The document summarizes a study on the wound healing effects of ethanol extracts of Allium sativum (garlic) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Key findings include:
1) Garlic contains compounds like allicin that have antimicrobial and wound healing properties. Wound healing in diabetes is impaired so garlic may help.
2) The study evaluates garlic extract for wound healing using excision and incision wound models in diabetic rats.
3) Preliminary tests found the extract contains alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, glycosides and sterols that could promote wound healing.
4) Multiple phases of wound healing were examined including hemostasis, inflammation
Antimicrobial Properties of Different Parts of Citrallus Lanatus A Reviewijtsrd
Citrallus lanatus watermelon is a popularly studied fruit crop for its various medicinal application because of the presence of many bioactive compounds. The different parts of the plant especially the fruit pulp and seeds are reported to have many applications based on its antioxidant, anti plasmodial, anti inflammatory, antisecretory, antidiabetic properties. The antimicrobial aspects of different parts of Citrallus lanatus including the seeds, fruit pulp, rind and leaves are discussed in this study. The effectiveness of rind extract as antibacterial and anti fungal agent is of great potential since it is considered as a waste material after watermelon processing in industries. The present review aims to compile the antimicrobial action and the targeted microorganism so that the data can be used to stimulate further scientific research. Sruthi Menon "Antimicrobial Properties of Different Parts of Citrallus Lanatus - A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30818.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/30818/antimicrobial-properties-of-different-parts-of-citrallus-lanatus--a-review/sruthi-menon
Herbal drugs are made from the roots, stems, leaves, bark, fruit, seeds, or flowers of various plants known or believed to have medicinal properties. Many conventional drugs are also derived from plants. In fact, the word "drug" comes from the French word drogue, meaning "dried herb."
Antimicrobial Properties of Different Parts of Citrallus Lanatus A Reviewijtsrd
Citrallus lanatus watermelon is a popularly studied fruit crop for its various medicinal application because of the presence of many bioactive compounds. The different parts of the plant especially the fruit pulp and seeds are reported to have many applications based on its antioxidant, anti plasmodial, anti inflammatory, antisecretory, antidiabetic properties. The antimicrobial aspects of different parts of Citrallus lanatus including the seeds, fruit pulp, rind and leaves are discussed in this study. The effectiveness of rind extract as antibacterial and anti fungal agent is of great potential since it is considered as a waste material after watermelon processing in industries. The present review aims to compile the antimicrobial action and the targeted microorganism so that the data can be used to stimulate further scientific research. Sruthi Menon "Antimicrobial Properties of Different Parts of Citrallus Lanatus - A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30818.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/30818/antimicrobial-properties-of-different-parts-of-citrallus-lanatus--a-review/sruthi-menon
Herbal drugs are made from the roots, stems, leaves, bark, fruit, seeds, or flowers of various plants known or believed to have medicinal properties. Many conventional drugs are also derived from plants. In fact, the word "drug" comes from the French word drogue, meaning "dried herb."
Catheranthus roseus is a flowering plant belongs to the family Apocyanaceae. A number of alkaloids present in the plant parts and are medicinally useful.
Wound healing potential of some medicinal plantsGulzar Alam
ABSTRACT
Wounds are inescapable events in life. Wounds may arise due to physical, chemical or microbial agents. Healing is survival
mechanism and represents an attempt to maintain normal anatomical structure and function. Wound healing is a process by which
tissue regeneration occurs. Plants and their extracts have immense potential for the management and treatment of wounds. The
phyto-medicines for wound healing are not only cheap and affordable but are also purportedly safe as hyper sensitive reactions are
rarely encountered with the use of these agents. These natural agents induce healing and regeneration of the lost tissue by multiple
mechanisms. In this review we have made an attempt to give an insight into the different plants having potential wound healing
properties which could be beneficial in therapeutic practice.
Keywords: Wounds, Wound healing, Herbs, Phyto-medicines.
This presentation deals with the basic pharmacology orientation course everyone (newbies which may include MBBS undergrads, nursing staff, b. pharma. students, etc.) must get themselves acquainted with
Alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Some synthetic compounds of similar structure are also termed alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and, more rarely, other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus.
Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. They can be purified from crude extracts of these organisms by acid-base extraction. Alkaloids have a wide range of pharmacological activities including antimalarial (e.g. quinine), antiasthma (e.g. ephedrine), anticancer (e.g. homoharringtonine),cholinomimetic (e.g. galantamine), vasodilatory (e.g. vincamine), antiarrhythmic (e.g. quinidine), analgesic (e.g. morphine),antibacterial (e.g. chelerythrine), and antihyperglycemic activities (e.g. piperine). Many have found use in traditional or modern medicine, or as starting points for drug discovery. Other alkaloids possess psychotropic (e.g. psilocin) and stimulant activities (e.g. cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, theobromine), and have been used in entheogenic rituals or as recreational drugs. Alkaloids can be toxic too (e.g. atropine, tubocurarine). Although alkaloids act on a diversity of metabolic systems in humans and other animals, they almost uniformly evoke a bitter taste
Catheranthus roseus is a flowering plant belongs to the family Apocyanaceae. A number of alkaloids present in the plant parts and are medicinally useful.
Wound healing potential of some medicinal plantsGulzar Alam
ABSTRACT
Wounds are inescapable events in life. Wounds may arise due to physical, chemical or microbial agents. Healing is survival
mechanism and represents an attempt to maintain normal anatomical structure and function. Wound healing is a process by which
tissue regeneration occurs. Plants and their extracts have immense potential for the management and treatment of wounds. The
phyto-medicines for wound healing are not only cheap and affordable but are also purportedly safe as hyper sensitive reactions are
rarely encountered with the use of these agents. These natural agents induce healing and regeneration of the lost tissue by multiple
mechanisms. In this review we have made an attempt to give an insight into the different plants having potential wound healing
properties which could be beneficial in therapeutic practice.
Keywords: Wounds, Wound healing, Herbs, Phyto-medicines.
This presentation deals with the basic pharmacology orientation course everyone (newbies which may include MBBS undergrads, nursing staff, b. pharma. students, etc.) must get themselves acquainted with
Alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Some synthetic compounds of similar structure are also termed alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and, more rarely, other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus.
Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. They can be purified from crude extracts of these organisms by acid-base extraction. Alkaloids have a wide range of pharmacological activities including antimalarial (e.g. quinine), antiasthma (e.g. ephedrine), anticancer (e.g. homoharringtonine),cholinomimetic (e.g. galantamine), vasodilatory (e.g. vincamine), antiarrhythmic (e.g. quinidine), analgesic (e.g. morphine),antibacterial (e.g. chelerythrine), and antihyperglycemic activities (e.g. piperine). Many have found use in traditional or modern medicine, or as starting points for drug discovery. Other alkaloids possess psychotropic (e.g. psilocin) and stimulant activities (e.g. cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, theobromine), and have been used in entheogenic rituals or as recreational drugs. Alkaloids can be toxic too (e.g. atropine, tubocurarine). Although alkaloids act on a diversity of metabolic systems in humans and other animals, they almost uniformly evoke a bitter taste
Diabetes is a multifactorial disease leading to several complications, and therefore demands a multiple therapeutic approach. Patients of diabetes either do not make enough insulin or their cells do not respond to insulin. In case of total lack of insulin, patients are given insulin injections. Whereas in case of those where cells do not respond to insulin many different drugs are developed taking into consideration possible disturbances in carbohydrate-metabolism. For example, to manage post-prandial hyper-glycaemia at digestive level, glucosidase inhibitors such as acarbose, miglitol and voglibose are used. These inhibit degradation of carbohydrates there by reducing the glucose absorption by the cells. To enhance glucose uptake by peripheral cells biguanide such as metformin is used. Sulphonylureas, like glibenclamide, is insulinotropic and work as secretogogue for pancreatic cells. Although several therapies are in use for treatment, there are certain limitations due to high cost and side effects such as development of hypoglycemia, weight gain, gastrointestinal disturbances, liver toxicity etc. Based on recent advances and involvement of oxidative stress in complicating diabetes mellitus, efforts are on to find suitable antidiabetic and antioxidant therapy.
