MALDI...
This Presentation Contain following...
#Introduction
#Matrix and examples
#Considerations of Matrix Material
#MALDI Sample Preparation
#Mechanism of MALDI
#Mass Spectrometer
#Reproducibility and Performance
#Uses of MALDI
#Conclusion
#References
Thanks For Help and Guidance of Mr. D.V. Mahuli Sir and Mr. V.T. Pawar Sir
Electron Spray Ionization (ESI) and its ApplicationsNisar Ali
In this slide ,You will get to learn Electron Spray Ionization (ESI) technique used in Mass Spectroscopy and its Various Application in Pharmaceutical Drug Analysis.
HERE PRESENTS AN OLIGONUCLEOTIDE THERAPY, ITS INTRODUCTION TO OLIGONUCLEOTIDE, ITS TECHNIQUES, DEVELOPED METHODS AND THEIR APP,LICATIONS IN PHARMACEUTICAL ARE HERE DISCUSSED IN DETAIL
X-ray crystallography is the experimental science determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions. By measuring the angles and intensities of these diffracted beams, a crystallographer can produce a three-dimensional picture of the density of electrons within the crystal. From this electron density, the mean positions of the atoms in the crystal can be determined, as well as their chemical bonds, their crystallographic disorder, and various other information.
MALDI...
This Presentation Contain following...
#Introduction
#Matrix and examples
#Considerations of Matrix Material
#MALDI Sample Preparation
#Mechanism of MALDI
#Mass Spectrometer
#Reproducibility and Performance
#Uses of MALDI
#Conclusion
#References
Thanks For Help and Guidance of Mr. D.V. Mahuli Sir and Mr. V.T. Pawar Sir
Electron Spray Ionization (ESI) and its ApplicationsNisar Ali
In this slide ,You will get to learn Electron Spray Ionization (ESI) technique used in Mass Spectroscopy and its Various Application in Pharmaceutical Drug Analysis.
HERE PRESENTS AN OLIGONUCLEOTIDE THERAPY, ITS INTRODUCTION TO OLIGONUCLEOTIDE, ITS TECHNIQUES, DEVELOPED METHODS AND THEIR APP,LICATIONS IN PHARMACEUTICAL ARE HERE DISCUSSED IN DETAIL
X-ray crystallography is the experimental science determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions. By measuring the angles and intensities of these diffracted beams, a crystallographer can produce a three-dimensional picture of the density of electrons within the crystal. From this electron density, the mean positions of the atoms in the crystal can be determined, as well as their chemical bonds, their crystallographic disorder, and various other information.
X-ray Crystallography is a scientific method used to determine the arrangement of atoms of a crystalline solid in three dimension. It is based on x ray diffraction. Reveals structure of a crystal at atomic level.
X-ray crystallography is a powerful technique used in determining the three-dimensional structure of molecules at atomic resolution. It involves the use of X-rays to probe the arrangement of atoms in a crystal lattice. The information obtained from X-ray crystallography can be used to understand the function of biomolecules such as proteins, DNA, and RNA.
X ray crystallography to visualize protein structure.Ritam38
This ppt discusses in detail the process of X ray Crystallography.
Made by the following 3rd year Bs-Ms students of IISER Kolkata:
B Sri Sindhu
Rasiwala Hassan Shabbir
Ritam Samanta
Himanshu Gupta
Sakshi Ajay Shrisath
Aditya Borkar
Diana Denzil Fernandez
Neha Kumari
.Sowmya
Anjali Mohan
Debanjana Mondal
Aanandita Gope
Shruti Santosh Sail
Proteomics Practical (NMR and Protein 3D softwareiqraakbar8
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical phenomenon in which nuclei in a strong constant magnetic field are perturbed by a weak oscillating magnetic field (in the near field) and respond by producing an electromagnetic signal with a frequency characteristic of the magnetic field at the nucleus.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
4. An Overview of Sugarcane White Leaf Disease in Vietnam.pdf
X ray crystallography analysis
1. X ray crystallography
analysis
Submitted to :
Dr. Kiran Kumar
Division of Bioinformatics &
Biotechnology.
JSSAHE&R Mysore.
Submitted by,
Prabhakarareddy A V
19L10913
MSc Bioinformatics
JSSAHE&R MYSORE
2. Introduction
X-ray crystallography is a powerful technique for visualizing the structure of
protein.
It is a tool used for identifying the atomic and molecular structure of a
crystal.
