless image compression algorithm that divides color images into red, green, and blue channels. It classifies pixels in each channel row-by-row and records the results in mask images. The image data is then decomposed into sequences based on the classification and the mask images are hidden in the least significant bits of the sequences. Different encoding schemes like LZW, Huffman, and RLE are applied and compared. Experimental results on test images show the proposed algorithm achieves smaller bits per pixel than simple encoding schemes. PSNR values also indicate very little difference between original and reconstructed images.
This document summarizes JPEG image compression techniques. It discusses how images are divided into blocks and transformed from the spatial domain to the frequency domain using the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). It then describes how the DCT coefficients are quantized and arranged in zigzag order before entropy encoding with Huffman coding. The goal of JPEG compression is to store image data using as little space as possible while maintaining enough visual detail. The techniques discussed aim to remove irrelevant and redundant image data through DCT, quantization, and entropy encoding.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new lossless image compression algorithm called Pixel Size Reduction (PSR). The PSR algorithm achieves compression by representing pixels using the minimum number of bits needed based on their frequency of occurrence in the image, rather than a fixed 8 bits per pixel. Experimental results on test images showed that the PSR algorithm achieved better compression ratios than other lossless compression methods like Huffman, TIFF, GPPM, and PCX. The paper compares the compressed file sizes of the PSR algorithm to these other methods on various synthetic images.
This document presents a new method for image compression called Haar Wavelet Based Joint Compression Method Using Adaptive Fractal Image Compression (DWT+AFIC). It combines discrete wavelet transform with an existing adaptive fractal image compression technique to improve compression ratio and reconstructed image quality compared to previous fractal image compression methods. The document introduces fractal image compression and its limitations, describes the proposed DWT+AFIC method and 5 other compression techniques, provides simulation results on test images showing DWT+AFIC achieves higher peak signal to noise ratios and compression ratios than other methods, and concludes DWT+AFIC decreases encoding time while increasing compression ratio and maintaining reconstructed image quality.
Multi Resolution features of Content Based Image RetrievalIDES Editor
Many content based retrieval systems have been
proposed to manage and retrieve images on the basis of their
content. In this paper we proposed Color Histogram, Discrete
Wavelet Transform and Complex Wavelet Transform
techniques for efficient image retrieval from huge database.
Color Histogram technique is based on exact matching of
histogram of query image and database. Discrete Wavelet
transform technique retrieves images based on computation
of wavelet coefficients of subbands. Complex Wavelet
Transform technique includes computation of real and
imaginary part to extract the details from texture. The
proposed method is tested on COREL1000 database and
retrieval results have demonstrated a significant improvement
in precision and recall.
This document discusses fractal image compression based on jointly and different partitioning schemes. It proposes partitioning RGB images into range blocks in two ways: 1) Jointly, where the red, green, and blue channels are partitioned together into blocks of the same size and coordinates. 2) Differently, where each channel is partitioned independently, resulting in different block sizes and coordinates for each channel. The document provides background on fractal image compression and the encoding/decoding processes. It analyzes the two partitioning schemes and argues the different scheme is more effective for encoding by allowing each channel to have customized partitioning.
This document presents a method for recovering text from degraded document images. It involves several steps:
1. Constructing a contrast image to distinguish text from background by calculating local image contrast and gradient.
2. Detecting text stroke edges in the contrast image using Otsu's thresholding and Canny edge detection.
3. Estimating a local threshold for binarization based on mean and standard deviation of detected edge pixel intensities.
4. Converting the image to binary format above the threshold.
5. Post-processing to remove unwanted background pixels.
The method is tested on several degraded documents and shows good performance in recovering text contents in a short time period. It provides a
This document provides a survey of single scalar point multiplication algorithms for elliptic curves over prime fields. It discusses the background of elliptic curve cryptography and point multiplication. Point multiplication is the dominant operation in ECC and can be computed using on-the-fly techniques or precomputation if the point is fixed. The efficiency of point multiplication depends on the recoding method used to represent the scalar and the composite elliptic curve operations employed. Various recoding methods and point multiplication algorithms are analyzed, including binary, signed binary using NAF representation, and window methods.
Spectral approach to image projection with cubic b spline interpolationiaemedu
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new method for image projection using spectral interpolation with cubic B-spline interpolation. The key points are:
1) Existing super resolution methods based on Fourier transforms have limitations in providing high visual quality when scaling images.
2) The proposed method first transforms image frames into the frequency domain using FFT. It then interpolates in the spectral domain using cubic B-spline interpolation to project the images onto a higher resolution grid.
3) Experimental results show the proposed method provides higher visual quality projections compared to conventional Fourier-based approaches, while also having faster computation times.
This document summarizes JPEG image compression techniques. It discusses how images are divided into blocks and transformed from the spatial domain to the frequency domain using the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). It then describes how the DCT coefficients are quantized and arranged in zigzag order before entropy encoding with Huffman coding. The goal of JPEG compression is to store image data using as little space as possible while maintaining enough visual detail. The techniques discussed aim to remove irrelevant and redundant image data through DCT, quantization, and entropy encoding.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new lossless image compression algorithm called Pixel Size Reduction (PSR). The PSR algorithm achieves compression by representing pixels using the minimum number of bits needed based on their frequency of occurrence in the image, rather than a fixed 8 bits per pixel. Experimental results on test images showed that the PSR algorithm achieved better compression ratios than other lossless compression methods like Huffman, TIFF, GPPM, and PCX. The paper compares the compressed file sizes of the PSR algorithm to these other methods on various synthetic images.
This document presents a new method for image compression called Haar Wavelet Based Joint Compression Method Using Adaptive Fractal Image Compression (DWT+AFIC). It combines discrete wavelet transform with an existing adaptive fractal image compression technique to improve compression ratio and reconstructed image quality compared to previous fractal image compression methods. The document introduces fractal image compression and its limitations, describes the proposed DWT+AFIC method and 5 other compression techniques, provides simulation results on test images showing DWT+AFIC achieves higher peak signal to noise ratios and compression ratios than other methods, and concludes DWT+AFIC decreases encoding time while increasing compression ratio and maintaining reconstructed image quality.
Multi Resolution features of Content Based Image RetrievalIDES Editor
Many content based retrieval systems have been
proposed to manage and retrieve images on the basis of their
content. In this paper we proposed Color Histogram, Discrete
Wavelet Transform and Complex Wavelet Transform
techniques for efficient image retrieval from huge database.
Color Histogram technique is based on exact matching of
histogram of query image and database. Discrete Wavelet
transform technique retrieves images based on computation
of wavelet coefficients of subbands. Complex Wavelet
Transform technique includes computation of real and
imaginary part to extract the details from texture. The
proposed method is tested on COREL1000 database and
retrieval results have demonstrated a significant improvement
in precision and recall.
This document discusses fractal image compression based on jointly and different partitioning schemes. It proposes partitioning RGB images into range blocks in two ways: 1) Jointly, where the red, green, and blue channels are partitioned together into blocks of the same size and coordinates. 2) Differently, where each channel is partitioned independently, resulting in different block sizes and coordinates for each channel. The document provides background on fractal image compression and the encoding/decoding processes. It analyzes the two partitioning schemes and argues the different scheme is more effective for encoding by allowing each channel to have customized partitioning.
This document presents a method for recovering text from degraded document images. It involves several steps:
1. Constructing a contrast image to distinguish text from background by calculating local image contrast and gradient.
2. Detecting text stroke edges in the contrast image using Otsu's thresholding and Canny edge detection.
3. Estimating a local threshold for binarization based on mean and standard deviation of detected edge pixel intensities.
