Cognitive theories examine how the mind processes information. They view thought as influencing behavior and occurring between stimuli and responses. Key concepts include metacognition, which involves thinking about one's own thinking, and situated cognition theory, where knowledge is embedded in social contexts and learning occurs through interaction. Cognitive apprenticeship involves a novice learning from an expert through shared experiences, while expertise theory specifies that developing skills requires focused practice and feedback over time. Information processing theory models the mind as processing information through encoding, storage, and retrieval.

1. COGNITIVE THEORIES
F.RISH TUTORIALS

2. Cognitive theory
Cognitive psychology is the scientific study
the mind as an information processor
It studies what goes on inside people’s
including perception, attention, language,
memory, thinking, and consciousness.

3. Basic assumptions
› Thought influences behaviour.
› Thought acts as the processes between stimulus and
behavioural response

4. Some key words
› METACOGNITION : processes of planning, tracking, and
assessing your own understanding or performance
(thinking about your own performance
› Given by Flavell
› METACOGNITIVE REGULATION: how individual monitor
and assess their knowledge, eg a student doing self
assessment and clearing doubts

5. 3 types of metacognitive knowledge:
a) Declarative knowledge: “person knowledge," or
understanding one’s own capabilities.( not always
accurate)
b) Procedural knowledge: “task knowledge," including
content (what do I need to know?) and length (how
much space do I have to communicate what I know?)
c) Strategy knowledge — “conditional knowledge," or one’s
ability to use strategies to learn information, as well as
for adapting these strategies to new situations

6. SITUATED COGNITION THEORY
› People’s knowledge is embedded in the activity, context,
and culture in which it was learned. It is also referred to as
“situated learning.”
› Learning is social and not isolated, as people learn while
interacting with each other through shared activities and
through language, as they discuss, share knowledge, and
problem-solve during these tasks.

7. Cognitive apprenticeship
› During this social interaction between a novice learner
and an expert, important skills, interactions, and
experiences are shared.
› The novice learns from the expert as an apprentice, and
the expert often passes down methods and traditions
which the apprentice can learn only from the expert and
which are authentic learning.
› This is a form of SOCIO-CULTURAL LEARNING.

8. EXPERTISE THEORY
› Specifies how talent develops
› focuses on cognitive task analysis , instruction and
practice, and clearly specified learning outcomes
› The practice required to develop expertise, is not
simply doing work. One should think about what
one is doing, plus the opportunity to obtain
feedback on the quality of one’s performance
through an expert coach.

9. Information processing theory
› human mind is like a computer or information processor
› 3 stages of IPT:
1. Encoding: information is sensed
2. Storage: info is stored for brief periods (short term
memory) or long periods (long term memory)
3. Retrieval: info brought back at the appropriate time and
reactivated for use on current tasks

11. 5Rs for remembering
reception
retrieval
receiverespond
reinforce