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Yellow fever presentation
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- 5. What is YellowFever? Yellow Fever is a mosquito-born viral disease that occurs in tropical and subtropical areas. It can occur in males and females of any age. Yellow fever belongs to the Flaviviridae family. The Aedes aegypti is the mosquito that is known to carry the virus.
- 6. History of yellowfever Originated in Central Africa. 170,000 cases and up to 60,000 deaths. Spread to east and west Africa, and to America. First outbreak in Yucatan peninsula, Mexico in 1648. 1975 suspected cases and 258 deaths in Angola in 2015.
- 7. In 1881, CarlosFinlay, a physician in Havana,(the capital & largest city of Cuba) first proposed that yellow fever was a mosquito-born illness, which subsequently was proven by Walter Reed and colleagues. U.S. Army doctor Discovered the Cause of Yellow Fever August 27, 1900 Dr. Walter Reed Dr. Carlos Finlay
- 8. Walter Reed, M.D.,(1851-1902) was an American Army surgeon who led the team which proved the theory first set forth in 1881 by the Cuban doctor and scientist Dr. Carlos Finlay that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes rather than direct contact. The risky but fruitful research work was done with human volunteers, including some of the medical personnel such as Clara Maass and surgeon Jesse W. Lazear. Walter Reed Medal winner who allowed themselves to be deliberately infected and died of the virus. All this lead to the elimination of Yellow Fever from Cuba and allowed the final construction of the Panama Canal.
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- 10. On August 14,1901, Maass allowed herself to be bitten by infected mosquitoes for the seventh time. Maass once again became ill with yellow fever on August 18 and died on August 24. Her death roused public sentiment and put an end to yellow fever experiments on humans.
- 11. An Electron Micrographof YFV
- 12. There are twodifferent transmission types of yellow fever. (1) Urban yellow fever (2) Sylvatic or (Jungle) Yellow fever
- 13. Urban Yellow Fever: Disease of humans. Spread by mosquitos that have been affected by other people. Causes of most yellow fever outbreaks and epidemics. 1. Yellow fever can spread by coughing, sneezing, breathing, and handshaking. 2. Back then, people who died from yellow fever were thrown out on the streets, this made the city even more contaminated and more people were likely to get ill.
- 14. Sylvatic (or Jungle)Yellow Fever: Disease of monkeys. Starts when the mosquito bites a monkey and starts to spread. People get infected when they are in the middle of this natural cycle and are bitten by mosquitos that have been infected by monkeys. It occurs in tropical Central and South America.
- 15. Symptoms of YellowFever After a victim is struck with the fever, symptoms start to show after three to six days. The time period of this is called the incubation period. Mild Yellow Fever symptoms include fever, headache, bloody nose, nausea, and slow heartbeat. There are about three stages to these symptoms. These symptoms are not always a sign of yellow fever.
- 16. The First Stageof Symptoms: High fever (104 degrees) Headache. Dizziness. Seizures (especially in children) Pain in neck, back, and legs.. Vomiting. Yellow eyes. Bloody nose and/or gums
- 17. The Second stage(Recovery possible) After three days the fever and symptoms may get better which begins the second stage. New symptoms: Bleeding. Confusion. Anuria (complete stop in the production of urine)
- 18. The Third Stage(Toxic period) Fever returns. Other symptoms: Jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes) Continued nose bleeds. Heart damage Coma Vomiting blood. Problems in live, kidneys, lungs, or other organs (possibly could lead to kidney failure).
- 19. Used sincethe 1930. Scientists at the Rockefeller Foundation in New York developed a live vaccine (17D). The 17D vaccine was first tested in 1936 in New York and in 1937 in Brazil.
- 20. Diagnosis Blood tests(PCR) can sometimes detect the virus in the early stages of the disease. In later stages of the disease, testing to identify antibodies is needed (ELISA).
- 21. Treatment Patients shouldbe hospitalized for supportive care and close observation Rest, fluids, and use of pain relievers and medication to reduce fever may relieve symptoms of aching and fever. Yellow fever patients should be protected from further mosquito exposure for up to 5 days after the onset of fever.