Medicinal plants are being looked upon once again for the treatment of diabetes. Many conventional drugs have been derived from prototypic molecules in medicinal plants. Metformin exemplifies an efficacious oral glucose-lowering agent. To date, over 400 traditional plant treatments for diabetes have been reported, although only a small number of these have received scientific and medical evaluation to assess their efficacy. The hypoglycemic effect of some herbal extracts has been confirmed in human and animal models of type 2 diabetes. The World Health Organization Expert Committee on diabetes has recommended that traditional medicinal herbs be further investigated. The present paper Reviews the Role of Insulike tablets developed by R&D cell of Lactonova Nutripharm Pvt Ltd. Hyderabad in the role of herbal nutraceutical drug INSULIKE, A nutriphenotypic approach for the treatment of diabetes.
Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Torbangun Extract (Coleus amboinicus Lour) on ...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Effect of aqueous extract of phaseolus vulgaris l. (red kidney beans) on allo...IJSIT Editor
Aqueous extract of Phaseolus Vulgaris L. (Red Kidney Beans) was investigated for its effects in
alloxan induced-diabetic rats. Twenty four albino rats were randomly allocated into four groups (A-D) of six
rats each such that group A (diabetes control) received 0.5 mL distilled water, group B (diabetes) received
400 mg/kg bwt of extract, group C (normal control) received 0.5 mL of distilled water while group D (normal)
received 400 mg/kg bwt of extract, all extract were orally administered once daily for 14 days. Diabetes was
induced in groups A&B by single interperitonial injection of 150 mg/kg alloxan monohydrate. Phytochemical
screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, balsam, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, cyanogenic glycosides,
terpenes and steroids. The hypoglyceamic potential of Phasoelus vulgaris L. was expressed in diabetes
treated rats. Blood glucose, total protein, albumin and cholesterol levels of the diabetes treated rats and
normal treated rats were not significantly (p>0.05) altered when compared with the control rats. However,
these values were significantly (p<0.05)><0.05)>0.05) effects on PCV and Hb in all groups when compared to the normal control. The study showed that
the aqueous extract of Phasoelus vulgaris L. leaves possess hypoglycaemic, antidiabetic properties and
ameliorating the high levels of marker enzymes observed in diabetes untreated rats.
Anti-Diabetic Activity of Some Medicinal Plants IIJSRJournal
Diabetes mellitus is generally a chronic disease which is a main reason for deaths in whole world. It is not easy to control the delayed complication of diabetes even with progress in the medical management of the syndrome. The disease is spreading day by day. The main trait element of diabetes is hyperglycemia, which reflects the drop in the use of glucose due to a poor reaction to insulin discharge. There are many plants are used to cure diabetes because of the antidiabetic action. Hypoglycemic and anti-hyperglycemic actions have been saved with abundant plants, a lot of which are worn as an established herbal treatment of diabetes. A huge number of substances are obtained from plants that suggest antidiabetic potential, while others may affect hypoglycemia as a bad result due to their toxicity, mainly their hepatotoxicity. This review shows the importance of plants and the action of some plants to act against diabetes that is used as a natural medicine for this disease.
Antihyperglycemic and Anti-hyperlipidemic Effect of Herbamed, A Herbal Formul...CrimsonPublishersIOD
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and its occurrence is increasing fast in most of the countries. Herbal medicine derived from plant extracts have been utilized increasingly for the treatment of various disorders like diabetes mellitus. The present study was designed to evaluate the anti diabetic activity of ‘Herbamed’, a herbal formulation composed of Vernonia amygdalina, Ocimum gratissimum, Zingiber officinale and Allium sativum in alloxan-induced diabetic rats model.
This is mainly made in the topic of Ashwagandha Antidiabetic effects....This is my final year project Power point slides presentation of 8th semester in bachelor of pharmaceutical technology....
I reffer this topic because there are various medicinal herbs which are showing hypoglycemic effect.. But withaferin is one of the most potent chemical constituent.. Not only hypoglycemic action it also having antimicrobial and antineoplastic/anticancer activity. So now a days withaferin is most choisable research interest in modern phytochemical study.
Name - Debraj Chakraborty (B.Pharm)
College - Eminent College of pharmaceutical technology
Semester - 8th
Session - 2018 - 2022
Effect of Indian Spices to Manage the Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorderiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
פירוט הרכיבים הטבעיים שנמצאים ב Cane תוסף תזונה טבעי המסייע לחולי סוכרת להגיע לאיזון ברמות הסוכר שלהם. Cane הוא תוסף תזונה מבית קיורהלייף, חברה הדואגת לאיכות חייהם של החולים במחלות כרוניות.
http://www.cane-curalife.com/
Antidiabetic and Cytoprotective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of SalaciaNitida ...IOSRJPBS
Objective:Many of the available therapies for diabetes have a number of serious adverse effects; therefore the search for more effective and safer hypoglycaemic agents becomes a paramount. This research was set to investigate the antidiabetic potential and cytoprotective effect of ethanolic root extract of Salacianitida on alloxan induced hyperglyceamic rats. Method:Acute toxicity and phytochemical constituents were evaluated using standardized methods. The study lasted for a period of thirty days comprising of two phases: induction phase and treatment phase. Thirty animals were grouped into five groups of six rats each. Group 1 and 2 serve as normal and toxic control respectively while groups 3, 4, and 5 were treated with 750, 1500mg of S.nitidaand 5mg glibenclamide respectively. The BGL, food and fluid intake was monitored daily while the body weight was measured on weekly. The last day of the study after an overnight fast, the animals were loaded with glucose and the OGTT measured prior to and at 30minutes interval for two hours after which the animals were sacrificed under ether anaesthesia and the organs isolated for histological examination. Results/Conclusion:The results of the present study indicate that S.nitida possessantidiabetic potentials and cytoprotective effect noted in its significant percentage reduction in the glucose level, slight increase in body weight and restoration of the toxic organs to normal.
CHITINASE AS THE MOST IMPORTANT SECONDARY METABOLITES OF STREPTOMYCES BACTERISIJSIT Editor
Fungal phytopathogens pose serious problems worldwide in the cultivation of economi cally
important plants.
Chemical fungicides are extensively used in current agriculture.However, excessive use of chemical
fungicides in agriculture has led to deteriorating human health , environmental pollution, damaged to
ecosystem and development of pathogen resistance to fungicide.
