anti diabetic herbal drugs ,,

2.  Diabetes.
 Insulin
 Recommendation from the 2013 WHO guidelines on
diagnosing hyperglycemia in pregnancy.
 Complication of diabetes.
 Antidiabetic compound from different plants
 Rasayna therapy in diabetes mellitus.
 Different model used in diabetes
 formulated herbal drugs with antidiabetic property.
 Current scenario of diabetes in different countries.

3.  What is the diabetes ?
Diabetes ,often refered by the doctor's as diabetes mellitus a
group of metabolic dieses in which person has higher blood glucose level
either because of,
1)- Insulin production is inadequate.
2)- Body cells do not respond properly to insulin or both.
 Antidiabetic drugs are a type of medicine which is use to control the
increase blood glucose level in body.
 In 2013 it was estimated that over 382 million people throughout the
word had diabetes.

4. The word “diabetes” (a Greek word that means “to pass
through”) was first used by Aretaeous of Capadocia in the 2nd
century AD to describe a condition that is characterized by excess
of sugar in blood and urine, hunger and thirst (MacFrlance et al.,
1997)
the word “mellitus” (a latin-greek word that means “honey”) was
introduced by the English physician John Rollo so as to distinguish the
conditions from other polyuric diseases, in which glycosuria does not occur
(Rollo 1797). People suffering from diabetes are not able to produce or
properly use insulin in the body and therefore chronic hyperglycemia
occurs. In addition, the diabetic individual is prone to late onset
complications (Fujisawa et al., 2004), such as retinopathy, neuropathy
and vascular diseases, that are largely responsible for the morbidity and
mortality observed in diabetic patients.

5. With type 2 diabetes, the symptoms can be mild or absent
Frequent
urination
Rapid weight
loss Lack of energyExcessive thirst

6. The disease is classified into four categories:
• Type 1: insulin-dependent diabetes.
• Type 2: noninsulin-dependent diabetes.
• Type 3: specific causes.
• Type 4: gestational diabetes mellitus.

7. What is insulin?
Human insulin consists of
51 amino acid in two chains
connected by 2 disulfide bridges (a
single gene product cleaved into 2
chains during post-translational
modification).
 T1/2 ~5-10 minutes, degraded
by glutathione-insulin
transhydrogenase (insulinase)
which cleaves the disulfide links.
 Bovine insulin differs by 3 aas,
pork insulin differs by 1 aa.
 Insulin is stored in a complex
with Zn2+ ions.

8. Insulin
β cells secrete due to high
blood glucose levels
Glucose uptake into tissues
increases
Glucagon
α cells secrete when
blood glucose is low
Glucose is released from
tissues back into blood

9. Liver Muscle Adipose tissue
Des.glucose production Ins.glucose transport Ins.glucose transport
Ins.glycolysis Ins.glycolysis Ins.lipogensis &
lipoprotein lipase activity
Ins.TG synthesis Ins. Glycogen deposition Des.intrcellular lipolysis
Ins.protein synthesis Ins.protein synthesis

10.  Insulin binds to specific high
affinity membrane receptors
with tyrosine kinase activity
 Phosphorylation cascade
results in translocation of
Glut-4 (and some Glut-1)
transport proteins into the
plasma membrane.
 It induces the transcription
of several genes resulting in
increased glucose catabolism
and inhibits the
transcription of genes
involved in gluconeogenesis.
 Insulin promotes the uptake
of K+ into cells.

11.  Diabetes in pregnancy should be diagnosed by the 2006 WHo criteria for diabetes if
one or more of the following criteria are met:
• Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/l (126 mg/dl)
• 2-hour plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/l (200 mg/dl) following a 75 g oral
glucose load
• Random plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/l (200 mg/dl) in the presence of
diabetes symptoms.
 Gestational diabetes mellitus should be diagnosed at any time in pregnancy if one or
more of the following criteria are met:
• Fasting plasma glucose 5.1-6.9 mmol/l (92 -125 mg/dl)
• 1-hour plasma glucose ≥ 10.0 mmol/l (180 mg/dl) following a 75 g oral
glucose load (there are no established criteria for the diagnosis
of diabetes based on the 1-hour post-load value)
• 2-hour plasma glucose 8.5-11.0 mmol/l (153 -199 mg/dl) following a
75 g oral glucose load
World Health organization. Prevention of diabetes mellitus. Report of a WHo Study
Group. Geneva: World Health organization; 1994. no. 844.

