Come, let's have a fantastic cognitive journey- what is sensation? what is perception- errors in perception-illusion-hallucination-differentiate illusion and hallucination- what is memory-what is forgetting-what are mnemonics- how to memorize effectively- theories of forgetting- Rote memory- logical memory-

3. SENSATION &
PERCEPTION

4. Sensation refers to the
process of sensing our
environment through
touch, taste, sight, sound,
and smell.
SENSATION

5. Perception is the way we
interpret these sensations
and therefore make sense
of everything around us.
PERCEPTION

6. It may be due to defect in our sense organs or
defective functioning of the brain. Many
times the prejudices in the individual, time of
perception, unfavorable background, lack of
clarity of stimulus, confusion, conflict in
mind and such other factors are responsible
for errors in perception.
ERRORS in
PERCEPTION

7. TYPES OF ERRORS in
PERCEPTION
ILLUSION
HALLUCINATION

8. ILLUSION
Illusion is a wrong perception where
a person is mistaking a stimulus.eg. A
person is being afraid of the rope
mistaking that it is a snake.

9. HALLUCINATION
Here a person perceives some stimulus
even when there is nothing.

10. Different Types Illusion
Physical Illusion
Auditory Illusion
Optical Illusion

11. Different Types Hallucinations
Visual
Hallucination
Auditory
Hallucination
Smell
Hallucination
Taste
hallucination

12. Concept Formation
Concept Formation Occurs as an
after effect of sensation and
perception

13. What is a Concept
A concept is a
mental image on
a category of a
thing, place or
event which
keep common
elements and
characteristics

14. What is a Concept
A concept is a
mental image on
a category of a
thing, place or
event which
keep common
elements and
characteristics

15. What is
Concept Formation?
Concept Formation is the process of creating
mental images on different categories of things,
events or places by storing the common elements
and characteristics.

16. Concept formation
occurs through two
processes
Abstraction Generalization

17. Abstraction
It is a process of concept formation in
which irrelevant elements are
eliminated for reducing complexity

18. Generalization
It is a process of concept formation in
which more common elements or
characteristics are

19. Memory

20. What is Memory?
Memory is the
cognitive or mental
capacity to store
perceived or learnt
items to be used
in the future when
it is needed

21. What is Memorizing?
Memorizing is the
process of storing
the perceived or
learnt items in the
cognitive area
which has the
capacity to store.

22. Difference
between Memory
and remembering
Memory is the capacity to store newly perceived
items while remembering is the process of
recollecting the stored items when needed

23. Difference between
Memorizing and
remembering
Memorizing is the process of storing newly
perceived items while remembering is the process
of recollecting the stored items when needed

24. Different Types
of Memory
 Sensory, Short & Long Term
 Episodic & Semantic
Photographic & Visual
 Rote & Meaningful
 Active & Passive

25. What is
Forgetting?
Forgetting is the inability to
recall an early perceived or
learnt item, experience,
promise, appointment etc.
when it is needed.

26. Causes behind
forgetting
 Faulty Memory
Process
 Interference
 Retrieval Problems
 Lack of readiness to
recall
 Physical Damages
 Genetic Factors
 Lack of Recollecting

27. Theories of
forgetting
 The Trace Decay
Theory
 Theory of Inhibition
or Interference
 The Repression
Theory

28. Theories of
forgetting
1. The Trace Decay
Theory
According to this theory, forgetting
occurs because of the fading of the
memory traces or engrams as a
result of lack of using the stored
item for a long period.

29. Theories of
forgetting 2. Theory of Inhibition or
Interference
According to this theory,
forgetting occurs because of
the interference or inhibition
of the memory traces of other
stored or learnt items
Retroactive inhibition:
Inhibition of new in the
previous items.
Proactive inhibition: Inhibition
of previous in the new items.

30. Theories of
forgetting
3. The Repression
Theory
It is a defensive mechanism that
painful items are thrown into
unconscious mind and the person
does not wish to remember them.

31. Techniques for
Effective
memorization
 Recitation & Repetition
 Association
 Using Acronyms
 Chunking
 SQ4R Technique
 Using Mnemonics

32.  Loci Mnemonic
 Peg-Word Mnemonic
 Narrative Chain Mnemonic
 Initial Letter Mnemonic
 Key Word Mnemonic
 Image Mnemonic
Different Mnemonics

33. A Couple of Advanced
Concepts in Psychology

34. Metacognition It is higher level of thinking
which facilitates complete
control over the cognitive
process with planning,
implementing, monitoring,
reviewing etc.

35. Precognition It is also called future sight or
second sight which is the
ability to see the future
events. It is a non-inferential
prediction of the future.