4. Converting the image to binary format above the threshold.
5. Post-processing to remove unwanted background pixels.
The method is tested on several degraded documents and shows good performance in recovering text contents in a short time period. It provides a
This document provides a survey of single scalar point multiplication algorithms for elliptic curves over prime fields. It discusses the background of elliptic curve cryptography and point multiplication. Point multiplication is the dominant operation in ECC and can be computed using on-the-fly techniques or precomputation if the point is fixed. The efficiency of point multiplication depends on the recoding method used to represent the scalar and the composite elliptic curve operations employed. Various recoding methods and point multiplication algorithms are analyzed, including binary, signed binary using NAF representation, and window methods.
Spectral approach to image projection with cubic b spline interpolationiaemedu
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new method for image projection using spectral interpolation with cubic B-spline interpolation. The key points are:
1) Existing super resolution methods based on Fourier transforms have limitations in providing high visual quality when scaling images.
2) The proposed method first transforms image frames into the frequency domain using FFT. It then interpolates in the spectral domain using cubic B-spline interpolation to project the images onto a higher resolution grid.
3) Experimental results show the proposed method provides higher visual quality projections compared to conventional Fourier-based approaches, while also having faster computation times.
Modified Skip Line Encoding for Binary Image Compressionidescitation
This paper proposes a modified skip line encoding technique for lossless compression of binary images. Skip line encoding exploits correlation between successive scan lines by encoding only one line and skipping similar lines. The proposed technique improves upon existing skip line encoding by allowing a scan line to be skipped if a similar line exists anywhere in the image, rather than just successive lines. Experimental results on sample images show the modified technique achieves higher compression ratios than conventional skip line encoding.
The document discusses a method for compressing color images using block truncation coding (BTC) and genetic algorithms. BTC works by dividing images into blocks and quantizing each block to a high or low value based on the block's mean. This reduces quality issues with BTC. Color images have correlated red, green, and blue planes. The method uses a common bit plane optimized with genetic algorithms to represent all three color planes, improving quality and compression ratio compared to standard BTC and error diffused BTC. Experimental results showed the proposed method provided higher quality reconstructed images as measured by peak signal-to-noise ratio.
Reversible Data Hiding Using Contrast Enhancement ApproachCSCJournals
Reverse Data Hiding is a technique used to hide the object's data details. This technique is used to ensure the security and to protect the integrity of the object from any modification by preventing intended and unintended changes. Digital watermarking is a key ingredient to multimedia protection. However, most existing techniques distort the original content as a side effect of image protection. As a way to overcome such distortion, reversible data embedding has recently been introduced and is growing rapidly. In reversible data embedding, the original content can be completely restored after the removal of the watermark. Therefore, it is very practical to protect legal, medical, or other important imagery. In this paper a novel removable (lossless) data hiding technique is proposed. This technique is based on the histogram modification to produce extra space for embedding, and the redundancy in digital images is exploited to achieve a very high embedding capacity. This method has been applied to various standard images. The experimental results have demonstrated a promising outcome and the proposed technique achieved satisfactory and stable performance both on embedding capacity and visual quality. The proposed method capacity is up to 129K bits with PSNR between 42-45dB. The performance is hence better than most exiting reversible data hiding algorithms.
This document discusses image compression algorithms using the Lapped Orthogonal Transform (LOT) and Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) under the JPEG standard. It begins with an introduction to image compression and classification of compression schemes. It then describes LOT and DCT in detail and proposes a hybrid algorithm using both transforms simultaneously. The algorithm is tested on an image and achieves a peak signal-to-noise ratio of 36.76 decibels at a bit rate of 0.6 bits per pixel, providing higher quality than DCT alone. The document concludes the hybrid approach offers better energy compaction and quality at low bit rates than DCT.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Survey paper on image compression techniquesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes and compares several popular image compression techniques: wavelet compression, JPEG/DCT compression, vector quantization (VQ), fractal compression, and genetic algorithm compression. It finds that all techniques perform satisfactorily at 0.5 bits per pixel, but for very low bit rates like 0.25 bpp, wavelet compression techniques like EZW perform best in terms of compression ratio and quality. Specifically, EZW and JPEG are more practical than others at low bit rates. The document also notes advantages and disadvantages of each technique and concludes hybrid approaches may achieve even higher compression ratios while maintaining image quality.
The document reviews approaches to image interpolation and super-resolution. It discusses several interpolation methods including polynomial-based, edge-directed, and soft-decision approaches. Edge-directed methods aim to preserve edge sharpness during upsampling by estimating edge orientations or fusing multiple orientations. New edge-directed interpolation uses a Wiener filter to estimate missing pixel values. Soft-decision adaptive interpolation and robust soft-decision interpolation further improve results by modeling image signals within local windows and incorporating outlier weighting. The document provides formulations and comparisons of these methods.
Quality Measurements of Lossy Image Steganography Based on H-AMBTC Technique ...AM Publications,India
This document presents a new technique called H-AMBTC (Hadamard-Absolute Moment Block Truncation Coding) for lossy image steganography. H-AMBTC combines Hadamard transformation with AMBTC (Absolute Moment Block Truncation Coding) to compress cover images and conceal secret data within them. The document describes the H-AMBTC encoding and decoding algorithms and compares its performance using different block sizes (2x2, 4x4, 8x8, 16x16) based on PSNR values. Results show that 16x16 blocks provided the best PSNR for test images, indicating higher quality of the stego-images produced by the H-AMBTC technique compared to smaller block sizes
Query Image Searching With Integrated Textual and Visual Relevance Feedback f...IJERA Editor
There are many researchers who have studied the relevance feedback in the literature of content based image
retrieval (CBIR) community, but none of CBIR search engines support it because of scalability, effectiveness
and efficiency issues. In this, we had implemented an integrated relevance feedback for retrieving of web
images. Here, we had concentrated on integration of both textual features (TF) and visual features (VF) based
relevance feedback (RF), simultaneously we also tested them individually. The TFRF employs and effective
search result clustering (SRC) algorithm to get salient phrases. Then a new user interface (UI) is proposed to
support RF. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is scalable, effective and accurated
11.0003www.iiste.org call for paper_d_discrete cosine transform for image com...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper on 3D discrete cosine transform (DCT) for image compression. It discusses how 3D-DCT video compression works by dividing video streams into groups of 8 frames treated as 3D images with 2 spatial and 1 temporal component. Each frame is divided into 8x8 blocks and each 8x8x8 cube is independently encoded using 3D-DCT, quantization, and entropy encoding. It achieves better compression ratios than 2D JPEG by exploiting correlations across multiple frames. The document provides details on the 3D-DCT compression and decompression process. It reports that testing on a set of 8 images achieved a compression ratio of around 27 with this technique.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a method to enhance the resolution of satellite images using discrete wavelet transform (DWT), interpolation, and inverse discrete wavelet transform (IDWT). Low resolution satellite images are decomposed into subbands using DWT. Bilinear interpolation is applied to each subband to increase resolution. IDWT is then used to combine the subbands into the enhanced, higher resolution output image. The method is tested on LANDSAT 8 images and evaluated using metrics like PSNR, MSE, and entropy. Results show the proposed method improves these metrics over other interpolation techniques, enhancing image quality and resolution.
Review of Diverse Techniques Used for Effective Fractal Image CompressionIRJET Journal
This document reviews different techniques for fractal image compression to enhance compression ratio while maintaining image quality. It discusses algorithms like quadtree partitioning with Huffman coding (QPHC), discrete cosine transform based fractal image compression (DCT-FIC), discrete wavelet transform based fractal image compression (DWTFIC), and Grover's quantum search algorithm based fractal image compression (QAFIC). The document also analyzes works applying these techniques and concludes that combining QAFIC with the tiny block size processing algorithm may further improve compression ratio with minimal quality loss.