In crystallography the crystalline atoms cause a beam of incident X-rays to
diffract into many specific directions.
Then crystallographer can produce a three-dimensional picture of the density
of electrons within the crystal.
From this electron density, the mean positions of the atoms in the crystal can
be determined.
X-ray crystallography can locate every atom in a zeolite, an aluminosilicate.
3. X-Ray Crystallography
What is X-Ray Crystallography?
– A form of very high resolution microscopy.
– Enables us to visualize protein structures at the atomic level
– Enhances our understanding of protein function.
What is the principle behind X-Ray Crystallography?
– It is based on the fact that X-rays are diffracted by crystals
5. Steps in Structure Determination
1. Protein purification.
2. Protein crystallization.
3. Data collection.
4. Structure Solution (Phasing)
5. Structure determination (Model building and refinement)
6. Step1:Protein Purification
What is Protein Purification?
is a series of processes intended to isolate one or a few proteins from a complex
mixture, usually cells, tissues or whole organisms.
Why Protein Purification?
Characterization of the function.
Structure
Interactions of the protein.
Requirements
minimum of 5 to 10 milligrams pure soluble
protein are required with better than 95% purity
7. Step2:Protein crystallization
Why Crystallization:
X-ray scattering from a single unit would be unimaginably weak.
A crystal arranges a huge number of molecules in the same orientation.
Scattered waves add up in phase and increase Signal to a level which can be
measured.
This is often the rate-limiting step in straightforward structure determinations,
especially for membrane proteins
10. Continue…..
The source of the X-rays is often a synchrotron.
The typical size for a crystal for data collection may be 0.3 x 0.3 x 0.1 mm.
The crystals are bombarded with X-rays which are scattered from the planes
of the crystal lattice.
The scattered X-rays are captured as a diffraction pattern on a detector such
as film or an electronic device.
11. Continue….
Rotate crystal through 1 degree and Record XRD pattern
If XRD pattern is very crowded, reduce the degree of rotation
Repeat until 30 degrees were obtained
Sometimes 180 degrees depending on crystal symmetry
Lower the symmetry= More data are required
For high resolution, use Synchrotron
14. Step4:Structure Solution (Phasing)
Methods for solving the phase problem
Molecular Replacement (MR)
Multiple/Single Isomorphous replacement (MIR/SIR)
Multiple/Single wavelength Anomalous Diffraction(MAD/SAD)
Principle using Fourier Transform (FT) :
FT of the diffraction data gives us a representation of the contents of the crystal.
15. Step5: Structure determination (Fitting):
Fitting of protein sequence in the electron density.
Electron density – Not self explanatory
Can be automated, if resolution is close to 2Å or better.
What can be interpreted is largely defined by resolution.
16. Step5: Structure determination
(Refinement):
Automated improvement of the model, so it explains the observed data
better.
The phases get improved as well, so the electron density maps get better.
17.
18. Process of resolution of molecular and
crystal structures by X-ray diffraction
For crystals composed of large molecules, such as
proteins and enzymes, the phase problem can be solved
successfully with three main methods, depending of the
case:
(i) introducing atoms in the structure with high
scattering power. This methodology, known as MIR
(Multiple Isomorphous Replacement) is therefore based
on the Patterson method.
(ii) introducing atoms that scatter X-rays anomalously,
also known as MAD (Multiwavelength Anomalous
Diffraction), and
(iii) by means of the method known as MR (Molecular
Replacement), which uses the previously known
structure of a similar protein.
19. Applications of X-ray Crystallography
HIV
Scientists also determined the X-ray crystallographic structure of HIV protease, a viral
enzyme critical in HIV’s life cycle, in 1989.
Pharmaceutical scientists hoped that by blocking this enzyme, they could prevent the
virus from spreading in the body.
By feeding the structural information into a computer modeling program, they could use
the model structure as a reference to determine the types of molecules that might block
the enzyme.
Arthritis
To create an effective painkiller in case of arthritis that doesn’t cause ulcers, scientists
realized they needed to develop new medicines that shut down COX-2 but not COX-1.
Through structural biology, they could see exactly why Celebrex plugs up COX-2 but not
COX-1
20. Continue….
Get whole 3D structure by analysis of good crystallized material.
Produces a single model that is easy to visualize and interpret.
More mathematically direct image construction
Quality indicators available (resolution, Rfactor)
Large molecules can be determined.