coginitve process unit -2 psychology

2.  Attention is the cognitive process of
selectively concentrating on one aspect of
the environment while ignoring other things.
 Attention a process of psychological
selectivity ,involves an adjustment of the
body and its sense organs.
 Attention shifts from one object to another .

3.  A/c Ross – “ attention is a process of getting
in an object of thoughts clearly before the
mind”.
 A/c Dumville – “ attention is the concetration
of consciousness upon one object rather
than upon another .”

4.  Attention is focusing of consciousness on a
particular object.
 It is constantly shifting.
 It’s selective.
 It’s a state of preparedness or alertness.

5. Attention
Non
volitional
volitional
Enforced
Spontaneou
s
implicit explicit

6.  Nonvolitional or involuntary attention –
Its aroused without the play of will.
Non volitional attention can be aroused by our
instincts as also by our sentiments.
For example- a mother’s attention towards her
crying child ,sudden loud noise .

7.  Attention is volitional or voluntary it calls forth
the exercise of will . Usually in such type of
attention , we have a clear –cut goal before us
and for its accomplishment we, with all our
efforts , make ourselves attentive .
 For example – attention paid at the time of
solving an assigned problem of statistics
answering question in examination hall ,
consulting the railway time table at the time of
starting for a railway journey .

8.  Besides the two types mentioned above , there
is a third type , the habitual or nonvoluntary
attention . Habitual attention is different from
voluntary attention because habitual attention
has no need for a will as the latter does.
 For example – a student pays voluntary
attention to study in the beginning but it is
gradually transformed into habitual attention is
in between voluntary and involuntary types of
attention .

9.  Objective factors :-
 Intensity
 Size
 Repetition
 Movement
 Change
 Systematic form
 Novelty
s

10.  Subjective factors- one who is interested in
gardening may be attracted by the new kind
of flower or plant which does not have any
striking objective qualities of the seven
categories mentioned previously .
 They depend on their interest or general
mood, their deeper affections, aspirations
,etc .

11.  Division of attention
 Shifting of attention
 Span of attention

12.  The word ‘perception’ from the latin
‘perceipio’ meaning ‘receiving’ collecting
,action of taking possession ,apprehension
with the mind or senses .
 It is a complex process by which people
select , organize , and interpret sensory
stimulation into a meaningful picture of the
world .s

13.  Perception is the method by which people
take all sensations they experience at any
given moment and interpret them in some
meaningful fashion .
 Perception has some individually to it .

14.  Perception is the interpretation of the
meanings of sensation . While seeing a rose,
the various sensations of color , smell , touch
, etc. are aroused .
 It’s a first stage of receiving stimulus .

15.  Unity and continuity
 Attention
 Persistency with varied efforts
 Free adaptation to varying conditions
 Learning by experience
 Reproduction in perception

16.  Proximity or being near in space.
 Similarity
 Continuity
 familiarity

17.  Illusions – an illusion is a wrong or mistaken
percpetion for e.g. a rope is taken as snake
in dark.
 Hallucinations- perceive a figure or an object
purely without any stimulus .

18.  Cognition is the term given to those internal
processes such as thinking , learning
,problem solving , remembering, and
perceiving cognitive psychology is
concerned with the study of mental process
involved in knowledge and can be defined as
an approach to psychology .

19.  A/c to RS Woodworth learning of a new act
is an addition to the person’s store of
experiences .
 Or
 Learning as a change in behaviour resulting
from repeated practice , where both the
enviroment and the behvaiour and the
behaviour interact to produce the learned
change .

20.  A- ATTITUDE
 S-SKILLS
 K- KNOWLEDGE

21.  The principle modes of learning:
 Learning through imitation.
 Learning through conditioned response
 Learning through trial and error
 Learning through insight

22.  In imitation the children copies the behavior
of another person,habit,manners,and ways
of adults.
 In imitation the learner exactly copies the
behavior of another person without
understanding or thinking.

23.  The main characteristics of learning through
imitation are-
 Performs activity after seeing
 Imitator does not know earlier the activity to
be imitated.
 Learner exactly copies the activity performed
before him .

24.  It was proposed by Pavlov . Conditioned
response or conditioned reflex is one of the
important processes of learning .
 In his work on gastric secretion that a dog
salivated not only ,when food was placed in
its mouth but also at the sound of footsteps
of the person coming to feed it ,even though
the dog could not see or smell the food .

25.  Before conditioning
Food salivation
Bell with food salivation
After conditioning
Bell salivation s

26.  The principle of classical conditioning are as
follows-
 Acquistion
 Extinction
 Generalization
 Discrimination

27.  Factors determining conditioned response
are as given below-
 The effect of the motives .
 Time relation of the two stimuli
 Repetition of the stimuli
 Absence of the disturbing stimulus

28.  The principle of classical conditioning can be
used-
 Developing good habits
 Breaking of bad habits
 Training of animals
 Developing attitude
 Use in pscyhotherapts

29.  It was given by “Thorndike”
 It is given in 3 laws –
 Law of effect
 Law of frequency
 Law of recency

30.  It was developed by a group of gestalt
psychologists Kurt koffka ,and etc who
conducted that the individual learns by his
ability known as insight and not by blind trial
and error .
 a/c to Gestalt a person can deduce the
solution by insight if he perceives the
situation as a whole .