This document presents a new adaptive approach for enhancing degraded document images. It constructs an adaptive contrast map for the input image and then uses local thresholding to binarize the image. The local threshold is estimated based on intensities of detected text stroke edge pixels within a local window. The proposed method aims to handle degradations from shadows, lighting variations, low contrast, ink bleeding, smearing and strain. It constructs a contrast map using a combination of local image gradient and contrast, weighted based on image statistics. Text is then extracted based on detected high contrast edge pixels and thresholding neighboring pixels. The method is intended to be simple, robust and require minimal parameter tuning.
Improved block based segmentation for jpeg compressed document imageseSAT Journals
Abstract
Image Compression is to minimize the size in bytes of a graphics file without degrading the quality of the image to an unacceptable
level. The compound image compression normally based on three classification methods that is object based, layer based and block
based. This paper presents a block-based segmentation. for visually lossless compression of scanned documents that contain not only
photographic images but also text and graphic images. In low bit rate applications they suffer with undesirable compression artifacts,
especially for document images. Existing methods can reduce these artifacts by using post processing methods without changing the
encoding process. Some of these post processing methods requires classification of the encoded blocks into different categories.
Keywords- AC energy, Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), JPEG, K-means clustering, Threshold value
This document discusses various image compression methods and algorithms. It begins by explaining the need for image compression in applications like transmission, storage, and databases. It then reviews different types of compression, including lossless techniques like run length encoding and Huffman encoding, and lossy techniques like transformation coding, vector quantization, fractal coding, and subband coding. The document also describes the JPEG 2000 image compression algorithm and applications of JPEG 2000. Finally, it discusses self-organizing feature maps (SOM) and learning vector quantization (VQ) for image compression.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new technique for binarizing images captured of black/green boards using a mobile camera. It begins with an abstract that overviews binarizing degraded images from mobile-captured black/green board images to extract text with 92.589% accuracy. It then reviews existing binarization techniques in the literature and describes common global and local thresholding methods. The proposed technique enhances the input image, segments it into 3x3 parts, computes local thresholds using OTSU for each part, binarizes the parts, and joins them. Experimental results on a database of 50 mobile-captured board images show the technique achieves better accuracy than other algorithms according to evaluation metrics.
COMPARISON OF SECURE AND HIGH CAPACITY COLOR IMAGE STEGANOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES I...ijait
This document compares color image steganography techniques in the RGB and YCbCr color spaces. It summarizes previous related work and then describes a proposed method that hides two grayscale images in a color image. For RGB, the secret images are hidden in the green and blue color channels by matching blocks and storing the locations in encrypted keys. For YCbCr, one secret image is hidden in the Cb channel and the other in the Cr channel in the same way. The keys are extracted during retrieval and used to reconstruct the secret images from the color channels. Experimental results show YCbCr provides better steganography than RGB in terms of security and quality of extracted secret images.
Information search using text and image queryeSAT Journals
Abstract An image retrieval and re-ranking system utilizing a visual re-ranking framework which is proposed in this paper the system retrieves a dataset from the World Wide Web based on textual query submitted by the user. These results are kept as data set for information retrieval. This dataset is then re-ranked using a visual query (multiple images selected by user from the dataset) which conveys user’s intention semantically. Visual descriptors (MPEG-7) which describe image with respect to low-level feature like color, texture, etc are used for calculating distances. These distances are a measure of similarity between query images and members of the dataset. Our proposed system has been assessed on different types of queries such as apples, Console, Paris, etc. It shows significant improvement on initial text-based search results.This system is well suitable for online shopping application. Index Terms: MPEG-7, Color Layout Descriptor (CLD), Edge Histogram Descriptor (EHD), image retrieval and re-ranking system
A secured data transmission system by reversible data hiding with scalable co...IAEME Publication
The document describes a method for secure image transmission that combines reversible data hiding, encryption, compression, and steganography. It involves three main steps:
1. Reversible data hiding is used to embed the original image data by reserving room before encryption. Some pixel least significant bit values are embedded in other pixels.
2. Scalable compression is then applied to further secure the image.
3. The compressed, encrypted image then has additional data hidden within it using steganography techniques for transmission.
The receiving end performs the inverse processes of extracting the data, decompressing the image, and recovering the original embedded image in a lossless and secure manner. The method aims to achieve high quality encrypted
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Implementation for Controller to Unified Single Phase Power Flow Using Digita...IJERA Editor
Presenting in his paper, Digital signal processor (DSP)-based implementation of a single phase unified power flow controller (UPFC). For shunt side and series side An efficient UPFC control algorithm is achieved. Discussing the laboratory experimental results using DC source are taken as an UPFC linked by two ll-bridge PWM voltage source converters.
Modified Skip Line Encoding for Binary Image Compressionidescitation
This paper proposes a modified skip line encoding technique for lossless compression of binary images. Skip line encoding exploits correlation between successive scan lines by encoding only one line and skipping similar lines. The proposed technique improves upon existing skip line encoding by allowing a scan line to be skipped if a similar line exists anywhere in the image, rather than just successive lines. Experimental results on sample images show the modified technique achieves higher compression ratios than conventional skip line encoding.
The document discusses a method for compressing color images using block truncation coding (BTC) and genetic algorithms. BTC works by dividing images into blocks and quantizing each block to a high or low value based on the block's mean. This reduces quality issues with BTC. Color images have correlated red, green, and blue planes. The method uses a common bit plane optimized with genetic algorithms to represent all three color planes, improving quality and compression ratio compared to standard BTC and error diffused BTC. Experimental results showed the proposed method provided higher quality reconstructed images as measured by peak signal-to-noise ratio.
Reversible Data Hiding Using Contrast Enhancement ApproachCSCJournals
Reverse Data Hiding is a technique used to hide the object's data details. This technique is used to ensure the security and to protect the integrity of the object from any modification by preventing intended and unintended changes. Digital watermarking is a key ingredient to multimedia protection. However, most existing techniques distort the original content as a side effect of image protection. As a way to overcome such distortion, reversible data embedding has recently been introduced and is growing rapidly. In reversible data embedding, the original content can be completely restored after the removal of the watermark. Therefore, it is very practical to protect legal, medical, or other important imagery. In this paper a novel removable (lossless) data hiding technique is proposed. This technique is based on the histogram modification to produce extra space for embedding, and the redundancy in digital images is exploited to achieve a very high embedding capacity. This method has been applied to various standard images. The experimental results have demonstrated a promising outcome and the proposed technique achieved satisfactory and stable performance both on embedding capacity and visual quality. The proposed method capacity is up to 129K bits with PSNR between 42-45dB. The performance is hence better than most exiting reversible data hiding algorithms.
This document discusses image compression algorithms using the Lapped Orthogonal Transform (LOT) and Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) under the JPEG standard. It begins with an introduction to image compression and classification of compression schemes. It then describes LOT and DCT in detail and proposes a hybrid algorithm using both transforms simultaneously. The algorithm is tested on an image and achieves a peak signal-to-noise ratio of 36.76 decibels at a bit rate of 0.6 bits per pixel, providing higher quality than DCT alone. The document concludes the hybrid approach offers better energy compaction and quality at low bit rates than DCT.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Survey paper on image compression techniquesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes and compares several popular image compression techniques: wavelet compression, JPEG/DCT compression, vector quantization (VQ), fractal compression, and genetic algorithm compression. It finds that all techniques perform satisfactorily at 0.5 bits per pixel, but for very low bit rates like 0.25 bpp, wavelet compression techniques like EZW perform best in terms of compression ratio and quality. Specifically, EZW and JPEG are more practical than others at low bit rates. The document also notes advantages and disadvantages of each technique and concludes hybrid approaches may achieve even higher compression ratios while maintaining image quality.
