Yellow fever is a viral disease transmitted by the Aedes mosquito. India is free from yellow fever. Vaccination against yellow fever is available and is highly effective. A vaccination certificate is required to travel in a yellow fever free zone/country
A mosquito-borne viral disease occurring in tropical and subtropical areas.
Spreads by animals or insects
Requires a medical diagnosis
Lab tests or imaging often required
Short-term: resolves within days to weeks
Those who become infected with the virus a second time are at a significantly greater risk of developing severe disease.
Symptoms include high fever, headache, rash and muscle and joint pain. In severe cases there is serious bleeding and shock, which can be life threatening.
Treatment includes fluids and pain relievers. Severe cases require hospital care.
Arthropods form a major group of disease vectors with mosquitoes, flies, sand flies, lice, fleas, ticks and mites transmitting a huge number of diseases.
Arthropods form a major group of disease vectors with mosquitoes, flies, sand flies, lice, fleas, ticks and mites transmitting a huge number of diseases.
Many such vectors are haematophagous, which feed on blood at some or all stages of their lives.
Dengue (pronounced DENG-gay) can affect anyone but tends to be more severe in people with compromised immune systems. Because it is caused by one of four serotypes of virus, it is possible to get dengue fever multiple times. However, an attack of dengue produces immunity for a lifetime to that particular serotype to which the patient was exposed.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
A mosquito-borne viral disease occurring in tropical and subtropical areas.
Spreads by animals or insects
Requires a medical diagnosis
Lab tests or imaging often required
Short-term: resolves within days to weeks
Those who become infected with the virus a second time are at a significantly greater risk of developing severe disease.
Symptoms include high fever, headache, rash and muscle and joint pain. In severe cases there is serious bleeding and shock, which can be life threatening.
Treatment includes fluids and pain relievers. Severe cases require hospital care.
Arthropods form a major group of disease vectors with mosquitoes, flies, sand flies, lice, fleas, ticks and mites transmitting a huge number of diseases.
Arthropods form a major group of disease vectors with mosquitoes, flies, sand flies, lice, fleas, ticks and mites transmitting a huge number of diseases.
Many such vectors are haematophagous, which feed on blood at some or all stages of their lives.
Dengue (pronounced DENG-gay) can affect anyone but tends to be more severe in people with compromised immune systems. Because it is caused by one of four serotypes of virus, it is possible to get dengue fever multiple times. However, an attack of dengue produces immunity for a lifetime to that particular serotype to which the patient was exposed.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
2. Introduction
◦ Yellow fever is an acute viral haemorrhagic disease
transmitted by infected mosquitoes.
◦ It a zoonotic disease caused by an arbovirus.
◦ The yellow fever virus is found in tropical and subtropical
areas of Africa and South America.
3. ◦ The virus is spread to people by the bite of an
infected Aedes mosquito.
◦ Illness ranges from a fever with aches and pains
to severe liver disease with bleeding and
yellowing of skin (jaundice).
4. Problem statement
◦ 47 countries in Africa and Latin America, with a combined
population of more than 900 million, are at risk of yellow
fever.
◦ In Africa, an estimated 508 million people live in 32
countries at risk.
5. Who is at risk
◦ Those who haven’t been vaccinated for yellow fever and who live in
areas populated by infected mosquitoes are at risk. According to
the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 200,000 people get
the infection each year.
◦ Most cases occur in 32 countries in Africa, including Rwanda and Sierra
Leone, and in 13 countries in Latin America, including:
• Bolivia
• Brazil
• Colombia
• Ecuador
• Peru
6.
7.
8.
9. ◦ Colombia, Ecuador and Peru at greatest risk.
◦ The disease has never been reported in Asia, but the
region is at risk because the conditions required for
transmission are present there.
11. Agent factors
◦ (a) AGENT : The causative agent, Flavivirus fibricus
◦ (b) RESERVOIR OF INFECTION is mainly monkeys and forest
mosquitoes.
In urban areas, the reservoir is man (subclinical and clinical cases)
besides Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.
12. (c) PERIOD OF COMMUNICABILITY :
(i) MAN : Blood of patients is infective during the first 3 to 4 days of
illness.
(ii) MOSQUITOES : After an "extrinsic incubation period" of 8 to 12
days, the mosquito becomes infective.
13. Host factors
(a) AGE AND SEX : All ages and both
(b) OCCUPATION : Persons are in contact with forests (wood cutters,
hunters) where yellow fever is endemic.
(c) IMMUNITY : One attack of yellow fever gives lifelong immunity.
14. Environmental
factors
(a) CLIMATE : A temperature of 24 deg. C or over is required for
the multiplication of the virus in the mosquito.
◦ It should be accompanied by a relative humidity of over 60 per
cent for the mosquitoes to live long enough to convey the disease.
15. (b) SOCIAL FACTORS :
◦ In Africa, urbanization
◦ Also encroaching on areas that were previously sparsely
populated
◦ Bringing man closer to the jungle- cycles of yellow fever.
◦ Global travel and the greater speed with which travelers are
transported from endemic areas to receptive areas, also a
cause for concern.