31.  Memory is a neuro chemical process
mediated by the brain that accounts for the
capacity to retain and retrieve information .
 Memory is defined as the ability of an
organism to store ,retain and subsequently
retrieve the information .

32.  Memory – is special ability of our mind to
conserve or store what has been previously
experienced or acquired through learning .
 The brain structures are critical to the
formation of memories :-
 The medial temporal lobe
 Certain diencephalic nuclei
 Basal forebrain

33.  Theory of general memory functions .
 Information processing theories
 Levels of processing theories .

34.  Theory of general memory functions – its
has three distinct process of memory
(encoding –the processes of receiving
sensory input and transforming into form,
storage – the process of actually putting
codes information into memory ,and retrieval
– the process of gaining access to stored )

35.  Information –processing theories – A/c to
Richard Atkinsons memory starts with a
sensory input from the enviorment .
 Levels of processing theories – incoming
information an be worked on at different
levels on analysis , the deeper the analysis
goes, the better the memory .

36.  It can be divided into stages for the purpose
of understanding
 Sensory input –input received through
sensory channels such as vision ,hearing or
touch .
 Short term memory – memory store where it
is held for 20-30 seconds .
 Long term memory – from rehearsal buffer
,days ,weeks, years .

37. Sensory
input
Sensory
register
STM (20-30
SEC)
WORDS
EVENTS
ANYTHING LEARNT

38.  Personal characteristics such as age ,
gender differences ,development .
 Food and supplements
 Drugs and chemicals
 Exercise
 Emotions
 Environment
 Clinical conditions

39. SENSROY
REGISTER
SHORT TERM
MEMORY
LONG TERM
MEMORY
APPROXIMATE
DURATION
FOR VISION
,UPTO ABOUT 1
SEC, FOR
HEARING -5 SEC
UPTO 30 SEC BUT
IT VARIES
,DEPENDING
NUMBER OF
FACTORS
DAYS ,MONTH
,YEAR OR LIFE
TIME
CAPACITY REALTIVELY
LARGE –UPTO AT
LEAST 16 ITEMS
7 ITEMS OR
CHUNKS UNDER
MOST
CONDITIONS
VERY LARGE NO
LIMITS
TRANSFER
PROCESSES
ATTENTION AND
RECOGINTION
ITEMS ATTENDED
TO AND
RECOGINIZED
REHERSAL ITEMS
APPROPRIATELY
REHEARSED
MOVE TO LONG
TERM MEMORY
TYPES OF
INFORMATION
STORED
COPY OF INPUT SOUNDS ,VISUAL
IMAGES ,WORDS
AND SENTENCE
PRIMARY
MEANINGFUL
,LIKE
EVENTS,SOME
IMAGES
MAJOR REASON DECAY OF TRACE DISPALCMENT OF INAPPROPRIATE

40.  Forgetting has positive and negative values in life . it is great
blessings to mankind . The process of forgetting washes away sad
and shocking experience from the mankind.
 In psychology , an organism’s ability to store , retain and
subsequently retrieve information is known as ‘memory’ . In recent
decades , it has become one of the principal pillars of a branch of
science called cognitive neurosciene,an interdisplinary link
between cognitive psychology and neuroscience.

41.  It take place because of three causes.
 Atrophy through disuse
 Interference and
 Retroactive inhibition .

42.  Factors operating at time of learning - strength
of original learning ,nature of material , method of
learning,learning under abnormal conditions ,speed of learning.
 Factors operating after learning – decay /trace ,displacement
theory ,retriveal ,interference theory ,motivated forgetting .
 Amnesia –forgetting due to disease conditon –bilogical
amensia,psychological amnesia .

43.  Techniques to improve memory
 Pulling it all together
 The funnel approach
 Organizing through meaning and association .
 Vivid association
 Active learning
 Visual memory
 Talk it out
 Visualize yourself teaching the material .

44.  Method of loci ,
 Rhyming
 Narrative stories
 Chunking

45.  Thinking is a mental activity that goes on in the
brain when a person in processing information –
organizing it and communicating it to others .
 The quality of human life and the welfare and
progress of the human race depend to a large
extent on our capacity to think .
 Meaning of thinking – thinking is a behavior
which is often implict and hidden and in which
symbols i.e images ideas and concept are
ordinarily employed .

46.  Thinking is an activity concering ideas
 Thinking is the organization and
reorganization of current learning in the
present circumstances
 Thinking is the perceptual relationship which
provides for the solutions
 Thinking is higher mental process

47.  Emotions
 Suggestion
 Supervision
 Prejudice

48.  Perceptual or concrete thinking
 Conceptual thinking
 Creative thinking
 Logical thinking
 Problem solving
 Convergent vs divergent thinking