The document reviews approaches to image interpolation and super-resolution. It discusses several interpolation methods including polynomial-based, edge-directed, and soft-decision approaches. Edge-directed methods aim to preserve edge sharpness during upsampling by estimating edge orientations or fusing multiple orientations. New edge-directed interpolation uses a Wiener filter to estimate missing pixel values. Soft-decision adaptive interpolation and robust soft-decision interpolation further improve results by modeling image signals within local windows and incorporating outlier weighting. The document provides formulations and comparisons of these methods.
Quality Measurements of Lossy Image Steganography Based on H-AMBTC Technique ...AM Publications,India
This document presents a new technique called H-AMBTC (Hadamard-Absolute Moment Block Truncation Coding) for lossy image steganography. H-AMBTC combines Hadamard transformation with AMBTC (Absolute Moment Block Truncation Coding) to compress cover images and conceal secret data within them. The document describes the H-AMBTC encoding and decoding algorithms and compares its performance using different block sizes (2x2, 4x4, 8x8, 16x16) based on PSNR values. Results show that 16x16 blocks provided the best PSNR for test images, indicating higher quality of the stego-images produced by the H-AMBTC technique compared to smaller block sizes
Query Image Searching With Integrated Textual and Visual Relevance Feedback f...IJERA Editor
There are many researchers who have studied the relevance feedback in the literature of content based image
retrieval (CBIR) community, but none of CBIR search engines support it because of scalability, effectiveness
and efficiency issues. In this, we had implemented an integrated relevance feedback for retrieving of web
images. Here, we had concentrated on integration of both textual features (TF) and visual features (VF) based
relevance feedback (RF), simultaneously we also tested them individually. The TFRF employs and effective
search result clustering (SRC) algorithm to get salient phrases. Then a new user interface (UI) is proposed to
support RF. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is scalable, effective and accurated
11.0003www.iiste.org call for paper_d_discrete cosine transform for image com...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper on 3D discrete cosine transform (DCT) for image compression. It discusses how 3D-DCT video compression works by dividing video streams into groups of 8 frames treated as 3D images with 2 spatial and 1 temporal component. Each frame is divided into 8x8 blocks and each 8x8x8 cube is independently encoded using 3D-DCT, quantization, and entropy encoding. It achieves better compression ratios than 2D JPEG by exploiting correlations across multiple frames. The document provides details on the 3D-DCT compression and decompression process. It reports that testing on a set of 8 images achieved a compression ratio of around 27 with this technique.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a method to enhance the resolution of satellite images using discrete wavelet transform (DWT), interpolation, and inverse discrete wavelet transform (IDWT). Low resolution satellite images are decomposed into subbands using DWT. Bilinear interpolation is applied to each subband to increase resolution. IDWT is then used to combine the subbands into the enhanced, higher resolution output image. The method is tested on LANDSAT 8 images and evaluated using metrics like PSNR, MSE, and entropy. Results show the proposed method improves these metrics over other interpolation techniques, enhancing image quality and resolution.
Review of Diverse Techniques Used for Effective Fractal Image CompressionIRJET Journal
This document reviews different techniques for fractal image compression to enhance compression ratio while maintaining image quality. It discusses algorithms like quadtree partitioning with Huffman coding (QPHC), discrete cosine transform based fractal image compression (DCT-FIC), discrete wavelet transform based fractal image compression (DWTFIC), and Grover's quantum search algorithm based fractal image compression (QAFIC). The document also analyzes works applying these techniques and concludes that combining QAFIC with the tiny block size processing algorithm may further improve compression ratio with minimal quality loss.
This document presents a new adaptive approach for enhancing degraded document images. It constructs an adaptive contrast map for the input image and then uses local thresholding to binarize the image. The local threshold is estimated based on intensities of detected text stroke edge pixels within a local window. The proposed method aims to handle degradations from shadows, lighting variations, low contrast, ink bleeding, smearing and strain. It constructs a contrast map using a combination of local image gradient and contrast, weighted based on image statistics. Text is then extracted based on detected high contrast edge pixels and thresholding neighboring pixels. The method is intended to be simple, robust and require minimal parameter tuning.
Improved block based segmentation for jpeg compressed document imageseSAT Journals
Abstract
Image Compression is to minimize the size in bytes of a graphics file without degrading the quality of the image to an unacceptable
level. The compound image compression normally based on three classification methods that is object based, layer based and block
based. This paper presents a block-based segmentation. for visually lossless compression of scanned documents that contain not only
photographic images but also text and graphic images. In low bit rate applications they suffer with undesirable compression artifacts,
especially for document images. Existing methods can reduce these artifacts by using post processing methods without changing the
encoding process. Some of these post processing methods requires classification of the encoded blocks into different categories.
Keywords- AC energy, Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), JPEG, K-means clustering, Threshold value
This document discusses various image compression methods and algorithms. It begins by explaining the need for image compression in applications like transmission, storage, and databases. It then reviews different types of compression, including lossless techniques like run length encoding and Huffman encoding, and lossy techniques like transformation coding, vector quantization, fractal coding, and subband coding. The document also describes the JPEG 2000 image compression algorithm and applications of JPEG 2000. Finally, it discusses self-organizing feature maps (SOM) and learning vector quantization (VQ) for image compression.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new technique for binarizing images captured of black/green boards using a mobile camera. It begins with an abstract that overviews binarizing degraded images from mobile-captured black/green board images to extract text with 92.589% accuracy. It then reviews existing binarization techniques in the literature and describes common global and local thresholding methods. The proposed technique enhances the input image, segments it into 3x3 parts, computes local thresholds using OTSU for each part, binarizes the parts, and joins them. Experimental results on a database of 50 mobile-captured board images show the technique achieves better accuracy than other algorithms according to evaluation metrics.
COMPARISON OF SECURE AND HIGH CAPACITY COLOR IMAGE STEGANOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES I...ijait
This document compares color image steganography techniques in the RGB and YCbCr color spaces. It summarizes previous related work and then describes a proposed method that hides two grayscale images in a color image. For RGB, the secret images are hidden in the green and blue color channels by matching blocks and storing the locations in encrypted keys. For YCbCr, one secret image is hidden in the Cb channel and the other in the Cr channel in the same way. The keys are extracted during retrieval and used to reconstruct the secret images from the color channels. Experimental results show YCbCr provides better steganography than RGB in terms of security and quality of extracted secret images.
Information search using text and image queryeSAT Journals
Abstract An image retrieval and re-ranking system utilizing a visual re-ranking framework which is proposed in this paper the system retrieves a dataset from the World Wide Web based on textual query submitted by the user. These results are kept as data set for information retrieval. This dataset is then re-ranked using a visual query (multiple images selected by user from the dataset) which conveys user’s intention semantically. Visual descriptors (MPEG-7) which describe image with respect to low-level feature like color, texture, etc are used for calculating distances. These distances are a measure of similarity between query images and members of the dataset. Our proposed system has been assessed on different types of queries such as apples, Console, Paris, etc. It shows significant improvement on initial text-based search results.This system is well suitable for online shopping application. Index Terms: MPEG-7, Color Layout Descriptor (CLD), Edge Histogram Descriptor (EHD), image retrieval and re-ranking system
A secured data transmission system by reversible data hiding with scalable co...IAEME Publication
The document describes a method for secure image transmission that combines reversible data hiding, encryption, compression, and steganography. It involves three main steps:
1. Reversible data hiding is used to embed the original image data by reserving room before encryption. Some pixel least significant bit values are embedded in other pixels.