12.  Prediabetes is a wake-up call that you’re on the path to diabetes. But it’s
not too late to turn things around.
 Prediabetes makes you more likely to get heart disease or have a stroke.
 Pre-diabetes is diagnosed by any one of the
following:
 A fasting blood glucose in between 100-125 mg/dL
 An A1c between 5.7 - 6.4 percent
 Any value between 140 mg/dL and 199 mg/dL during a two-hour
75g oral glucose tolerance test .

14.  Central=polydipsia,polyphagia,
lathargy,stupor.
 Eye =blurred vision.
 Breath =smell of acetone.
 Systemic = weight loss.
 Respiratory =hyper ventilation.
 Gastric = nausea, vomiting
abdominal pain.
 Urination = polyuria, glycosuria.
 Headaches and fatigue.

15. some plants families which are showing the hypoglycemic activity mainly
belonging from different families like,
 legumenaceae.
Laminaceae.
Liliaceae.
Cucurbetaceae.
Asteraceae.
Moraceae.
Rosaceae.
Araliaceae.

16.  Roseosides .
 Epigallocatechine gallate.
 Beta-pyrazole-1-yalanine.
 Cinchancin Ib
 Leucocyandine-3-o-beta-d-galactosyl cellobioside.
 Leucopelargonidine-3-o-alpha-1-rhamnosides.
 Glycyrrhitinic acid
 Dihydro trametenolic acids.
 Strictinin.
 Isostrinctinin. etc
Antidiadetic plants activity attributed the presence of the flavonoids,
polyphenol,terpenoids,coumarins, and other constituents which
shows reduction in blood glucose level.

17. Roseosides

19. Antidiabetic compound from different
medicinal plants.
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIDIABETIC HERBAL DRUG On the basis
of secondary metabolites hypoglycemic plants are classified as
following.
ALKALOIDS.
 Mycominase .
 Mahanimbin.
 Arecdine.
 Barbine..
 Aegeline 2.,etc
PHENOLS.
 Trigonelline.
 Pinitol.
 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzoic acid.
 Alicine.
 anacardic acids.
 6-7-dimethoxy-2H-1-benjopyran-2-one.,etc

20. Triterpens.
 Alpha-amyrin.
 3-hydroxycacalolide.
 Centellsapogenol.
 Danshenols. etc
Flavanoids.
 Myricetine.
 6-hydroxypigenin.etc
Saponins.
 Dihydroxy gymnemic triacetate.
 Gymnemic acid.ec
Glycosides.
 Anthocyanin.
 Leucopelargonidin.
 Leucodephinidin.etc

21. Xanthones.
 Swerchirin.
 Methylswertianin.
 Mangiferine.etc

22. 1:- Plant drugs acting like Insulin/ producing insulin
mimic effect
 Aegle marmelos
 Momordica charantia
 Coccinia indica
 Pterocarpus marsupium
 Sarcopoterium spinorum
2:- Plant drugs increasing Insulin secretion/release
from beta cells:-
 Citrullus colocynthis
 Ficus bengalensis
 Allium cepa
Ref:-International Journal Diabetes & Metabolism (2006) 14: 1-25

23. • Allium sativum
• Syzygium cumini
• Momordica charantia
• Ocimum sanctum
• Aloe barbadensis
• Swertia chirayta
• Nigella sativum
3:-Plant drugs with possible action of regeneration
/repair of beta islet of langerhans:-
• Pterocarpus marsupium
• Gymnema sylvestre
• Elephantopus scaber
4:-Plant drugs which delay glucose absorption from
GIT:-
• Trigonella foenum graecum
• Gymnema sylvestre
• Caesalpinia bonducella
• Mangifera indica
Ref:-International Journal Diabetes & Metabolism (2006) 14: 1-25

24. 5:- Plant drugs showing alpha-amylase & alpha-
glucosidase inhibitory effects:-
• Andrographis paniculata
• Tinospora cordifolia
• Aegle marmelos
• Coccinia indica
• Ocimum sanctum
6:- Plant drugs modifying glucose utilization:-
• Zingiber officinale
• Cyamospsis tetragonolobous
• Grewia asiatica
• Azadirachta indica
• Andrographis paniculata
7:- Plant drugs providing Anti-oxidant activity:-
• Curcuma longa
• Allium cepa
• Lycopene from tomato
• Wheat germ oil
• Coccinia indica

25. Mechanisms to reduce blood sugar :
 Stimulation of pancreatic insulin release
– Sulfonylureas, Meglitinide
 Reduce the bio-synthesis of glucose in liver
– Biguanides (Metformin)
 Increase the sensitivity of target cells to insulin
-- Thiazolidinediones
 Retard the absorption of sugars from the GI tract
– Acarbose, Miglitol

27. Classes of Oral Hypoglycemic Agents
Drug class Agents
1): Sulfonylureas First generation
Acetohexamide
Chlorpropamide
Tolazamide
Tolbutamide

28. Second generation
Glyburide
Glipizide
Glimepiride
2): Meglitinides Repaglinide
Nateglinide
3): Biguanides Metformin
4): Thiazolidinediones Pioglitazone
Rosiglitazone
5): Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors Acarbose
Miglitol

29.  Confusion.
 Dizziness.
 Tachycardia.
 Shakiness.
 Tremors.
 Agitation.
 Feeling of impending doom.
 Anxiety.
 Seizures.
 Sweating.
 Loss of consciousness.