Because of the worsening problems in fungal disease control , a serious search is needed to identify
alternative methods for plant protection, which are less dependent on chemicals and are more
environmentally friendly. Microbial antagonists are widely used for the biocontrol of fungal plant diseases.
Many species of actinomycates, particulary those belonging to the genus sterptomyces, are well known as
antifungal biocontrol agents that inhibit several plant pathogenic fungi.
Another way biological control has been developed as an alternative of chemicals to tock with plant
pathogenic fungi. Considering high presence of chitin in fungal cell wall, chitinase enzyme is camped as an
effective biocontrol agent against phytopathogenic fungi. Streptomyces bacteria are able to produce various chitinase enzymes, chitinases produced by streptomyces belong to the families 18 and 19 glycosyl hydrolases.
The antifungal activity is mostly shown by fomily 19 Chitinases. In comparison with bacterial family 18
chitinases, the specific hydrolyzing activity of chitinase 19 against soluble and in soluble chitinous substrates
has been markedly higher. Considering the importance of family to investigate antifungal potential of
streptomyces bacteria isolated from east Azarbijan region soils based on molecular identification of family 19
chitinase. encoding gene in these bacteria.
To aim the purpose 110 soil samples were collected from East Azarbaijan and 310 strepomyces
isolates were selected using macroscopic and microscopic observations. DNA genomic of all of the isolates
were extracted and PCR reactions was done using chitinase 19 designed primers as marker.
Totally isolates were selected with molecular selection and antagonistic test were done. One of the isolates
exhibit the most strong antifungal activity.
The strain was identified using 16srDNA gene, and the chitinase encoding gene were amplified partially to
prove the PCR selection. Finally the bacterium were introduced as potentially biological fertilizer.
MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF BACTERIAL GENE CODING CHITINASE ENZYMES, FAMILY 19 STR...IJSIT Editor
Fungal phytopathogens pose serious problems worldwide in the cultivation of economically
important plants.
Chemical fungicides are extensively used in current agriculture.However, excessive use of chemical
fungicides in agriculture has led to deteriorating human health , environmental pollution, damaged to
ecosystem and development of pathogen resistance to fungicide.
Because of the worsening problems in fungal disease control , a serious search is needed to identify
alternative methods for plant protection, which are less dependent on chemicals and are more
environmentally friendly. Microbial antagonists are widely used for the biocontrol of fungal plant diseases.
Many species of actinomycates, particulary those belonging to the genus sterptomyces, are well known as
antifungal biocontrol agents that inhibit several plant pathogenic fungi.
Another way biological control has been developed as an alternative of chemicals to tock with plant
pathogenic fungi. Considering high presence of chitin in fungal cell wall, chitinase enzyme is camped as an
effective biocontrol agent against phytopathogenic fungi. Streptomyces bacteria are able to produce various chitinase enzymes, chitinases produced by streptomyces belong to the families 18 and 19 glycosyl hydrolases.
The antifungal activity is mostly shown by fomily 19 Chitinases. In comparison with bacterial family 18
chitinases, the specific hydrolyzing activity of chitinase 19 against soluble and in soluble chitinous substrates
has been markedly higher. Considering the importance of family to investigate antifungal potential of
streptomyces bacteria isolated from east Azarbijan region soils based on molecular identification of family 19
chitinase. encoding gene in these bacteria.
To aim the purpose 110 soil samples were collected from East Azarbaijan and 310 strepomyces
isolates were selected using macroscopic and microscopic observations. DNA genomic of all of the isolates
were extracted and PCR reactions was done using chitinase 19 designed primers as marker.
Totally isolates were selected with molecular selection and antagonistic test were done. One of the isolates
exhibit the most strong antifungal activity.
The strain was identified using 16srDNA gene, and the chitinase encoding gene were amplified partially to
prove the PCR selection. Finally the bacterium were introduced as potentially biological fertilizer.
THE EFFECTS OF HELPING BACTERIA (PSEUDOMONAS SPP.) IN NITROGEN GREEN BEANS F...IJSIT Editor
Some- bacteria settle in the rhizosphere of legume plants and enhance the performance of ribosome
bacteria to nitrogen fixation and nodulation. In this paper, we used four isolated from two species of
Pseudomonas containing P.putida, P.fluorescens Chao, P.Flouresence Tabriz, P.flouresence B119 and Rhizobium
leguminosarumbv.phaseoli. In a factorial experiment with complete randomized blocks were used 5 levels of
helping bacteria(Pseudomonas spp.) and two rhizobium levels, four replicates were employed. Jamaran418
green bean was utilized as host plant. At the end, nodulation, growth and plant’s nitrogen indexes were
measured. The results showed that all above mentioned helping bacteria enhance the growth and nodulation
performance of green bean. It should be said that P.putida had the highest effect on the green bean
nodulation increase along with rhizobium (130%) followed by P.fluorescens Tabriz, P. fluorescens Chao and
P.fluorescens B119, ( 83, 63 and 17%, respectively). Also, we observed 45, 33, 22 and 8% performance
increase under the effect of P.putida, P. fluorescens Chao, P. fluorescens Tabriz and P. fluorescens B119,
respectively.
ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTY OF AQUEOUS AND PETROLEUM ETHER LEAF EXTRACTS OF JATRO...IJSIT Editor
The experiment was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial property of aqueous and Petroleum
ether leaf extracts of Jatrophacurcas against some gram positive micro-organisms: Staphylococcus aureus,
Bacillus subtilis and some gram negative micro-organisms: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi using
antibiotics; Gentamycin as control. The phytochemical screening of aqueous and petroleum ether extracts
showed the presences of cardiac glycosides, steroids and terpenes, tannins, phlobatannins, anthraguinones
and saponins. The disc diffusion techniques was used to test the sensitivity of the micro-organism to the
extracts of Jatrophacurcas the results obtained show mean zones of inhibition between (19 + 0.6mm) to (30 +
0.3mm) for aqueous extract and (24 + 0.5mm) to (35 + 0.8mm) for petroleum ether extract. Micro-organisms
showed sensitivity in the following order: E.coli;(17 + 0.3mm) and (25 + 0.8mm), S.aureus; (26 + 0.2mm) and
(28 + 0.6mm), B.subtilis; (16 + 0.1mm) and (20 + 0.7mm), and S.typhi (25 + 0.2mm) and (27 + 0.6mm) for
aqueous and petroleum ether extracts respectively. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for both
extracts show that the extracts inhibited the growth of the entire test organism at concentration 0.6mg/ml.
This result thus suggests the potency of Jatrophacurcas as an antimicrobial agent especially at the
concentration employed.
BIO CHEMICAL EFFECT OF 1, 5-BIS (3, 5-DIMETHYLPYRAZOL-1-YL)-3- OXAPENTANE-DIA...IJSIT Editor
The present study provides evidence that 1,5-Bis (3,5-Dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-3-oxapentane-diacetatocopper has an antidiabetic effect, as hypoglycemic agent and as antilipolytic agent, but with many abnormalities. It affected blood and liver biochemistry in rats. Sera of animals treated with 1,5-Bis(3,5-Dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-3-oxapentane-diacetatocopper in the present study revealed a significant decrease in serum glucose and albumin, while reported a significant increase in ALT and AST. Moreover, significant decrease in body weight.