16. Transmission
◦ Yellow fever virus is an RNA virus that belongs to the
genus Flavivirus.
◦ It is related to West Nile, St. Louis encephalitis and Japanese
encephalitis viruses.
◦ Yellow fever virus is transmitted to people primarily through
the bite of infected Aedes or Haemagogus speci-es
mosquitoes.
17. ◦ Mosquitoes acquire the virus by feeding on infected
primates (human or non-human) and then can transmit the
virus to other primates (human or non-human).
◦ People infected with yellow fever virus are infectious to
mosquitoes (referred to as being “viremic”) shortly before
the onset of fever and up to 5 days after onset.
18. Modes of transmission
◦ Three known cycles of transmission:
The jungle-or Sylvatic yellow fever.
Intermediate yellow fever.
Urban cycles yellow fever.
19. ◦ Sylvatic (or jungle) yellow fever:
In tropical rainforests-It occurs in monkeys that are infected by
wild mosquitoes.
The infected monkeys then pass the virus to other mosquitoes
that feed on them.
The infected mosquitoes bite humans entering the forest,
resulting in occasional cases of yellow fever. The majority of
infections occur in young men working in the forest (e.g. for
logging).
20. ◦ Intermediate yellow fever. In humid or semi-humid parts
of Africa, Semi-domestic mosquitoes (that breed in the
wild and around households) infect both monkeys and
humans. Increased contact between people and infected
mosquitoes leads to transmission.
21. Contd......
This is the most common type of outbreak in Africa.
An outbreak can become a more severe epidemic if the infection
is carried into an area populated with both domestic mosquitoes
and unvaccinated people.
22. ◦ Urban yellow fever. Large epidemics occur when infected
people introduce the virus into densely populated areas
with a high number of non-immune people and Aedes
mosquitoes.
◦ Infected mosquitoes transmit the virus from person to
person.
23.
24. Symptom
◦ Most people will not have symptoms.
◦ Some people will develop yellow fever illness with
initial symptoms including:
◦ Sudden onset of fever
◦ Chills
◦ Severe headache
◦ Back pain
◦ General body aches
25. ◦ Nausea
◦ Vomiting
◦ Fatigue (feeling tired)
◦ Weakness
◦ Most people with the initial symptoms improve within one
week.
◦ For some people who recover, weakness and fatigue (feeling
tired) might last several months.
26. • A few people will develop a more severe form of the
disease.
• For 1 out of 7 people who have the initial
symptoms, there will be a brief remission (a time
when patient feels better) that may last only a few
hours or for a day, followed by a more severe form
of the disease.
27. Toxic phase
◦ During the toxic phase, acute signs and symptoms return and more-severe and
life-threatening ones also appear. These can include:
• Yellowing of your skin and the whites of your eyes (jaundice)
• Abdominal pain and vomiting, sometimes blood in vomitus
• Decreased urination
• Bleeding from nose, mouth and eyes
• Bradycardia
• Liver and kidney failure
• Brain dysfunction, including delirium, seizures and coma
Among those who develop severe disease, 30-60% die
28. Risk factors ◦ Travel to an area where mosquitoes continue to carry the
yellow fever virus including sub-Saharan Africa and tropical
South America.
◦ Even if there aren't current reports of infected humans in
these areas, it doesn't mean being risk-free. It is possible that
local populations have been vaccinated and are protected
from the disease, or that cases of yellow fever just haven't
been detected and officially reported.
◦ Anyone can be infected with the yellow fever virus, but older
adults are at greater risk of getting seriously ill.
29. Complications
◦ Yellow fever results in death for 30% to 60% of those who
develop severe disease.
◦ Complications during the toxic phase of a yellow fever infection
include kidney and liver failure, jaundice, delirium, and coma.
◦ People who survive the infection recover gradually over a period
of several weeks to months, usually without significant organ
damage.
◦ Other complications include secondary bacterial infections, such
as pneumonia or blood infections.
30. Diagnosis
◦ Yellow fever is difficult to diagnose, especially during the
early stages
◦ Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing in blood and urine
◦ ELISA
31. Treatment ◦ No specific treatment
◦ Only supportive care-
dehydration and fever.
◦ Associated bacterial infections
can be treated with antibiotics.
◦ Supportive care may improve
outcomes for seriously ill
patients
34. Jungle yellow fever
◦ Jungle yellow fever continues to be an uncontrollable
disease.
◦ Vaccination of humans with 17D vaccine is the only
control measure.
35. Urban yellow fever
(1) VACCINATION: Rapid immunization of the population at risk is
the most effective control strategy for yellow fever.
For international use, the approved vaccine is
17D vaccine
◦ It is a live attenuated vaccine prepared from a non- virulent strain
(17D strain), which is grown in chick embryo and subsequently
freeze-dried.
36. ◦ The vaccine is administered subcutaneously at the insertion of
deltoid in a single dose of 0.5 ml irrespective of age.
◦ Immunity begins to appear on the 7th day and lasts possibly for
life
37. (3) SURVEILLANCE :
A programme of surveillance (clinical, serological,
histopathological and entomological) should be instituted
in countries where the disease is endemic, for the early
detection of the presence of the virus in human
populations or in animals that may contribute to its
dissemination.