30. Scientific
name.
Common
name.
Family. Used
part.
Type of effect.
1:- Aspila pluriseta Dwarf aspilia Asteraceae. Root Antihyper –
glycemic.
2:- Biclens pilosa. Spanish
needle
Asteraceae. Leaf Antihyper-
glycemic.
3:- Ficus sycomorus. Fig.mulberry. Maroceae. Stem Antihyper-
glycemic.
4:- Pappea copensis. Jacket plam. Sapindaceae
.
Antihyper-
glycemic.
Ref :-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PHARMACY AND CHEMISTRY
ISSN:2231-2781 ; a review on traditional indian herbal medicine used as antidiabetic

31. Scientific name Common
name.
Family Used
part
Type of effect
5:- Osimum
basilicum
Sweet basil lamiaceae,. Leaf Antihyper-
glycemic,antihyp
er-lepedemic.
6:- Psidium guajava
L.
Guava Myrtaceae Leaf Antihyper-
glycemic
7:- Rubus frcticosis
L.
Black berry Rosaceae Leaf Antihyper-
glycemic and
hypoglycemic.
8:- Trigonella
foenum graecum
Fenugreek Leguminosae Seed Antihyper-
glycemic,hypogly
cemic and alpha-
amylase
inhibitar.
9:- Zingiber
officinale.
Ginger Zingiberaceae Rhizom
Ref:-international journal of pharmtech research CODEN(USA);IJPRIF ;ISSN;0974-
4304 vol-2 ,no 3.pp 1883-1892,july-sept2010 ,A REVIEW-herbal medicines fo
diabetes mellitus .

32. Scientific
name
Commo
n name
Family Used
part
Type of effect
10:- Alium cepa Onion Liliaceae Bulb Antihyperglycemic,,,,
antihyperlepedemic,,
anti oxidative
11:- Curcumin
longa
Curcuma zingiberaceae Root Antihyperglucemic
12:- Eucalyptus
globus
Waxy
bloom
Myrtaceae Leaf Antihyperglycemic.
13:- Zingier
officinale L.
Ginger Zingiberaceae Rhizome Antihyperglycemic
and
antihyperlipidemic
14:- Memordica
charantia
Bitter
melon
Cucurbitaceae Whole
plants
Antihyperglycemic.
Ref :-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PHARMACY AND CHEMISTRY ISSN:2231-2781 ;
a review on traditional indian herbal medicine used as antidiabetic.

33. Important anti-diabetic potential herbal
plants source and their active principles
Botanical name Family Parts used Main Active
components
Allium sativum Alliaceae Bulbs Allyl propyl disulphide,
allicin
Areca catechu Arecaceae seed Arecaine and arecoline
Beta vulgaris Amaranthaceae Root Phenolics, betacyanins
Cinnamomum
zeylanicum
lauraceae bark Cinnamaldehyde, eugenol
Elephantopus
scaber
Asteraceae Whole plants Terpenoid and 2,6,23
trienolide
Ficus bengalensis
Linn
Moraceae bark Leucodelphinidin and
leucopelargonin

34. Botanical nam families Parts use Main Active
components
Gymnema
sylvestre
Asclepiadaceae Leaf Dihydroxy gymnemic
triacetate
Momordica
charantia
Cucurbitaceae leaves Charantin, sterol
Panax
quinquefolius
Araliaceae Root Ginsenosides,
protopanaxadiol
Phyllanthus
amarus
Phyllanthaceae Whole
plants
Phyllanthin
Ricinus
communis
Euphorbiaceae Root Ricinolic acid
Sarcopoterium
spinosum
Rosaceae Root Catechin and
epicatechin
Swertia punicea Gentianaceae Whole
plants
Methyl swertianin and
bellidifolin
Ref:-Journal of applied pharmaceutical science 01(06);2011;235-237: a review on
herbal antidiabetic drugs.