THE EFFECT OF ALSTONEA BOONEI STEM BARK PLUS CISPLATININDUCED RENAL INSUFFIC...IJSIT Editor
The bark of Alstoniaboonei stem was analysed for the medicinal and the effect of extracts on induced
renal insufficiency. The plant material was collected in August-September 2012 and Rats 100-150g body
weights were subjected to the study. Normal saline as control, Cisplatin, and cisplatin plus Alstoneiboonei
stem bark extract were administered and the result summary for serum creatinine in cisplatin treated Rats
(2.69±0.32mg/dl) and in Rats administrates cisplastin plus Alstoniaboonei stem bark extract
(2.5±0.01mg/dl) were elevated compared to saline control (1.89±0.89mg/dl). Serum urea in cisplatin treated
Rats was (38.4 ±2.98mg/dl) compared to Rats administrates with cisplatin plus the extract (38.4±2.98mg/dl)
and saline control (24.94±3.76mg/dl). The study indicates Alstoniaboonei stem bark extract reduced the
renal insufficiency in rats.
The study was carried out to investigate the effect of the aqueous extracts of
Myristicafragrans(Nutmeg), Murrayakoenigi(curry leaf) and Aframomummelegueta(Guinea pepper) on Some
Biochemical and haematologicalParameters. Sixteen (16) wister strain rats weighing between 130 – 180g
were divided into four (4) groups of four (4) rats each and for 21 days fed the following diets: Group A –
normal diet + myristicafragrans (Nutmeg) aqueous extract, Group B – normal diet + murrayakoenigi (curry
leaf) aqueous extract, Group C – normal diet + aframomummelegueta (Guinea pepper) aqueous extract, Group
D – normal diet (control). After a period of 21 days the rats were sacrificed and the serum was taken for the
following estimations: total protein, albumin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, aspartate transaminase, alanine
transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and
glucose. The whole blood was taken for packed cell volume and white blood cell count. The results indicated
that oral administration of myristicafragrans, murrayakoenigi and aframomummelegueta to rat’s exhibit
remarkable hypolipidaemic activity and lowering glucose concentration. The oral administration of these
three spices exhibit protein increasing activities compared with the control rats. The packed cell volume and
white cell values of all the rats decreased after feeding with experimental diet (aqueous extract) compare
with the control rats. It is clear from this study thatMyristicafragrans(Nutmeg), Murrayakoenigi(curry leaf)
andAframomummelegueta (Guinea pepper) contain significant amounts of phytochemicals and exhibit
hypolipidaemic activity when consumed.
THE INFLUENCE OF SILICONE ANTIFOAM FROM LEATHER AND DYING WASTE WATER EFFLUE...IJSIT Editor
This study investigates the influence of silicone antifoam agent on waste water from Gashash leather
and Nigerian Spinning and Dying industries (NSD). Waste water from the outlet of the industries were
collected and analyzed for physicochemical parameters. Silicone antifoam was added to the wastewater to
determine the impact of the silicone antifoam on turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD)
concentrations. The result shows that both turbidity and COD values significantly increased even when small
concentration of the silicone antifoam was added. Further, independent t-test was used to identify the
variance between the mean value of the wastewater from leather, spinning and dying industries, the results
indicated that there are no significant differences (observed t 0.544, critical t 2.015, and p value 0.589)
between the waste water in leather and dying industries.
WATER INTAKE CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT SOIL TYPES IN SOUTHERN BORNO NIGERIA IJSIT Editor
The water intake characteristics of soils under arable crop practice were studied with a view to
obtaining useful information for the design of irrigation and drainage system and for effective soil
management techniques. Parameters determined; infiltration, hydraulic conductivity, permeability, bulk
density, particle density, porosity and moisture content. The textural class of the soils from the three sites
was found to be clay. The result obtained indicates that infiltration was high initially but decreases later. This
may be due to the soil reaching a saturation point. On the average the infiltration rate was observed to
decrease with time. The coefficient of permeability was found to be 9.26 x 10 , 7.66 x 10 and 2.15 x 10 cm/s
for site A, B and C respectively. Information on infiltration and permeability are useful tools in irrigation and
other engineering design.
DETERMINATION OF ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF POMEGRANATE FRUIT TO CALCULATION ...IJSIT Editor
In avoiding damage to fruit species the permissible falling height and permissible static pressure are
of great importance. The former is important in planning harvesting and handling operations, the latter in
selecting the height of transport containers. Fruits are generally transported in containers. The static and
dynamic forces which then act on the fruit will cause damage if they exceed given value. The static force may
be calculated from the weight of the fruit column being transported while the dynamic load is a consequence
of vibration caused by transport. The permitted static load for a given fruit may be determined
experimentally. In this study, physical properties of interest were determined for fresh pomegranate fruit
then calculations for the design of a suitable height were conducted based on the measured properties using
Ross and Isaacs’s theory. Maximum height for packing and storing of fresh pomegranate fruit in the box was
determined to be less than 123 cm based on a rupture force of 40.7 N.
COMPARSION OF ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF DIMOCARPUS LONGAN LOUR. EXTRACTS AND ...IJSIT Editor
The present study was carried out to evaluate antioxidant activity of Dimocarpus longan stems
extracts and also to investigate the main phytoconstituents in the bio-active extract. N-hexane,
dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol 80% extract were tested for free radical scavenging activity on
model reaction with stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH). The results showed that ethyl
acetate was the most active one as antioxidant agent and phytochemical analysis of that extract revealed the
presence of triterpenes, flavonoids, tannins and carbohydrates. The results may help to discover new
chemical classes of natural antioxidant substances that could serve as selective agents for infectious diseases.
DIRECT EXPANSION GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMPS FOR HEATING AND COOLINGIJSIT Editor
This article is an introduction to the energy problem and the possible saving that can be achieved
through improving building performance and the use of ground energy sources. The relevance and
importance of the study is discussed in the paper, which, also, highlights the objectives of the study, and the
scope of the theme. This study discusses some of the current activity in the GSHPs field. The basic system and
several variations for buildings are presented along with examples of systems in operation. Finally, the GCHP
is presented as an alternative that is able to counter much of the criticism leveled by the natural gas industry
toward conventional heat pumps. Several advantages and disadvantages are listed. Operating and installation
costs are briefly discussed.
BIOMINERALISED SILICA-NANOPARTICLES DETECTION FROM MARINE DIATOM CULTURE MEDIAIJSIT Editor
Diatoms are unicellular algae the most spectacular among the microorganisms assemble into a
micro-shell with a distinct 3-D shape and pattern of fine nanoscale features. In this investigation, we present
results; Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy images show the presence of ordered arrays of silica
nanoparticles. A number of diatoms with partially opened valves were observed on the surface of the diatom,
which indicates that cell contents inside of diatoms could release the nanoparticles into the culture solution.