38. For the surveillance of Aedes mosquitoes, the WHO uses an
index known as Aedes aegypti index.
◦ This is a house index and is defined as ·'the percentage of houses and their
premises, in a limited well-defined area, showing actual breeding of Aedes aegypti
larvae" .
◦ This index should not be more than 1 per cent in towns and
seaports in endemic areas to ensure freedom from yellow
fever
39. International measures
◦ India is a yellow fever "receptive" area, that is, "an area in which yellow
fever does not exist, but where conditions would permit its development
if introduced".
◦ The population of India is unvaccinated and susceptible to yellow fever.
◦ The vector, Aedes aegypti is found in abundance. The climatic conditions
are favourable in most parts of India for its transmission.
40. ◦ The missing link in the chain of transmission is the virus of
yellow fever which does not seem to occur in India.
41. ◦ The virus of yellow fever could get imported into India in two ways:
(i) through infected travellers (clinical and subclinical cases},
(ii} through infected mosquitoes.
◦ Measures designed to restrict the spread of yellow fever are specified in
the "International Health Regulations" of WHO
42. ◦ Travellers from endemic zones of yellow fever must possess a
valid international certificate of vaccination against yellow fever.
◦ The aircraft and ships arriving from endemic areas are subjected
to aerosol spraying with prescribed insecticides on arrival for
destruction of insect vectors.
43. ◦ Airports and seaports are kept free from the breeding of
insect vectors over an area extending at least 400 metres
around their perimeters.
◦ The "aedes aegypti index" is kept below 1.
45. International certificate of vaccination
◦ India and most other countries require a valid certificate of
vaccination against yellow fever from travellers coming from
infected areas.
◦ A few countries (including India) require this even if the
traveller has been in transit.
46. ◦ It rests with each country to decide whether a
certificate of vaccination against yellow fever
shall be required for infants under one year
of age, after weighing the risk of importation
of yellow fever by unvaccinated infants
against the risk to the infant arising from
vaccination.
◦ In this regard, India requires vaccination of
infants (> 9 months of age) too.
47. ◦ The validity of the certificate begins 10
days after the date of vaccination.
◦ For the purpose of international travel,
the vaccination must be given at an
officially designated centre, and the
certificate must be validated with the
official stamp of the Ministry of Health,
Government of India.
48. ◦ The certificate is valid only if it conforms with the model
prescribed under the International Health Regulations.
◦ On the other hand, for their own protection, travellers who enter
endemic areas should receive vaccination against yellow fever
52. • urban outbreaks in 2016 demonstrated that despite the
advances in immunization activities, challenges remain in
ending yellow fever epidemics.
• The EYE Strategy objectives address these challenges.
• The strategy aims at building a global coalition to tackle the
increased risk of yellow fever epidemics in a coordinated
manner and to demonstrate new ways of managing re-
emerging infectious diseases.
• Activities supported through the EYE Strategy work by
implementing large-scale interventions to prevent epidemics.
53. ◦ The EYE Strategy was developed by WHO, UNICEF and GAVI,
in response to increased threat of yellow fever urban outbreaks
with international spread.
◦ It is guided by three strategic objectives ·:
1. Protect at-risk populations
2. Prevent international spread of yellow fever;
3. Contain outbreaks rapidly.
54. Protect at risk populations
Immunization is considered to be the most important and effective measure
against yellow fever. A single dose of yellow fever vaccine is sufficient to
provide life-long immunity and protection against the disease.
The EYE strategy aims at ensuring universal access to yellow fever
immunization so that each and every person in yellow fever at-risk countries is
protected against the disease.
Risk assessment is done to equitably implement preventive interventions-
preventive mass vaccination campaigns and introduction of yellow fever
vaccine into routine immunization.
EYE strategy engages with vaccine providers and global health partners to
increase vaccine production, making it an affordable endeavor.
55. Prevent international spread
EYE Strategy aims to protect high-risk workers (e.g. persons
involved in extractive industries at risk for sylvatic exposures),
strengthen application of International Health Regulations
(IHR 2005) (e.g. increase compliance with vaccination requirement
verification at points of entry), and support development of
resilient urban centres (e.g. development of readiness plans to
reduce risk of large-scale yellow fever outbreak and increase vector
control measures).
56. Contain outbreaks rapidly
Outbreaks are unusual events that require additional resources and
partner support.
Rapid containment of an outbreak is essential to prevent
amplification into devastating epidemics.
It is dependent on early detection and confirmation; emergency
vaccine stockpiles and rapid response.
The EYE Strategy is working to improve surveillance and
diagnostics to facilitate early detection of outbreaks and rapid
response to outbreaks and to assure global stockpile is maintained
with a stock of 6 million doses at all times.
57. ◦ These objectives are underpinned by five competencies of success:
1. Affordable vaccines and sustained vaccine market;
2. Strong political commitment at global, regional and
country levels ;
3. High-level governance with long-term partnerships;
4. Synergies with other health programmes and sectors;
5. Research and development for better tools and practices