35. Aloe vera and
Aloe barbadensis
Barnaloin ,
emodin
Maintains glucose
homeostasis by controlling
the carbohydrate
metabolizing enzyme
Mangifera
indica(mango)
Cetechine ,
mangiferine
Tinospora cardifolia
( guduchi)
Tinosporoside
T. Cardiofolia root extract to alloxan
diabetic rats, cause a significan
reduction in blood glucose n brain lipids
oral administration of its root extract
for 6 week resulted in significant
reduction in blood and urine glucose
and in lipids in serum,tissu in alloxan
diabetic rats
Insulin
secreation
Healing in
diabetes
Ref :- The journal of phytopharmacology 2013;2(3):44-51, ISSN 2230-480X , A
Review:-Antidiabetic herbal drugs & polyherbal formulation used for diabetes .

36. Alium sativm
(garlic)
Acacia arabica
(babhul)
Allium cepa
(onion)
Allicin, allin Arabic acid Sulfenic acid,
1-peopenesulfenic acid,5-
methyl cystein sulphoxide
Increase hepatic
glycogen and free amino
acid content,decrease
fasting blood glucose
and triglyceride leval
and serium composition
to sucrose control
Controlled blood glucose as well as
lipid in serum and tissue,
normalized the activity of liver
hexokinase glucose-6-phosphate
and HMG-coA reductase ,50 mg of
onion juice it significantaly
controlled post prandial glucose
leval
Insulin
secretion
Healing of diabetes
Ref:- The journal of phytopharmacology 2013;2(3):44-51, ISSN 2230-480X , A
Review:-Antidiabetic herbal drugs & polyherbal formulation used for diabetes .

37. Osmium sanctum
(holy basil)
Momordica charantia
(bitter gourd)
Azadirachta indica
(neem)
Eugenol, carvecrol
Momordicin and
2-cucurbita cin B
Suginol,lnimbide,limonoide
-s,nimbendiole,azadirectin
Rduction in blood suger
leval in blood in normal and
alloxan induced diabetes
rats uronic acid total
cholstrol ,triglyceride and
total lipid indicated the
hypoglycemic and
hypilipidemic effect of
insulin diabetic ats
Anti-hyperglycmic activity
and anti-dibetic action
Insulin
secretion
Healing of
diabtes
Ref :-The journal of phytopharmacology 2013;2(3):44-51, ISSN 2230-480X , A Review:-
Antidiabetic herbal drugs & polyherbal formulation used for diabetes .

38. Rasayana is an important branch of Ayurveda. The main goal of
Rasayana therapy is better quality of life with increased lifespan.
Rasayana includes drug formulation, dietary regimen and code of
conduct. Many of the drugs used in Rasayana therapy in diabetes
mellitus have excellent antioxidant properties, like Phyllanthus
emblica, Azadirachta indica, Ocium sanctum and Tinospora
cordifolia.(Patel, et al. 2006)
The Rasayana approach to treat diabetes consists of Aeara
Rasayana (antistress), Ajasrika Rasayana (dietary control), Osad
Rasayana (Preventive), Naimittika Rasayana (hypoglycemic)
Ref:-AH- Ashtanga hrdaya ,prof-KR Srikantha murthy, krishnadal academy,
vanarasi,2nd edition-1994.

39. Formulated Herbal Drugs with antidiabetic properties.
Drug Company Ingredients
Diabecon Himalaya Gymnema sylvestre, Pterocarpus marsupium,
Glycyrrhiza glabra, Casearia esculenta, Syzygium
cumini, Asparagus racemosus, Boerhavia diffusa,
Sphaeranthus indicus, Tinospora cordifolia,
Swertia chirata, Tribulus terrestris, Phyllanthus
amarus, Gmelina arborea, Gossypium herbaceum,
Berberis aristata, Aloe vera, Triphala, Commiphora
wightii, shilajeet, Momordica charantia, Piper
nigrum, Ocimum sanctum, Abutilon indicum,
Curcuma longa, Rumex maritimus
Diasulin Cassia auriculata, Coccinia indica, Curcuma longa,
Emblica officinalis, Gymnema sylvestre,
Momordica charantia, Scoparia dulcis, Syzygium
cumini, Tinospora cordifolia, Trigonella foenum
graecum

40. Bitter gourd
Powder
Garry and Sun
natural Remedies
Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia)
Dia-care Admark Herbals
Limited
Sanjeevan Mool; Himej, Jambu beej, Kadu,
Namejav, Neem chal
Gurmar powder Garry and Sun natural
Remedies
Gurmar (Gymnema sylvestre)
Epinsulin Swastik Formulations vijaysar (Pterocarpus marsupium)
Diabecure Nature beaute sante Juglans regia, Berberis vulgaris,
Erytherea centaurium, Millefolium,
Taraxacum
Syndrex Plethico Laboretaries Germinated Fenugreek seed extract