We believe that the film forming silica nanoparticles are either released by the diatoms during reproduction
or after cell death due to bacterial action. Further research will investigate whether the silica nanoparticles
are produced intracellular and then released or whether synthesis occurs in cell culture medium. This
approach provides an environmentally friendly means for fabricating silica nanoparticles for drug delivery,
disease diagnostics, artificial opal films, decorative coatings and novel optical materials.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF NORMAL AND TUMOR TISSUE, SARDINE...IJSIT Editor
Fish are at present in high demand in food markets, they are widely consumed in many parts of the
world because they posses high protein content, saturated fat and also contain omega fatty acids known to
support good health. The present study deals with biochemical composition of common fish,Sardinella
longiceps. The proximate composition of protein, carbohydrate, lipid, amino acids and fatty acids were
studied. The results of proximate composition in S. longiceps showed the percentage of protein was high in
the normal and tumor infected fish tissue (29.15 &18.93%), followed by the carbohydrate (5.81 & 2.42 %)
and lipid (15.61 & 9.28 %). The percentage compositions of essential and non-essential amino acids are
presented in normal tissue and tumor infected tissue were found to be as 46.09 % & 41.47 % and 37.23% &
40.63%. In the analysis, the fatty acid profile by gas chromatography revealed the presence of higher amount
of PUFA (Linolenic acid 32.74 %) in normal tissue. The details of the vitamins detected in S. longicepstissue.
Among them, vitamin A was found in higher levels (91.16 mg/gm) at normal tissue. In the present study,
totally 5 macro minerals and 2 trace minerals were reported. The S. longiceps normal and infected tissue
contributed maximum sodium (289.6 mg/gm) and Potassium (166.5 mg/gm) of minerals. The result shows
that marine fish (S. longiceps) tissue is a valuable food recipe for human consumption, due to its high quality
protein and well-balanced amino acids fatty acids and vitamins and minerals.
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACS AGAINST PLANT PATHOG...IJSIT Editor
The aim of this work was to find an alternative to chemical fungicides currently used in the control
plant pathogenic fungi Rhizoctoniasolani ,ColletotrichummusaeandFusariumoxysporum,. The antifungal
activity of the methanol extracts of six medicinal plants used in native medicine in Sri Lanka is reported.All
plant extracts were screened for their fungistatic, fungicidal activities and minimum inhibitory dilution (MID)
against above fungi. The media amended with methanol and recommended fungicide for respective fungal
strain were consider as negative and positive control respectively.Results showed that radial growth in all the
three tested organisms was significantly impaired (p<0.05) by the addition of the extracts in the culture
medium used. The test fungi differed in their reaction to the different extracts but on the whole, growth
inhibition increased with the concentration of each extract. The most active extracts, shows a marked effect of
the 20% methanol extracts from sweet flag with inhibition values of 91%, 86% and 84 % for F. oxysporum,R.
solani and C.muceawhereas those from wild basil inhibited the growth of the same pathogens by 89%, 84%
and 74%.The results showed minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were 5 % (v/v) for sweet flag and wild
basil and 20% (v/v) for all other plant crude extracts. Out of six plants extract screened, wild basil and sweet
flag showed more than 80% fungal inhibition after 6 hour immersion and other extracts could not exceed
60% inhibition after any exposure time. The study revealed that methanol crude extract of sweet flag and
wild basil exhibit strong fungistatic and fungicidal activities against tested fungi. These results support the
potential use of these plant extracts in the management of diseases caused by tested plant pathogenic fungi.
OUTCOME OF TUNNELED CATHETERS IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS: FIVE YEARS SINGLE CE...IJSIT Editor
Introduction: The tunneled hemodialysis catheters(THCs) are preferred for the patients who are expected to
poor survival and the attempts to arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) are failure. In our study,in hemodialysis
patients who are implemented tunneled catheter it is evaluated the mean duration for the catheters , their
complications and the factors which affect the period of the catheters.
Methods: At the Antalya Research and Education Center Hemodialysis Unit it is retrospectively evaluated the
data of 297 hemodialysis patients who are implemented tunneled catheter during 5 years .
Results: The mean duration time of the tunneled catheters has been 224.9+162.9 days. The duration time of
right internal jugular vein(RIJV) is considerably higher than left internal jugular vein(LIJV) and subclavian
veins (235.8+96.6 days). In diabetic hemodialysis patients, the duration time of the catheter is rather lower
than the other end stage renal disease reasons(184.4±72.1 days).
Conclusions: THCs must be considered as an alternative but not a permanent vascular access in hemodialysis
patients. Because of relatively short duration times than AVF, high infection risks and thrombosis , it must be
used only in patients who have problems with the creating permanent vascular access or patients with
expected low survival time. Moreover, it must be taken into consideration the duration time of the catheter is
low in diabetic hemodialysis patients. According to our results, catheter duration time was longer in RIJV than
in other insertion sites and RIJV must be preferred as first place to placement of THCs.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF Citrus limonON Acnevulgaris (PIMPLES) IJSIT Editor
Research was carried out on antibacterial activity of Citrus limon on Acnevulgaris (Pimples). Samples
were obtained from individuals having Pimples, by swabbing their faces, backs and chests. Samples were
collected from Amanawa hospital in sokoto, Nigeria using Swab sticks. The sticks were transported to the
Microbiology Laboratory of the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto. Citrus limon juice was used at different
concentrations of (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%) on Propionibacteriumacnes, the bacteria that cause
Acnevulgaris (Pimples). The Citrus limon juice was found to be effective at all Concentrations used.
Conventional Cleanser was used as positive control, and it was only found to be effective at higher
concentrations of (60%, 80% and 100%) and was not effective at Lower Concentrations (20% and 40%). The
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Citrulimon on Propionibacterium acnes was taken and presence
of growth was observed at concentrations of 20%, 40% and 60%, and absence of growth was observed at
80% and 100%. The minimum inhibitory concentration of conventional cleanser indicated the presence of
growth at 20% and 40% and absence of Growth at 60%, 80% and 100%. The Minimum bactericidal
Concentration (MBC) taken on Propionibacteriumacnes using both Citrus limon juice and cleanser all showed
absence of growth at all the concentrations used (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%). From the research
conducted it was observed that lemon juice have strong anti Acne vulgaris effect morethan the convensional
cleansers used for the treatment of Acne vulgaris.
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON HEAVY METAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LEACHATE FROM MUNICIPAL ...IJSIT Editor
Rapid urbanization and population growth are largely responsible for very high increasing rate of
solid waste in the urban areas, its proper management and recycling is major problems of Municipal
Corporation. The analytical analysis revealed that the leachate show high concentration of heavy metals viz.,
Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu. However, their high concentration in municipal solid waste leachate may cause
contaminants for environmental pollution. Therefore, present investigation deals with analyze the heavy
metals concentration in municipal solid waste leachate.
PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PHYTO–CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF RAKTADUSHTIHAR YOGAIJSIT Editor
The Rakta has vital role in the maintenance of health. If Rakta is in proper quantity and having desirable
qualities too, it promotes health, improves complexion, strength and vigor. Raktadushtihara Yoga was
formulated to assess its role in the management of Raktadushti. The present study deals with the
standardization of Raktadushtihara Yoga through the Pharmacognostical and pharmaceutical standards.