2. Scalable compression is then applied to further secure the image.
3. The compressed, encrypted image then has additional data hidden within it using steganography techniques for transmission.
The receiving end performs the inverse processes of extracting the data, decompressing the image, and recovering the original embedded image in a lossless and secure manner. The method aims to achieve high quality encrypted
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Implementation for Controller to Unified Single Phase Power Flow Using Digita...IJERA Editor
Presenting in his paper, Digital signal processor (DSP)-based implementation of a single phase unified power flow controller (UPFC). For shunt side and series side An efficient UPFC control algorithm is achieved. Discussing the laboratory experimental results using DC source are taken as an UPFC linked by two ll-bridge PWM voltage source converters.
A Review: Compensation of Mismatches in Time Interleaved Analog to Digital Co...IJERA Editor
The execution of today's correspondence frameworks is exceedingly subject to the utilized Analog-to-Digital converters (ADCs), and with a specific end goal to give more flexibility and exactness to the developing correspondence innovations, superior-ADCs are needed. In this respect, the time-interleaved operation of an exhibit of ADCs (TI-ADC) might be a sensible result. A TI-ADC can build its throughput by utilizing M channel ADCs or sub converters in parallel and examining the data motion in a period-interleaved way. In any case, the execution of a TI-ADC gravely suffers from the bungles around the channel ADCs. In this paper we survey the advancement in the configuration of low-intricacy advanced remedy structures and calculations for time-interleaved ADCs in the course of the most recent five years. We devise a discrete-time model, state the outline issue, and finally infer the calculations and structures. Specifically, we examine proficient calculations to outline time-differing remedy filters and additionally iterative structures using polynomial based filters. Thusly, the remuneration structure may be utilized to repay time-differing recurrence reaction befuddles in time-interleaved ADCs, and in addition to remake uniform examples from nonuniformly tested indicators. We examine the recompense structure, research its execution, and exhibit requisition zones of the structure through various illustrations. At long last, we give a standpoint to future examination questions.
Design of Automated Rotory Cage Type Fixture for Cylinder BlockIJERA Editor
Project gives feasible solution to move and rotate the component with full proofing fixturing for special purpose operations like drilling, Tapping, deburring, washing, drying involve in manufacturing and assembly unit of industry. Rotary cage type fixture is made for handling the cylinder head inside the cleaning machine use for making fully ready component before assembly operation .System is useful to save time manpower and deliver perfect cleaned and dry component .system involved all the mechanical components along with the sensors used to restrict the rotating operations, stop and go operations etc.
Future Internet: Challenge And Research TrendIJERA Editor
1) The document discusses the challenges of the current Internet and outlines the concept of Future Internet research, which aims to address these challenges through new network architectures, technologies, and services.
2) It describes major Future Internet research programs and testbeds in countries like the US, Europe, Japan, China, and South Korea. These programs focus on areas like virtualization, resource sharing, mobility, and federation of experimental facilities.
3) The trends of Future Internet research include a focus on networking ubiquitous devices and interconnecting people, things, and content through both evolutionary and revolutionary approaches.
The document discusses enhancing the mechanical properties of lateritic bricks for improved performance. Three types of bricks were produced: improved stabilized lateritic bricks (ISLB), control stabilized lateritic bricks (CSLB), and adobe unstabilized lateritic bricks (AULB). ISLB were immersed in different concentrations of a zycosil water solution. Testing showed ISLB had better capillary rise, erosion resistance, abrasion resistance, density, and compressive strength compared to CSLB and AULB. Higher zycosil concentrations in ISLB resulted in enhanced mechanical properties. It was concluded coating lateritic bricks with zycosil improves their performance.
Prediction of Weld Quality of A Tungsten Inertr Gas Welded Mild Steel Pipe Jo...IJERA Editor
The weld quality of tungsten inert gas (TIG) welded joint has been investigated to identify the most economical weld parameters that will bring about optimum properties. Response surface methodology has been used in the optimization of the tungsten inert gas weld of mild steel pipes. Response surface methodology, based on the central composite face centered design was generated for the purpose of optimization of the weld quality.All the process parameters have desirability of 1. Tensile strength response for this solution have a desirability of 0.910595 and the yield strength of 0.59. Result showed that minimizing current and voltage an average tensile strength of 535.452MPa and yield strength of up to 408.74MPa can be achieved, while keeping gas flow rate and electrode diameter within the range of test. It was also deduced that tensile elongation of the TIG weld is not influenced by the process parameters selected for the purpose of this study.
Hepatoprotective Activity of Cinnamon Zeylanicum Leaves against Alcohol Induc...IJERA Editor
Plants play an important role in the life of human, as the major source of food, as well as for the maintenance and improvement of health and for the elimination of the enemies since ages. Plants are the basic source of knowledge of modern medicine. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum are evaluated in alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Silymarin (100mg/kg) was given as reference standard. The aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum have shown very significant hepatoprotection against alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats in reducing SGOT, SGPT, Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and GGT and levels of total bilirubin and total protein were investigated and showed an increase in alcohol induced rats when compared to control. The extracts of the test plant exhibited significant (p < 0.05) hepatoprotective activity against the alcohol induced liver models by improving liver function which was indicated by reduction in the levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin and total protein.
Optimization of EDM Process of (Cu-W) EDM Electrodes on Different ProgressionIJERA Editor
This document summarizes previous research on optimizing EDM (electrical discharge machining) processes using different compositions of Cu-W electrodes. It discusses factors like material removal rate, tool wear rate, surface roughness, and how they are affected by machining parameters like discharge current, voltage, pulse-on time, duty cycle and flushing pressure. The document reviews several past studies that investigated these relationships and optimized the EDM process for different materials. It provides figures from some of these past studies to illustrate their findings.
Geological-Structural Setting of Massif and the Levels of Quartz - Sulphide M...IJERA Editor
Kaptina gabbro massif is placed in the northern half of the eastern Mirdita ophiolitic belt and is spreaded in a relatively large area. Petrology of Kaptina gabbro massif is very complicated as in view of the diversity of rocks that are spreaded within it as well in view of structurally construction. In this region are exposed all components of the Mirdita ophiolitic Complex, as well as oceanic sedimentary cover, the Cretaceous one and the newer mollasic formations of Pliocene-Quaternary. Kaptina gabbro massif has an irregular shape, however is seen a certain extension in the meridional - submeridional direction. This massif is plunged in the South and the West under volcanogenic formations to come back in the small output in the lower Bisaku and to join more south with the Bulshari gabbro massif. The outputs of massif are expanded towards the north - northeast. In construction of gabbro massif take part a range of rocky types that stay in various reports regarding surface spreading. Greater spreading in all the massif have gabbronorite, in close connection with them stay norite and gabbro.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design of Image Compression Algorithm using MATLABIJEEE
This document summarizes an image compression algorithm designed using Matlab. It discusses various image compression techniques including lossy and lossless compression methods. Lossy compression methods like JPEG are suitable for natural images while lossless methods are preferred for medical or archival images. The document also describes the image compression process involving encoding, quantization, decoding and calculation of compression ratios and quality metrics like PSNR and SNR. Specific compression algorithms discussed include Block Truncation Coding and techniques that exploit coding, inter-pixel and psychovisual redundancies like DCT used in JPEG.
DCT based Steganographic Evaluation parameter analysis in Frequency domain by...IOSR Journals
This document analyzes DCT-based steganography using a modified JPEG luminance quantization table to improve evaluation parameters like PSNR, mean square error, and capacity. The authors propose modifying the default 8x8 quantization table by adjusting frequency values in 4 bands to increase image quality for the embedded stego image. Experimental results on test images show that using the modified table improves PSNR, decreases mean square error, and increases maximum embedding capacity compared to the default table. Therefore, the proposed method allows more secret data to be hidden with less distortion and improved image quality.