41. Formulation Brand name Available doses (mg)
Metformin GLUCOPHAGEÒ 500, 850, 1000
Metformin XR GLUCOPHAGEÒ
XR
500,750
Glyburide/metformin GLUCOVANCE 1.25/500, 2.5/500,
5/500
Glipizide/metformin METAGLIPÒ 2.5/500, 5/500
Rosiglitazone/
Metformin
AVADAMENTÒ 1/500, 2/500, 4/500,
2/1000, 4/1000

42. In‐vivo studies models of diabetes mellitus
Streptozotocin
model of
diabetes
mellitus Alloxan model
of diabetes
mellitus
Surgical models
of diabetes
mellitus
Genetic models
of diabetes
Ref:-international journal of advances in pharmaceutical science 4(2013)
01-08,experimental models on diabetes ;A comprehensive review.

43. In‐vitro studies models of diabetes mellitus
Insulin secretion
diabetes mellitus
Glucose uptake
diabetes mellitus Models of diabetes
accelerated
atherosclerosis
Ref:-international journal of advances in pharmaceutical science 4(2013)
01-08,experimental models on diabetes ;A comprehensive review.

44. Biological Screening Of Anti-
diabetic Drug
Chemical agents capable of inducing diabetes
 Irreversible beta cytotoxic agents:-
Alloxan, Streptozotocin, Diphenyl thiocarbazine, Oxine-9-
hydroxyquinolone
 Reversible beta cytotoxic agents:-
6-aminonicotinamide, l-asparginase,Cyproheptadine, Azide,
Cyanide
 Other agents:-
Anti-insulin antibodies, Somatostatins, Catecholamine's,
Glucocorticoids

45. Top 10 countries / territories of number of
people with diabetes (20-79 years), 2013
S.No Countries Affected population(million)
1: China 98.4
2: India 65.1
3: USA 24.4
4: Brazil 11.9
5: Russian federation 10.9
6: Mexico 8.7
7: Indonesia 8.5
8: Germany 7.6
9: Egypt 7.5
10: Japan 7.2
Ref:-IDF DIABETES ATLAS Sixth edition,WHA-10,international diabetes federation
,2013,ISBN;2-230229-85-3.

46. India-Diabetes capital of the world
Burden of diabetes Global India
2010 285 million 51 million
2030 438 milion 87 million
Ref:-( Snehalatha and Ramachnadaran. Diabetes Care 2009)
 Loss of national income .
 High treatment cost.
 Low priority to prevention.

47. Global health expenditure due to
diabetes (20-79 years
More than
21 million live
births were
affected by
diabetes during
pregnancy in
2013.
Diabetes caused
5.1 million deaths
in 2013. Every six
seconds a person
dies from diabetes
Ref:-IDF DIABETES ATLAS Sixth edition ,WHA-10,international diabetes
federation ,2013,ISBN;2-230229-85-3 .

48. 382 million people have diabetes
By 2035 this will rise to
592 MIllIoN
175 million people
with diabetes are
undiagnosed
Ref:-IDF DIABETES ATLAS Sixth edition,WHA-10,international diabetes
federation ,2013,ISBN;2-230229-85-3.

49. 1):- IDF DIABETES ATLAS Sixth edition pg. no. 12-18.
2):- AGRICULTURE AND BIOLOGY JOURNAL OF NORTH AMERICA
Animals models for studying diabetes mellitus Etuk, E.U Department of
Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University,
Sokoto, Nigera pg. no.130-134.
3):- Pharmacophore (An International Research Journal) Review Article
ANTIDIABETIC HERBAL DRUGS A REVIEW Vol. 3 (1), 18-29 .
4):- Journal of pharmacognosy and phytochemistry 2014 “A review on
medicinal plants with antidiabetic activity ; pg. no; 3(4): 149-159.
5):- Journal of ethnopharmacology 115 (2008) “ Animal models to test
drugs with potential antidiabetic activity ; pg no 173-183.

50. 6):- Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Vol. 1 No. 6 2013
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Activity of Cucurbita maxima Duchense (Pumpkin) Seeds on Streptozotocin
Induced Diabetic Rats .
7):- International Journal of Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences 4 (2013)
01-08 “Experimental Models on Diabetes: A Comprehensive Review ;
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WHo Study Group. Geneva: World Health organization; 1994. no. 844.
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COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW International Journal of Pharmacy and
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10):-Shanmugasundram, ER; Gopinath, KL; Radha, Shanmugasundaram K
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Ethnopharmacology , 30, 265-79
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