Organoleptic features of coarse powder were within normal range. The pH value was 6.5, water soluble
extract 46.9% w/w, methanol soluble extract 25.9%, ash value 8.73%, loss on drying 9.63% and average
weight was 512 mg. HPTLC was carried out after organizing appropriate solvent system in which maximum 2
spots were distinguished at 254 nm.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
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Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
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Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of Labour
Wound healing activity of ethanolic extract of allium sativum on alloxan induced diabetic rats family (liliaceae) ijsit 2.1.5
1. Mohammad.Zuberet al., IJSIT, 2013, 2(1), 40-57
WOUND HEALING ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF ALLIUM
SATIVUM ON ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETIC RATS FAMILY (LILIACEAE)
Mohammad.Zuber, Voskula.Rajesh, Karra.Anusha,Chitteti.Rakesh Reddy,Ajimera.Tirupathi
Mallareddy college of pharmacy, Dundigal, Rangareddy, Andhra Pradesh, India.
ABSTRACT
Natural products have numerous medicinal applications and play important roles in the biology of
the organisms that accumulate them. Flavonoids are one large group of natural products with a diverse
number of functions in plants and in human health. The isolates of the bulbs of Allium
sativum(Family:liliaceae) was screened for wound-healing activity on the Swiss albino rats by Excision
wound model and Incision wound model respectively. The studies on excision wound model reveals
significant wound healing activity of the extract, which is comparable with the reference control framycetin.
The isolates of Allium sativum show significant activity on all wound models.
Keywords: Wound healing activity Anti-diabetic, alloxan, Flavonoids, Allium sativum, Diabetic.
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INTRODUCTION
Diabetes:
Diabetes is a defect in the body’s ability to convert glucose (sugar) to energy. Glucose is the main
source of fuel for our body. When food is digested it is changed into fats, protein, or carbohydrates. Foods that
affect blood sugars are called carbohydrates. Carbohydrates, when digested, change to glucose. Examples of
some carbohydrates are: bread, rice, pasta, potatoes, corn, fruit, and milk products. Individuals with diabetes
should eat carbohydrates but must do so in moderation.Glucose is then transferred to the blood and is used
by the cells for energy. In order for glucose to be transferred from the blood into the cells, the hormone -
insulin is needed. Insulin is produced by the beta cells in the pancreas (the organ that produces insulin).In
individuals with diabetes, this process is impaired. Diabetes develops when the pancreas fails to produce
sufficient quantities of insulin.
– Type 1 diabetes or the insulin produced is defective and cannot move glucose into the cells
– Type 2 diabetes either insulin is not produced in sufficient quantities or the insulin produced is defective
and cannot move the glucose into the cells.
There are two main types of diabetes(1,3,5,6):
Type 1 diabetes occurs most frequently in children and young adults, although it can occur at any
age. Type 1 diabetes accounts for 5-10% of all diabetes in the United States. There does appear to be a genetic
component to Type 1 diabetes, but the cause has yet to be identified.
Type 2 diabetes is much more common and accounts for 90-95% of all diabetes. Type 2 diabetes
primarily affects adults, however recently Type 2 has begun developing in children. There is a strong
correlation between Type 2 diabetes, physical inactivity and obesity.
symptoms of diabetes(6):
If you have more than one of these symptoms you may want to ask your doctor to test your blood
sugar.
Blurred vision
Unusual thirst
Frequent urination
Slow-healing cuts
Unexplained tiredness
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Rapid weight loss (Type 1 diabetes)
Erectile dysfunction
Numbness or tingling in hands or feet
Symptoms may occur rapidly with Type 1 diabetes; however, with Type 2 diabetes the onset is more
insidious and may not be noticed.
Treatment for diabetes(7):
As yet, there is no “cure” for either type of diabetes, although there are many ways of keeping
diabetes under control. Diabetes treatments are designed to help the body to control the sugar levels in the
blood. Studies have shown that good control of blood sugar is the key to avoiding diabetic complications.
Type 1 diabetes requires insulin. Injected insulin replaces the insulin missing in the body. You will
need to learn how to balance your insulin with your food intake and your physical activity. It is
important that you work with a diabetes educator and are under the care of a diabetes team, who can
assist you in managing your diabetes
Type 2 diabetes treatment will vary dependent on your blood sugar levels. Many patients are
counseled to change their lifestyle and lose weight. It is important to work with a diabetes educator
and dietitian. Treatment begins with changing certain food choices and beginning an exercise
program. Diabetes is a progressive disease, and the treatment may change over time, requiring oral
medication; if you are already taking medication, you may need an increased dose or multiple
medications, and eventually, you may need to start on insulin.
Literature Review:
Literature on sativum has been found from various sources.
Sources of Literature:
Invitrostudies roleof garlic (Allium sativum) in various diseases an overview.
Londhev.p,gavasaneA.T,NipateS.S,BandwaneD.D,Chandhari P.D.
Invitrostudies:
Effects of aged garlic extract as wound healing:A new frontier in wound management july
2009,vol.32,pages191-203
Sohailejaz,Irinachakarova,Jae woo cho,Seungyemlee,Shoaibashraf,chaewoong lim.
Effect of clonidine on blood glucose levels in euglycemic and alloxan induced diabetic rats.
S.Manjunath,santosh .N,Kagali, Priyadarshani,M.Deodurg(2009) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
PHARMACOLOGY 41(5):218-220
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Websites:
www.pubmed.com
www.sciencedir
Objective of Work:
On the basis of literature survey it has been found that most of the tribal people are using Allium
sativum mainly for wound healing, activity apart from in other conditions. It was also found that little work
has been reported regarding its pharmacology and phytochemistry .So in the present study emphasis will be
laid on the pharmacological screening of the plant with special reference to the above mentioned activities.
The present experimental investigation will be an attempt to give scientific justification to the acclaimed
activities.
Rationale of the work:
Garlic contain large sulfur compound is alliin (S-allylcysteinecsulfoxide). When garlic is chopped,
crushed or bruised the alliin converts to the active ingredient, allicin. Garlic exerts antimicrobial activity
against many species of bacteria, virus, parasites, protozoan and fungi). Allicin more effective as
antimicrobial agent.
The patients with diabetes mellitus are more prone with wounds and dermatological disorders. so
we are selected this study.
Plan of Work:
Phytochemical Evaluations:
Collection ,identification and authentication of sativumL..bulbs
Extraction procedure with ethanol, petroleum ether.
Preliminary phytochemical screening of above extracts.
Induction of diabetes by alloxan monohydrate.
Pharmacological Evaluation:
Wound healing activity of diabetic rats
Excision wound model
Incision wound model
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EXPERMENTAL
PhytochemicalInvestigations:
Collection of Allium Sativum Linn Bulbs:
Bulbs of Allium sativum Linn.were collected from the market ,Hanamkonda. It is commonly known as
garlic.
Extraction(20):
150grams of minsed garlic is taken then take 500ml of ethanol and place garlic in
it.shakeoccansionally for 48 hours.Then rotary evaporator,theethanolic extract is filter using a cotton
wool.Then the small quantities of benzene was added to it.Then heated to purify and then filter using wool
gauze.Then extract is kept in a tightly closed container and stored at 4*c in the refrigerater for further use.
Preliminary Phytochemical Screening:
Preliminary tests were carried out for the presence or absence of phytoconstituents like Glycosides,
Flavanoids, Saponins ,Alkaloids,Carbohydrates, Sterols, Proteins, Phenolic compounds and Reducing
compounds. A description of methods adopted for performing the tests are summarized below.
