This document discusses various psychological disorders including their definitions, causes, risk factors, symptoms, and treatments. It covers eating disorders like anorexia and bulimia nervosa, depression, substance abuse disorders involving alcohol, nicotine, drugs, and inhalants. It also describes dissociative identity disorder (previously called split personality disorder), schizophrenia, and challenges like stigma around mental illness.

1. PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS

2. What is Psychological
Disorder?
 A psychological disorder, also known as a
mental disorder, is a pattern of behavioural or
psychological symptoms that impact multiple
life areas and/or create distress for the person
experiencing these symptoms.

3. History
Ancient world
The medieval period
Modern world

4. Causes
Pregnancy and birth
Disease, injury and infection
Life events, emotional stress and
relationships
Neighborhood, society and culture
Genes
Individual characteristics

5. Risk factors
risk factors
stressful/traumatic life events
social disadvantages
substance abuse
intelligence below normal risk factors
childhood problems
abused/ neglected
0 2 4 6 8 10

6. Some Psychological Disorders
Eating disorders depression Substance abuse
Split personality Schizophrenia
disorders

7. Eating Disorders

8. What is eating disorder?
 Eating habits that may involve either
insufficient or excessive food intake to the
detriment of an individual's physical and
mental health.
 Severe distress or concern about body weight
or shape may also characterize an eating
disorder.

9. Various eating disorders..

12. Bulimia nervosa
Characterized by recurrent
binge eating followed by
compensatory behaviours
such as purging (self-induced
vomiting, excessive use of
laxatives/diuretics, or
excessive exercise) Bulimia
Nervosa

14. Anorexia Nervosa
 Refusal to maintain a
healthy body weight, an
obsessive fear of gaining
weight, and an unrealistic
perception of current body
weight.

16. Binge Eating
 A person loses control over
his or her eating
 Periods of binge-eating are
not followed by
purging, excessive
exercise, or fasting.

17. Symptoms
 Constant adherence to increasingly strict
diets, regardless of weight
 Secretly bingeing on large amounts of food
 Increase in consumption of
laxatives, diuretics or diet pills
 Exercising compulsively, often several hours
per day

18. Depression

19. What is depressive disorder?
 “Depression is a common mental disorder
that presents with depressed mood, loss of
interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low
self-worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, low
energy, and poor concentration.”
-by WHO

21. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS..
 Persistent sad, anxious, or "empty" feeling
 Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or helplessness
 Irritability, restlessness
 Loss of interest in activities or hobbies once
pleasurable
 Fatigue and decreased energy
 Overeating, or appetite loss
 Thoughts of suicide, suicide attempts
 Aches or pains, headaches, cramps, or digestive
problems that do not ease even with treatment.

23. A test to measure your level
of depression...
 I do everything slowly.
 I find it hard to concentrate when I read.
 There is no fun left in my life.
 I find it hard to make decisions.
 I have lost interest in things that used to mean a lot to me.
 I feel sad, depressed and unhappy.
 I feel restless and cannot relax.
 My sleep is disturbed: Too little, too much or disturbed sleep.
 I have lost or gained weight without being on a diet.
 I feel guilty and like a failure.

24. To Speculate
 Then add your answers up to give a total
between 0 and 50:
 36 + Severe depression
 28 - 35 Moderate/severe depression
 19 - 27 Mild to moderate depression
 11 - 18 Borderline depression
 5 - 10 Mild depression
 0 - 4 No depression likely

25. Substance Abuse

26. What is substance abuse?
 Substance abuse refers to the harmful or
hazardous use of psychoactive
substances, including alcohol and illicit drugs.
 The use of Psychoactive substance can lead to
dependence syndrome
• strong desire to take the drug, persisting in its
use despite harmful consequences,
• a higher priority given to drug use than to other
activities
• increased tolerance
• sometimes a physical withdrawal state.

27. Types of substance abuses..

28. Alcohol
Some symptoms of
dependence on alcohol are
shakiness, nausea, rapid
heartbeat, sweating and
anxiety. Alcohol damages
your liver, brain and heart.

29. Nicotine
 Nicotine
Nicotine does not have a
very long lasting effect. This
causes nicotine users to
smoke or chew tobacco
more. When people smoke it
changes the way their mind
works so that they need the
nicotine again and again.

31. DRUGS...

32. HEROIN

33. COCAINE

34. MARIJUANA

35. OPIUM

36. Inhalants...

37. Inhalants...
 A drug that enters the body through
breathing is an inhalant. Inhalants cause brain
damage, lung damage, coma or even death.
Some examples are Adhesives, Aerosols:
spray paint, hair spray, deodorant, air
freshener) Cleaning Agents, Food Products(
whipped cream aerosols) Solvents and Gases(
nail polish remover, paint
Remover, correction fluid, lighter fluid).

38. Split Personality Disorder

39. What is Split Personality disorder?
 It is a psychiatric diagnosis and describes a
condition in which a person displays multiple
distinct identities or personalities, each with
its own pattern of perceiving and interacting
with the environment.

40. Each sub personality or alternate personalities
have a unique set of
memories, behaviours, thoughts and emotions
related to each specific personality.

41. CAUSES....
 An innate ability to dissociate easily
 Repeated episodes of severe physical or
sexual abuse in childhood
 Lack of a supportive or comforting person to
counteract abusive relative(s)
 Influence of other relatives with dissociative
symptoms or disorders

42. Symptoms
 Lapses in memory,
 Experiencing blackouts,
 Being frequently accused of lying when they
do not believe they are lying,
 Hearing voices inside their head that are not
their own,
 Not recognizing themselves in the mirror,
 Feeling like more than one person.

43. Schizophrenia

44. What is Schizophrenia?
Schizophrenia is a complex mental
disorder that makes it difficult to:
• Tell the difference between real and unreal
experiences
• Think logically
• Have normal emotional responses,
• Behave normally in social situation.

46. Types of Schizophrenia
 Paranoid schizophrenia
 Disorganised schizophrenia
 Catatonic schizophrenia
 Undifferentiated schizophrenia
 Residual schizophrenia

49. Symptoms
Schizophrenia symptoms usually develop
slowly over months or years. Sometimes you
may have many symptoms, and at other times
you may only have a few.
At first, you may have the following symptoms:
 Irritable or tense feeling
 Difficulty in sleeping
 Difficulty in concentrating

50. As the illness continues, problems with
thinking, emotions and behavior
develop, including:
 Lack of emotion (flat affect)
 Strongly held beliefs that are not based in
reality (delusions)
 Hearing or seeing things that are not there
(hallucinations)
 Problems paying attention
 Thoughts "jump" between unrelated topics
(“loose associations”)
 Bizarre behaviors
 Social isolation

52. Treatment of psychological disorder
 Psychotherapy
 Medication
 Creative therapies
 Lifestyle adjustments and supportive
measures

53. Stigma about mental illness…
 People with mental illnesses suffer from a
measurable amount of stigma. It is believed if
you have a mental illness you may be
violent, a killer, or even a sex offender.
 This very stigma discourages people from
getting help which they desperately need

55. What can be done...
 start using a more respectful language
 Educate the public about mental
illness, and how stigma misleads many
of us into fear that is not rational and not
accurate.
 Break down the barriers of
ignorance, prejudice, or unfair
discrimination