This document analyzes DCT-based steganography using a modified JPEG luminance quantization table to improve embedding capacity and image quality. The authors propose modifying the default 8x8 quantization table by changing frequency values to increase the peak signal-to-noise ratio and capacity while decreasing the mean square error of embedded images. Experimental results on test images show increased capacity, PSNR and reduced error when using the modified versus default table, indicating improved stego image quality. The proposed method aims to securely embed more data with less distortion than traditional DCT-based steganography.
Review On Fractal Image Compression TechniquesIRJET Journal
This document reviews different techniques for fractal image compression. It discusses how fractal image compression works by dividing an image into range and domain blocks. It then summarizes several papers that propose techniques for fractal image compression using discrete cosine transform (DCT) or discrete wavelet transform (DWT). These techniques aim to improve compression ratio and reduce encoding time. Finally, the document proposes a new method that combines wavelets with fractal image compression to further increase compression ratio while maintaining low image quality losses during decompression.
Jpeg image compression using discrete cosine transform a surveyIJCSES Journal
Due to the increasing requirements for transmission of images in computer, mobile environments, the
research in the field of image compression has increased significantly. Image compression plays a crucial
role in digital image processing, it is also very important for efficient transmission and storage of images.
When we compute the number of bits per image resulting from typical sampling rates and quantization
methods, we find that Image compression is needed. Therefore development of efficient techniques for
image compression has become necessary .This paper is a survey for lossy image compression using
Discrete Cosine Transform, it covers JPEG compression algorithm which is used for full-colour still image
applications and describes all the components of it.
Comparative Analysis of Huffman and Arithmetic Coding Algorithms for Image Co...IRJET Journal
The document compares the Huffman and Arithmetic coding algorithms for image compression. It discusses how both algorithms work, with Huffman coding assigning variable length codes based on symbol frequency and Arithmetic coding representing the input symbols as a single floating point number. The document reviews several studies comparing the two algorithms, finding that Arithmetic coding generally has a higher compression ratio but longer compression time than Huffman coding. The studies analyzed the algorithms for compressing different types of images like natural images, medical images, and satellite images.
Comparative Study of Spatial Domain Image Steganography TechniquesEswar Publications
Steganography is an important area of research in information security. It is the technique of disclosing information into the cover image via. text, video, and image without causing statistically significant modification to the cover image. Secure communication of data through internet has become a main issue due to several passive and active attacks. The purpose of stegnography is to hide the existence of the message so that it becomes difficult for attacker to detect it. Different steganography techniques are implemented to hide the information effectively also researchers contributed various algorithms in each technique to improve the technique’s efficiency. In this paper we do a brief analysis of different spatial domain image stegnography techniques and their comparison. The modern secure image steganography presents a challenging task of transferring the embedded information to the destination without being detected.
Steganography is a best method for in secret communicating information during the transference of data. Images are an appropriate method that used in steganography can be used to protection the simple bits and pieces. Several systems, this one as color scale images steganography and grayscale images steganography, are used on color and store data in different techniques. These color images can have very big amounts of secret data, by using three main color modules. The different color modules, such as HSV-(hue, saturation, and value), RGB-(red, green, and blue), YCbCr-(luminance and chrominance), YUV, YIQ, etc. This paper uses unusual module to hide data: an adaptive procedure that can increase security ranks when hiding a top secret binary image in a RGB color image, which we implement the steganography in the YCbCr module space. We performed Exclusive-OR (XOR) procedures between the binary image and the RGB color image in the YCBCR module space. The converted byte stored in the 8-bit LSB is not the actual bytes; relatively, it is obtained by translation to another module space and applies the XOR procedure. This technique is practical to different groups of images. Moreover, we see that the adaptive technique ensures good results as the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and stands for mean square error (MSE) are good. When the technique is compared with our previous works and other existing techniques, it is shown to be the best in both error and message capability. This technique is easy to model and simple to use and provides perfect security with unauthorized.
This document compares the performance of three lossless image compression techniques: Run Length Encoding (RLE), Delta encoding, and Huffman encoding. It tests these algorithms on binary, grayscale, and RGB images to evaluate compression ratio, storage savings percentage, and compression time. The results found that Delta encoding achieved the highest compression ratio and storage savings, while Huffman encoding had the fastest compression time. In general, the document evaluates and compares the performance of different lossless image compression algorithms.
An approach for color image compression of bmp and tiff images using dct and dwtIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that compares image compression using the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). It finds that DWT performs better than DCT in terms of Mean Square Error and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio. The paper analyzes compression of BMP and TIFF color images using DCT and DWT. It converts color images to grayscale, then compresses the grayscale images using DWT. DWT decomposes images into different frequency components and scales, allowing for better image compression compared to DCT.
Fuzzy Type Image Fusion Using SPIHT Image Compression TechniqueIJERA Editor
This paper presents a fuzzy type image fusion technique using Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT).
It is concluded that fusion with higher single levels provides better fusion quality. This technique can be used
for fusion of fuzzy images as well as multi model image fusion. The proposed algorithm is very simple, easy to
implement and could be used for real time applications. This is paper also provided comparatively studied
between proposed and previous existing technique and validation of the proposed algorithm as Peak Signal to
Noise Ratio (PSNR), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE).
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An improved image compression algorithm based on daubechies wavelets with ar...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes an academic article that proposes a new image compression algorithm using Daubechies wavelets and arithmetic coding. It first discusses existing image compression techniques and their limitations. It then describes the proposed algorithm, which applies Daubechies wavelet transform followed by 2D Walsh wavelet transform on image blocks and arithmetic coding. Results show the proposed method achieves higher compression ratios and PSNR values than existing algorithms like EZW and SPIHT. Future work aims to improve results by exploring different wavelets and compression techniques.
Performance Analysis of Compression Techniques Using SVD, BTC, DCT and GPIOSR Journals
This document summarizes and compares four different image compression techniques: Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), Block Truncation Coding (BTC), Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), and Gaussian Pyramid (GP). It analyzes the performance of each technique based on metrics like Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Mean Squared Error (MSE), and compression ratio. The techniques are tested on biometric images from iris, fingerprint, and palm print databases to evaluate image quality after compression.
This document summarizes and compares four different image compression techniques: Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), Block Truncation Coding (BTC), Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), and Gaussian Pyramid (GP). It analyzes the performance of each technique based on metrics like Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Mean Squared Error (MSE), and compression ratio. Experiments were conducted on biometric image databases to compress and reconstruct images using these four techniques, and the results were evaluated and compared based on the above-mentioned metrics.
Wavelet-Based Warping Technique for Mobile Devicescsandit
The document proposes a wavelet-based warping technique to render novel views of compressed images on mobile devices. It uses Haar wavelet transform to compress large reference and depth images, reducing their size. The technique decomposes the images into approximation and detail parts, but only uses the approximation parts for warping. This improves rendering speed on mobile devices. The framework is implemented using Android tools and experiments show it provides faster rendering times for large images compared to direct warping without compression.
Quality Prediction in Fingerprint CompressionIJTET Journal
A new algorithm for fingerprint compression based on sparse representation is introduced. At first, dictionary is constructed by sparse combination of set of fingerprint patches. Designing dictionaries can be done by either selecting one from a prespecified set or adapting a dictionary to a set of training signals. In this paper, we use K-SVD algorithm to construct dictionary. After computation of dictionary, the image gets quantized, filtered and encoded. The resultant image obtained may be of three qualities: Good, Bad and Ugly (GBU problem). In this paper, we overcome the GBU problem by prediction the quality of image.