Test for Alkaloids :
A. Mayer’s Test: The Extract to be tested is treated with few drops of dilute 2N HCL and 0.5 ml
Mayer’s reagent .White precipitate was obtained which confirm the presence of alkaloids.
B. Wagner’s Test: The extract is treated with few drops of 2N HCL and 0.5 ml Wagner ’s reagent.
Brown flocculent precipitate was obtained which confirm the presence of alkaloids.
C. Dragendroff’s Test: The extract is treated with few drops of dilute 2N HCL and 0.5 ml Dragendroff’s
reagent. Brown precipitate was obtained which confirm the presence of alkaloids.
Test for Carbohydrates:
Molisch,s test:
It was performed for the presence of carbohydrates. 1 ml of 10%alcoholic solution of α-napthol was
added to the extract and mixed. Then 1ml of concentrated sulphuric acid was carefully poured along the sides
of the test tube violet ring formed at the junction which is considered positive test for carbohydrates.
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Test for reducing Sugar:
A. Fehling’s test: 5ml of solution of extract was heated with equal volumes of Fehling’s solution A & B.
Transition of color from blue through green to reddish orange confirms the presence of reducing
sugars.
B. Benedict’s test: 5 ml of solution of the extract was heated with 5 ml of Benedict’s reagent .A green,
yellow or orange red precipitate was considered as a positive test for reducing sugars.
Test for Glycosides:
A. The dried extract was dissolved in glacial acetic acid and few drops of ferric chloride were added
followed by concentrated sulphuric acid. A bluish green precipitate was considered to be a positive
test for glycosides.
Test for Saponins:
A. Foam’s test: A small amount of dry extract was boiled with water and allowed to cool. It was then
shaken vigorously for a minute. The formation of persistent honey comb like froth was not observed,
as a negative test for saponins.
Test for Steroids:
A. Liebermann–Burchard test: A small portion of extract was dissolved in chloroform and 2ml of
Liebermann- burchard reagent was added. Appearance of bluish green was considered as positive
test for sterols and pink or violet coloration was considered as positive test for Steroids.
B. Salkowski test: A small portion of extract was dissolved in chloroform and treated with an equal
volume of concentrated sulphuric acid. A Red to purple color formation was considered as a positive
test for steroids.
Test for Tannins:
A. A small portion of extract was treated with 5%ferric chloride solution. Appearance of green to blue
color was taken as a positive test for tannins.
B. Small portion of extract was treated with lead acetate. Appearance of creamy precipitate was
considered as a positive test for tannins.
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Phytochemical Analysis of ALLIUM SATIVUM Bulbs:
Type of phytoconstituent Methanol extract
Alkaloids +
Carbohydrates +
Flavanoids +
Glycosides +
Saponins +
Steroids +
Tannin _
Positive: present, Negative: absent
Test for Alkaloid’s
Test for Carbohydrates
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Pharmacological Investigation:
Wound Healing Activity:
A wound is a disruption in the continuity of cells—anything that causes cells that would normally be
connected to become separated. Wound healing is the restoration of that continuity. Skin wound healing
starts immediately after injury and consists of four phases: hemostasis, Inflammation, Proliferation and
maturation. These phases proceed with complicated but well-organised interaction between various tissues
and cells.
Phases of Wound Healing:
I. Hemostasis
Vasoconstriction
Platelet aggregation
Thromboplastin makes clot
II. Inflammation
Vasodilation
Phagocytosis
III. Proliferative Phase (Proliferation, granulation and contraction)
Fibroblasts lay bed of collagen
Fills defect and produces new capillaries
wound edges pull together to reduce defect
IV. Remodeling Phase
New collagen forms which increases tensile strength to wounds
Scar tissue is only 80 percent as strong as original tissue
Phases of Healing:
Phases ofHealing Days of postInjury Cells involved inphase
Hemostasis Immediate Platelets
Inflammation Day 1 – 4 Neutrophils
Proliferation Day 4- 21 Macrophages
LymphocytesAngiocytesNeutrocytes
Granulation Fibroblasts
Keratinocytes
Contracture
Remodelling Day 21- 2 yrs Fibrocytes
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
Chemicals:
Framycetin (Sanofi Aventis),
Wool fat,
Hard Paraffin,
Cetostearyl alcohol and White Soft Paraffin,
Alloxan monohydrate.
Animals:
Swiss albino rat weighing 180-250gm of either sex were used in the study. Animals were procured
from Laboratory Animal House of St.peter’s institute of pharmaceutical sciences. All animal experiments
strictly complied with the approval of institutional animal ethical committee. The animals were kept in
polyacrylic cages and maintained under standard housing conditions of temperature (24-27°C) and humidity
(60-65%) with 12 h light–12 h dark cycle. They were acclimatized for seven days. Food was provided in the
form of dry pellets and water ad libitum.
The prior approval for conducting the experiments in rats was obtained from our Institional Animal
Ethical Committee.
Preparation of ointment by fusion method:
(a) Preparation of simple ointment
Wool fat 2g
Hard Paraffin 2g
Cetostearyl alcohol 2g
White Soft Paraffin 34 g
Each ingredient was mixed and heated gently with stirring then cooled. The base was then packed in a wide
mouth container.
(a) Preparation of 10% ointment: 4 g methanol extract of Allium sativum L. was added slowly to the
above melted ingredients and stirred thoroughly until the mass cools down and a homogeneous
product is formed. The ointment was then packed in a wide mouth container.
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Treatment Protocols:
The animals were numbered, weighed and then divided into four groups with five animals in each as
follows:
Group Ι : Serve as control.
Group ΙΙ : 1%, w/w, framycetin ointment applied.
Group ΙΙΙ : simple ointment.
Group ΙV : 10%, w/w, garlic ointment is applied.
Methods:
Induction of diabetic in rats(21):
Rats were made diabetic by a single I.P.injection of 150mg/kg of alloxan monohydrate dissolved in
saline to overnight fasted animals.It is followed by 0.5ml of 25% destrose after 2hours of alloxan and
5%destrose solution ad libitium for next 24hours.
After 72hours of alloxan,blood samples were withdraw from rat tail vein and blood glucose levels were
estimated in all animals. Animals with normal blood glucose level ≥200mg/dl (diabetic) were seleted for
study.
1. Excision wound model:
Hairs were removed from the dorsal thoracic central region of anaesthetised rat.The rat were
depilated on the back. One excision wound was inflicted by cutting away a 300 mm 2 full thickness of skin
from a predetermined area; the wound was left undressed to the open environment. Then the ointments
were applied (as stated above) everyday to the specific groups till the wound is completely healed. This
model was used to monitor wound contraction and wound closure time. Wound contraction was calculated as
percent reduction in wound area.
Healedarea
% Wound contraction = *100
totalarea
The progressive changes in wound area were monitored planimetrically by tracing the wound margin on
graph paper every alternate day. Epithelialisation time was noted as a number of days after wounding
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required for the scar to fall off leaving no raw wound behind. From the healed wound, a specimen sample of
tissue is isolated from each group of rats for histopathological examination.
