X-ray film consists of a light-sensitive emulsion layer coated on a transparent polyester base. It is used in both screen and non-screen types, with screen film providing higher speed when used with intensifying screens. The emulsion contains light-sensitive silver halide crystals suspended in gelatin. Dyes and layers are added to reduce issues like halation and crossover. X-ray film is used in dental, medical, and industrial applications to capture x-ray images. Proper storage is needed to protect the film.

2. X-Ray
After processing Convert the x-ray
energy into a
visible
light spectrum
Light spectrum
X-Ray Film

3. X ray film is a photographic film
consisting of photographically
active or radiation-sensitive

4. DIRECT EXPOSURE FILMS : exposed to x- rays
only e.g.- dental film.
SCREEN FILMS : exposed to x-rays and light.
Film exposed to light only (fluorographic ,
duplicating films)
This is single emulsion film

5. DUPLITIZED FILM
SINGLE SIDED EMULSION FILM

6.  Polyester made from polyethylene terephthlate
resin
 THICKNESS OF FILM BASE
 Medical x-ray : 0.18mm
 Fluorographic roll film : 0.08mm
 FUNCTION OF FILM BASE
 Support for emulsion layer.
 To transmit light so that an image can be viewed .

7.  Transparent and uniform in transmitting light.
 Strong but flexible.
 Uniform in thickness.
 Impermeable to water and processing solution
 Dimensionally Stable throughout processing.
 Inflammable
 Chemically inactive
 Uniform in colour

8.  Mixture of gelatin solution + solvent of the film base.
 Prevent separation of emulsion layer from the base
 Without subbing layer , the emulsion swells and
contracts during the processing cycle

9. Consists of silver halide crystals suspended
in gelatin.
Thickness < 0.0005 inch.
Latent image will form in this layer .
Ingredients :
- Gelatin – Suspension medium
- Silver Halide - photosensitive

10.  Photographic Gelatin - Cattle bone
 Ideal suspension medium – keeps Silver Halide
grains well dispersed & prevents clumping
 Processing solutions penetrate gelatin without
change in strength / performance
 Easy availability
 Uniform quality

11. Light sensitive material
Contains AgBr : 90 – 99%
AgI : 1 – 10%
Small crystals suspended in Gelatin
Crystal size : 1.0-1.5 microns with 6.3x109
grains per cubic centimeter of emulsion.

12. NEW FLAT CRYSTALS
OLDER IRREGULAR CRYSTALS

13.  The grainoffer a larger surface area
to the imaging source , this increase
the filmsensitivityand speed
 Added a lightabsorbingmagenta dye
to the surface of the grains ,known
as optical sensitizing dye
 Advantages:
 Greater sensitivityto light, increased
speed
 Less cross-over effect

14. Thin layer of clear gelatin which is
applied to the emulsion .
functions
 Protect the emulsion from light pressure
which might occur during use .
 To provide suitable surface characteristics

15.  Using only in single sided emulsion sheet film
 Because the film emulsion layers swells during
processing
 The film as a whole will have tendency to curl
 To prevent this ,the emulsion layer is balanced by
coating the base on the opposite side to the
emulsion

16. HALATION : It is a phenomenon
characterised by formation of a diffuse
image or halo around the proper image.
This occurs mainly in the single sided
emulsion film.

17. Adding a dye to non- curl backing
Adding a dye to base.

18. • Preferred for single sided emulsion film.
• The dye colour selected is opposite or
complementary to exposing light.
• These dyes are removed during development.
Some times called as anti halo layer or gel
coat

19.  Using in 35mm still and cine film
 Dyes cannot be removed during development

20. Crossover is image degradation
caused by light produced in one
intensifying screen passing through
the film base and producing an image
in the opposite emulsion layer

21. It is a type of halation which occurs
when film is used with intensifying
screen.
Occurs only with double emulsion films
and two screens.
Coloured subbing layer is used.
Addition of magenta dye also reduces
cross over effect.

22.  It is the sideway scattering of light within the
emulsion
 This contributes to unsharpness (blurring) of image.


23. based on
- Single emulsion - Screen
type
- Double emulsion - Non
screen
TYPES OF X RAY FILMS
STRUCTURE
PRESENCE OF
SCREEN

24. DUPLITIZED EMULSION FILM
SINGLE EMULSION FILM

25. 1. Direct- Exposure (non- screen type) film
Intra-oral dental film, kidney surgery film,
radiation monitoring film.
2. Screen-type film
(for use with intensifying screen)

26. • Screen-type film
• Photofluorographic film
• Cathod-ray-tube (CRT) photography : polaride film
• Duplication film
• Subtraction film
• Laser imaging film

27.  Also known as non-screen film.
 Some times know as enveloped- wrapped
 exposure to x ray only
 Thicker emulsion is used containing higher
concentration of silver halide.
 Non-screen film is of low speed type.
 A higher radiation dose is used.

28. PERI-APICAL- 31x41mm film(for single or
groups of teeth)
OCCLUSAL-57X76mm film(mandible or maxillae)
BITE-WING : similar to the periapical ,
positioned vertically behind the upper and lower
teeth .
Patent bite on the flap
Used to demonstrating crown

29. BITEWING
OCCLUSAL
PERI-APICAL

30. It enables radiographic exposure of kidney to
be made extra-abdominally during surgery for
stone removal.
Two film feature allows wider range of renal
stones to be demonstrated.

31. The film are enclosed in a light tight, water
proof polythene packet , the whole packet
is capable of being cold sterilized
The film can be processed in an automatic
processer

32.  Similar to dental films in appearance.
 On one side of the base is a high speed emulsion, whilst
on the other side is a slower emulsion
 This permits a wide range of exposure level to be
recorded.
 A large exposure to radiation may result in
complete blackening of the fast emulsion

33.  It is the most widely used image receptor.
 It is used in conjunction with pair of intensifying
screen.
 Good screen film combination provide good quality
radiograph with high speed.

34.  Screen type
 Cassette fitted with a single intensifying
screen
 Using in mammography
 The films are medium to high contrast with
high definition, capable of demonstrating
micro calcification in soft tissue

35. Ultrasound
Computerized tomography
Magnetic resonance imaging
Nuclear medicine
Digital subtraction imaging
Single emulsion films used in radiology

36.  Used in ultrasound imaging.
 It is made up of positive and negative film sheets
with a pod of jellified processing chemistry.

37. Films should be protected from
 Physical damage
 Light
 High temperature
 High relative humidity
 Harmful gases and fumes
 X-rays and radioactive source
 Fire

38. CHESNEY S RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGING
RADIOLOGIC SCIENCE FOR
TECHNOLOGIST (BUSHONG)