Evaluation of graphic effects embedded image compression IJECEIAES
A fundamental factor of digital image compression is the conversion processes. The intention of this process is to understand the shape of an image and to modify the digital image to a grayscale configuration where the encoding of the compression technique is operational. This article focuses on an investigation of compression algorithms for images with artistic effects. A key component in image compression is how to effectively preserve the original quality of images. Image compression is to condense by lessening the redundant data of images in order that they are transformed cost-effectively. The common techniques include discrete cosine transform (DCT), fast Fourier transform (FFT), and shifted FFT (SFFT). Experimental results point out compression ratio between original RGB images and grayscale images, as well as comparison. The superior algorithm improving a shape comprehension for images with grahic effect is SFFT technique.
A spatial image compression algorithm based on run length encodingjournalBEEI
Image compression is vital for many areas such as communication and storage of data that is rapidly growing nowadays. In this paper, a spatial lossy compression algorithm for gray scale images is presented. It exploits the inter-pixel and the psycho-visual data redundancies in images. The proposed technique finds paths of connected pixels that fluctuate in value within some small threshold. The path is calculated by looking at the 4-neighbors of a pixel then choosing the best one based on two conditions; the first is that the selected pixel must not be included in another path and the second is that the difference between the first pixel in the path and the selected pixel is within the specified threshold value. A path starts with a given pixel and consists of the locations of the subsequently selected pixels. Run-length encoding scheme is applied on paths to harvest the inter-pixel redundancy. After applying the proposed algorithm on several test images, a promising quality vs. compression ratio results have been achieved.
Similar to Comparative Analysis of Lossless Image Compression Based On Row By Row Classifier and Various Encoding Schemes on Color Images (20)
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Comparative Analysis of Lossless Image Compression Based On Row By Row Classifier and Various Encoding Schemes on Color Images
1. Ramandeep Kaur Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 8( Version 3), August 2014, pp.56-60
www.ijera.com 56 | P a g e
Comparative Analysis of Lossless Image Compression Based On Row By Row Classifier and Various Encoding Schemes on Color Images Ramandeep Kaur, Dr. Sukhjeet K. Ranade M.Tech (CSE), Department of Computer Science, Punjabi University, Patiala. Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Punjabi University, Patiala. ABSTRACT
Lossless image compression is needed in many fields like medical imaging, telemetry, geophysics, remote sensing and other applications, which require exact replica of original image and loss of information is not tolerable. In this paper, a near lossless image compression algorithm based on row by row classifier with encoding schemes like Lempel Ziv Welch (LZW), Huffman and Run Length Encoding (RLE) on color images is proposed. The algorithm divides the image into three parts R, G and B, apply row by row classification on each part and result of this classification is records in the mask image. After classification the image data is decomposed into two sequences each for R, G and B and mask image is hidden in them. These sequences are encoded using different encoding schemes like LZW, Huffman and RLE. An exhaustive comparative analysis is performed to evaluate these techniques, which reveals that the proposed algorithm have smaller bits per pixel (bpp) than simple LZW, Huffman and RLE encoding techniques.
I. INTRODUCTION
In today era of computer industry, the major challenges are to minimize the time of transmission data over network and reduce the storage space. Transmission time can be reduced significantly by reducing the size of data files. A data file can be text, graphic images, audio, video or algorithms. Reducing the size of data files also minimize the storage capacity or space requirement on the computer. In many fields like medical imaging, remote sensing, military affairs and scientific research, both low storage consumption and high image quality is required. Therefore lossless and near lossless compression methods are strongly needed. Bit-plane encoding, Run Length Encoding (RLE), Huffman, Lempel Ziv Welch (LZW), arithmetic encoding and lossless predictive encoding are all popular lossless compression methods [1].Data compression is the technique to reduce the size of data files by reducing redundancy, which helps to decrease data storage requirements and hence minimize time and communication cost [2]. It can also be defined as the method of encoding rules that allow substantial reduction in the total number of bits to store or transmit a file [3]. Image compression is the application of data compression on digital image. Image compression is the technique to reduce redundant and irrelevant image data in order to store or transmit data over network in very efficient form. Image compression can be of two types, lossless image compression and lossy image compression. If the process of redundancy removing is reversible i.e.
the exact reconstruction of the original image can be achieved then it is known as lossless image compression [4]. Lossless image compression methods used in applications like medical imaging, scientific images, satellite imaging, artificial images remote sensing and forensic analysis. On the other side lossy compression methods are used in web browsing, photography, image editing and printing [4-6]. In lossy compression there is a problem of compression artifacts, because it works on low bit rate. Yang and Bourbakis presented a paper to discuss the comparison of various lossless compression schemes depending upon their performance. Lossless image compression can always be modeled as a two stage procedure first one is décor-relation and second is entropy coding [4]. A new compression scheme based on sub block interchange (SBI) was proposed by Ng and Cheng [7]. When this scheme is compared with Burrows and Wheeler Transformation (BWT) [8], SBI gains a little bit improvement in the compresses ratio but have a greater improvement in the compression speed. BWT takes much longer time for compression than GIF because input data requires a sorting procedure based on quick sort algorithm [8]. Triantafyllidis and Strintzis presented a technique for the implementation of context based adaptive arithmetic entropy coding. A drawback of arithmetic coding of images using the above adaptive model is that it does not take into account the high amount of correlation between adjacent pixels [9]. Yao-hua et al. presented a paper in which a near-lossless image compression algorithm using classification,
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 8( Version 3), August 2014, pp.56-60
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information hiding and LZW is proposed. The
algorithm takes advantage of the effects of the
distribution of pixels on compression ratio. In the
proposed algorithm, pixels of an image are classified
row by row; pixels similar in value are gathered and
the classification result is recorded in a mask image
[1].In this paper lossless compression algorithm on
color images having 24 bits per pixel (bpp) value is
proposed using row by row classifier and different
popular encoding schemes like LZW, Huffman and
RLE. The proposed algorithm is a preprocessing
stage followed by different encoding schemes which
helps to reduce the size of image more than that of
simple encoding schemes.
II. THE PROPOSED ALGORITHM
The proposed algorithm is mainly data re-ordering
process before applying the compression
technique. To achieve better compression from a
compression technique, input data may be processed
in such a manner that correlation among the elements
of the data can be increased. Here pixels of an image
taken row by row are placed in two groups based on a
threshold value. So that pixels having similar values
fall in a same group. That is more correlation can
achieve in the values of pixels. The proposed
algorithm consists of 4 steps which are shown in Fig.
1. These steps are discussed in following subsections.
2.1 Classification row by row
In this step classification will be performed Row
by row based on determining the threshold by using
histogram of each row. Classification is done to put
pixels in classes and pixels in same class must have
similar value. Here classes will be divided according
to the threshold calculated using histogram of each
row. The number of classes will be six, two for each
Red ( Clr1 ,Clr2 ), Green (Cl g1 , 2 Cl g ) and Blue
( 1 Clb , 2 Clb ).After calculating threshold for each
row, the pixels of each part (R, G and B) can be
classified using below method:
For Red part
1
2
( , ) ,
( , ) ,
Ir i j Clr
Ir i j Clr
( , ) ( )
( , ) ( )
Ir i j thr i
Ir i j thr i
Similarly we can classify Green and Blue parts. Ir
represents Red part of original image, similarly Ib
and Ig can be used for Blue and Green part. thr (i)
represents threshold of each row of Red part,
similarly thg(i) and thb(i) can be used for Green and
Blue part.
i and j represents rows and column respectively and i,
j = 0, 1, 2……………..S-1. ( 1 Clr , 1 Cl g and 1 Clb )
and ( 2 Clr , 2 Cl g and 2 Clb ) represents classes
belongs to great pixel value and small pixel value.