Exicision wound model
2. Incision wound model:
Rat in each group were anaesthetised and two paravertebral-long incisions are made through the
skin and cutaneous muscles at a distance of about 1.0 cm from the midline on each side of the depilated back
of the rat. Full aseptic measures were not taken and no local or systemic antimicrobials were used
throughout the experiment. After the incision was made, the parted skin was kept together and stitched with
black silk thread at 0.5-cm intervals. The wound was left undressed. Extract ointment along with simple
ointment and standard ointment were administered once daily for 9 days. When wounds were cured
thoroughly the sutures were removed on the ninth day and tensile strength was measured with a
tensiometer.
Determination of tensile strength:
The sample drugs along with the standard and control were applied throughout the period, once
daily for 9 days.The sutures were removed on the tenth day and the rat were again anesthetised. Small piece
of healed wound was cut out such that the healed incision wound comes exactly in the middle. Four small
curved needles (No: 14) were pierced through the healed skin, two on either side. The one side two needles
were tied to a rod and the other side two needles were tied to a plastic bottle, which hang freely in the air (the
either side of needles were placed equidistant from the healed incision wound). Then slowly water was added
to a bottle until the wound began to open. The amount of water in the bottle was weight and considered as an
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indirect measure of tensile strength of the wound. The mean determination of tensile strength on the two
paravertebral incisions on both sides of the animals are taken as the measures of the tensile strength of the
wound for an individual animal. The tensile strength of the extract- treated wounds are compared with
control. The tensile strength increment indicates better wound healing stimulation by the applied drug.
Day 3 Day 5
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Day 8 Day 12
Day 16
Statistical analysis:
The values were calculated as mean ± S.E.M. The values obtained in control and test were found to be
statistically significant at a level of P<0.05 by using ANOVA.
RESULTS
The results of excision wound model are shown. The garlic extract exhibited significant wound
healing activity as compared to control in excision wound model. It is observed that the wound contracting
ability of the 10% (w/w) extract ointment treated groups showed significant wound healing from the sixth
day onwards. The wound closure time was lesser, as well as the percentage of wound contraction was more
with the 10% (w/w) extract ointment treated group. The epithelization of wound with 10%(w/w) extract
ointment treated group was found to be earlier as compared to control. In the 10% (w/w) extract ointment
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15. Mohammad.Zuberet al., IJSIT, 2013, 2(1), 40-57
treated rat the wounds were completely healed (epithelization period) in 16 ± 2 days whereas in the control
animals it took more than 20 ± 2 days.
Evaluation of garlic and framycetin ointment on wound healing by exision wound method in rat
Post wounding Wound area (mm2) (mean ± SEM) and percentage of wound contraction
days CONTROL FRAMYCETIN BASE GARLIC EXRACT
0 706.5±0.52 706.5± 706.5±0.35S 706.5±0.43
(0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00)
3 706.5±0.0.38 615.44±0.35 706.5±0.38 706.5±0.49
(0.00) (12.88) (0.00) (0.00)
6 706.5±0.42 346.18±0.29 706.5±0.36 660.18±0.39
(0.00) (51.00) (0.00) (6.55)
8 706.5±0.35 200.96±0.42 706.5±0.47 254.34±0.37
(19.00) (71.55) (0.00) (46.22)
10 176.625±0.25 78.5±0.45 153.86±0.43 176.63±0.39
(22.8 (88.81) (21.77) (74.95)
12 226.865±0.36 12.56±0.46 215.34±0.42 50.24±0.36
(32.00) (98.22) (30.88) (92.88)
14 314.26±0.45 3.14±0.38 254.34±0.33 12.56±0.38
(44.00) (99.55) (36.00) (98.22)
16 348.62±0.32 00 315.26±0.37 00
(50.22) (100) (48.00) (100)
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16. Mohammad.Zuberet al., IJSIT, 2013, 2(1), 40-57
DISCUSSION
The present investigation describes some unique features of the bulbs extract from the plantAllium
sativumwith respect to its potential wound healing capacity in infected rats. Plant products are potential
wound healing agents, and largely preferred because of their widespread availability, non-toxicity, absence of
unwanted side effects, and effectiveness as crude preparations.
Earlier it was reported that Centellaasciatiaand Terminaliachebulaare effective in wound healing in
rats. Various activities were conducted in this study to evaluate the potential of A.sativumas a wound healing
agent. One such activity is the phytochemical screening test.
The phytochemical results reveal the presence of falvo, alkaloids, reducing sugars and steroids in the
Ethanolic extract. The constituents of the bulb extract, such as terpenoids and alkaloids, may play a major role
in the wound healing process observed in this study, however, further phytochemical studies are needed to
isolate the active compound(s) responsible for these pharmacological activities.
The topical application of drugs is an efficient therapy method of destroying microbial populations
because the availability of the drug at the infected wound site leads to enhanced wound healing activity. The
virulence capacity of microorganisms, amount of inoculums, and host immune response are important factors
that can cause massive damage during infection. Normally, common wound pathogens such as S. aureus, C.
albicans, and P. aeruginosa.
After injury, revascularization of the wound bed and redevelopment of the extracellular matrix are
achieved through cell proliferation and the production of granulation tissue. Wound contraction, a part of the
proliferative phase of wound healing, occurs through the centripetal movement of the tissues surrounding
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17. Mohammad.Zuberet al., IJSIT, 2013, 2(1), 40-57
the wound, which is mediated by myofibroblasts. The increased wound contraction in the treated group may
be due to the enhanced activity of fibroblasts and successful elimination of yeast by the chitraka root extract.
The slow rate of wound closure in the control group might be attributed to the presence of microorganisms
and their metabolites, which inhibit wound contraction and deteriorates the wound healing activity .A
significant increase in collagen content due to enhanced migration of fibroblasts and epithelial cells to the
wound site was observed during the wound healing process in the treated group.
A close examination of granulation tissue sections revealed that tissue regeneration was much
quicker in the treated group compared to that in control wounds .
The increased cellular infiltration observed from hematoxylin and eosin staining in both groups may
be due to the presence of pathogens, but the antimicrobial property of A.sativummassively reduced the
bacterial population,thereby indirectly reducing the inflammatory cells on the wound site. Early dermal and
epidermal regeneration in the treated group confirmed that the ointment containing the A.sativumextract had
a positive effect toward cellular proliferation, granulation tissue formation, and epithelialization. Incomplete
epithelialization with less extracellular matrix synthesis was observed in control rats, . Clumps of
degenerating neutrophils, necrotic changes, and the persistence of inflammatory exudates in the upper
dermis with loss of epidermis were also observed up to day 8.The treated rats showed marked
epithelialization, a moderate amount of extracellular matrix synthesis,and new blood vessel formation.
CONCLUSION
The results obtained in the present study clearly indicate that the Ethanol extract of leaves of Allium
sativumare having significant wound healing activity in rats. Flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids and phenolics
are known to be having active antibioticc principles. The wound healing effect of Ethanolic extracts of bulb of
Allium sativummay be due to the presence of more than one active principles mentioned above.
Further pharmacological and biochemical investigation will clearly elucidate the mechanism of
action and will be help full in projecting this plant as an therapeutic target in wound healing and other
diseases.
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