Using threshold calculated above, a mask image Mr,
Mg and Mb for red, green and blue part respectively
can be formed of size S S by allotting 0 and 1 for
each pixel value as given below.
Mask image for Red Part is
( , ) 1,
( , ) 0,
Mr i j
Mr i j
( , ) ( )
( , ) ( )
Ir i j thr i
Ir i j thr i
Similarly we can generate mask images Mg and
Mb for Green and Blue part respectively. Mr, Mg and
Mb contain the information of classification results.
2.2 Decomposition of image data
After the classification of pixels, Original image
is divided into six sequences, two for each Red,
Green and Blue part and each sequence contains
pixels of one class.
Here the need to arrange the pixels of R,G and B
part of image along the scan line by study row by row
as given below :
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 8( Version 3), August 2014, pp.56-60
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Dr={Ir (0, 0), Ir (0, 1), Ir (0, 2)…………..Ir (0, S-1)
………………………………………………………
Ir (S-1, 0), Ir (S-1, 1)…………..……..Ir (S-1, S-1)}
Similarly we can decompose Green (Dg) and Blue
(Db) part of Image.
Red part will be decomposed into two sequences 1 dr
and 2 dr based on threshold calculating in step first,
method performed is given below.
1
2
( , ) ,
( , ) ,
Ir i j dr
Ir i j dr
( , ) ( )
( , ) ( )
Ir i j thr i
Ir i j thr i
or
or
( , ) 1
( , ) 0
Mr i j
Mr i j
Similarly we can calculate above for Green and Blue
part. Where ( 1 dr , 2 dr ), ( 1 dg , 2 dg ), and ( 1 db , 2 db )
represents subsequences for Dr, Dg and Db
respectively and contains the pixels with great pixel
value and small pixel value.
2.3 Hiding the mask image
Before hiding the mask image, the six
decomposed sequences are combined into two
sequences d1 and d2 depending upon their value
calculated during decomposition.
d1 = [ 1 dr 1 dg 1 db ] and d2 = [ 2 dr 2 dg 2 db ]
For decoding process mask images Mr, Mg and
Mb will be required and these mask images required
extra storage space. To reduce this mask images will
be hide in least significant bit (LSB) of d1 and d2.
We need to arrange the mask images Mr, Mg and Mb
according to scan line so that we can provide the
exact value to LSB of exact pixel of the sequences d1
and d2.
Now we will arrange the pixels of Mr, Mg and
Mb along the scan line, we get a sequence of binary
value Br, Bg and Bb as given below:
Br= {Mr (0, 0), Mr (0, 1), Mr (0, 2)…….Mr (0, S-1)
……………………………………………………….
Mr (S-1, 1), Mr (S-1, 2)……………..Mr (S-1, S-1)}
And this approach will be similar to Bg and Bb. Now
we hide the first element for Br i.e. Mr (0, 0) into
LSB of first element of d1, then the second element
Mr (0, 1) into second element of d1 and the process
will be followed accordingly. When all the elements
of d1 are used then elements of d2 will be used to
hide the rest elements of mask image.
To hide the mask image, we check the LSB of each
element of d1 and d2. If the LSB of element or
unassigned byte variable is 1, then we perform the
“OR” operation with binary value of the element with
1 otherwise perform “AND” with 254.
&254,
|1,
El
El
El
if
if
( ) 0
( ) 1
LSB El
LSB El
And after performing this operation, result will
be stored in two new sequences S1 and S2 as shown
in Fig. 1.
2.4 Encoding and decoding using LZW, Huffman
and RLE and getting LSB from sequences
Now these two sequences S1 and S2 will be
encoded and decoded using LZW, Huffman and
RLE. LZW is an error free compression approach and
helps to remove spatial redundancy present in an
image [4]. LZW assigns fixed length code word to
variable length sequence of source symbols; it does
not require prior knowledge of the probability of the
occurrence of the symbols to be encoded. LZW is a
dictionary based compression algorithm. This
compression algorithm is used in many imaging file
format GIF, TIFF and PDF [1].
Huffman coding is entropy coding algorithm and
is used for lossless data compression. It is a form of
statistical coding applicable to many form of data
transmission like text file, program files
Run length encoding is a very simple form of
data compression in which runs of data (that is,
sequences in which the same data value occurs in
many consecutive data elements) are stored as a
single data value rather than as the original run. This
is most useful on data that contains many such runs
for example, simple graphic images such as icons,
line drawings, and animations. Run-length encoding
performs lossless data compression and is well suited
to palette-based bitmapped images such as computer
icons. It does not work well at all on continuous-tone
images such as photographs, although JPEG uses it
quite effectively on the coefficients that remain after
transforming and quantizing image blocks. It is also
used in fax machines.
After the decoding process we will get LSB from
sequences S1 and S2 and mask images Mr, Mg and
Mb will be extracted accordingly. After applying all
the above step in reverse process the original image
will be reconstructed.
III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULT AND
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
The above algorithm is performed on color images of
size S S having 24bpp value using “Matlab”
version 7.14.0.739. Some of the popular test images
used are “Airplane”, “Baboon”, “Barbara”, “House”,
“Leena”, “Livingroom”, “Pepper”, and “Tree”. From
original image R, G and B part extracted first and
then row by row classification and decomposition is
performed which is followed by different encoding
and decoding schemes. Fig. 2 shows the original
image of “Leena” its mask images and reconstructed
image.
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 8( Version 3), August 2014, pp.56-60
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Fig. 2. Original Image, Mask Image (R, G and B) and Reconstructed Image (a) (b) (c) (d)
(e) (f) (g) (h) (a)Airplane; (b) Baboon; (c) Barbara; (d) House; (e) Leena; (f) Livingroom; (g) Peppers; (h) Tree; Fig. 3. The Popular Test Images The bpp value of the test images using the proposed algorithm with different encoding schemes can be analyzed through graph as shown in Fig. 4. Average bpp value calculated using simple RLE is 20.36625 and using the proposed algorithm with RLE is 16.88 and in LZW it is 23.4975 and 20.31375 and in case of Huffman the value is 22.14 and 19.42625.From this we conclude that the image has smaller bpp value when compressed through the proposed algorithm. During comparative analysis between different encoding schemes using algorithm, the results shows that RLE have smaller bpp value as compared to LZW and Huffman. During the process of mask image hiding there is a possibility of change of LSBs, due to which there will be a noise in reconstructed image. However PSNR value of test images shows that there is very significant change in the quality of reconstructed images. It is very difficult to notice from naked eyes any difference between original image and reconstructed image. Table 1. shows PSNR values of test images
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 8( Version 3), August 2014, pp.56-60
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Fig. 4. The bpp Comparison of Image Using Different Methods Table 1. PSNR of Test Images
IV. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
A near lossless compression algorithm using row by row classification, mask image hiding, decomposition and different encoding schemes like LZW,RLE and Huffman is proposed on color images. Using Above algorithm smaller bpp value is obtained as compared to simple LZW, RLE and Huffman encoding. During comparative analysis between these encoding schemes using discussed algorithm we concluded that RLE have smaller bpp value as compared to other encoding schemes. In future task, other encoding schemes other than above discussed encoding techniques can be used on this correlation based algorithm to reduce the size of compressed image. REFERENCES [1] X. Yao-hua, T. Xiao-an and S. Mao-yin, “Image compression based on classification row by row and LZW encoding”. Congress on image and signal processing, 2008, pp. 617-621.
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[4] M.Yang and N.Bourbakis, “An overview of lossless digital image compression techniques”. 48th Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2005, pp. 1099-1102.
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