World History Ch. 2 Section 2 Notes
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The document discusses several ancient civilizations in the Fertile Crescent region: The Hittites built a strong empire in Asia Minor through their military advantages of horse-drawn war chariots and new techniques. The Assyrians and later Chaldeans also formed powerful empires through formidable war machines and efficient administration, although the Chaldean empire was relatively short-lived. In contrast, the Phoenicians developed a wealthy trading society along the Mediterranean coast and are particularly notable for inventing the alphabet that later evolved into many modern forms.
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World History Ch. 2 Section 3 Notes
The document summarizes the history and teachings of ancient Judaism. It describes the early Hebrews originating from Abraham and settling in Canaan. It details the kingdom of Israel developing under key leaders Saul, David, and Solomon, before dividing into the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. It outlines the central beliefs of Judaism as monotheism, obedience to Mosaic law including the Ten Commandments, and principles of justice and righteousness.
World History Ch. 2 Section 1 Notes
The document discusses the rise of civilization in ancient Mesopotamia. The fertile land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers gave rise to the world's first civilization, as the geography promoted agriculture but posed challenges that required social organization. This included the Sumerian civilization, known for its system of city-states, invention of writing in the form of cuneiform, and cultural achievements in areas like math, science, and architecture. Subsequent empires like those of Sargon and Hammurabi continued the cultural traditions of Sumer while expanding control over Mesopotamia.
World History Ch. 5 Section 2 Notes
The document summarizes key events and developments during the Classical Age of ancient Greece, including the rise of Athenian democracy, the Persian Wars, Athens' Golden Age under Pericles, and the Peloponnesian War. It describes how tensions grew between Athens and Sparta as Athens' power increased, eventually leading to the Peloponnesian War between the Delian League led by Athens and the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta from 431 to 404 BC.
World History Ch. 1 Section 3 Notes
1. Early farming villages grew in size and complexity due to advances in farming and changing economies, leading to the development of cities which served as centers of trade.
2. The first civilizations arose independently in fertile river valleys where surplus food could support large populations, and were characterized by specialized labor, social classes, record keeping, art, architecture, organized government, and formal religion.
3. Early civilizations continued to change over time due to environmental influences, the spread of people and ideas, and expansion through warfare and conflicts over resources.
WH Ch. 3 Section 1 Notes
1. The document describes the major periods in ancient Egyptian history, including the Old Kingdom when the pyramids and Egyptian bureaucracy developed, the Middle Kingdom which saw instability followed by a new dynasty that brought stability, and the New Kingdom when Egypt built a powerful military and empire through campaigns in Nubia and Asia.
2. It highlights key figures like Hatshepsut, the only female pharaoh, and Ramses the Great, who expanded Egypt's empire but eventually faced challenges that contributed to Egypt's decline and rule by foreign powers.
3. The geography of Egypt along the Nile River supported the rise of one of the ancient world's most stable civilizations through the fertile land and annual flooding
WH Ch. 3 Section 3 Notes
The document summarizes the history of the ancient Nubian civilization of Kush. It began along the Nile south of Egypt in the region of Nubia. As Egypt's power waned, Kush expanded to rule all of Nubia. Eventually Kush grew powerful enough to conquer Egypt, though Kushite rule there only lasted around a century before being pushed back by Assyria. Later, the Kushites moved their capital south from Napata to Meroë, where they developed their own writing system and culture increasingly distinct from Egypt, establishing an independent Kushite civilization at Meroë that lasted until its decline in the 300s AD.
World History Ch. 4 Section 1 Notes
The document provides information about early civilizations in India. It describes the Indus Valley Civilization which arose around 2500 BC in the Indus River valley and established well-planned cities like Harappa and Mohenjo Daro. This civilization declined around 2000 BC for unknown reasons. It then discusses the Vedic period in India after 2000 BC, when the Aryans gained control. Vedic society was divided into four social classes called varnas, with the Brahmins as priests at the top.
World History Ch. 6 Section 1 Notes
1. Rome began as a small town along the Tiber River in Italy. Its location provided protection and access to important trade routes by land and sea. Rome later became a republic with a system of checks and balances between patricians and plebeians.
2. During the Roman Republic, Rome was a thriving city centered around the Forum. It was both a political and social center.
3. Rome's expansion led to conflicts with Carthage known as the Punic Wars. After three wars, Rome defeated Carthage and destroyed the city.
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World History Ch. 2 Section 3 Notes
The document summarizes the history and teachings of ancient Judaism. It describes the early Hebrews originating from Abraham and settling in Canaan. It details the kingdom of Israel developing under key leaders Saul, David, and Solomon, before dividing into the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. It outlines the central beliefs of Judaism as monotheism, obedience to Mosaic law including the Ten Commandments, and principles of justice and righteousness.
World History Ch. 2 Section 1 Notes
The document discusses the rise of civilization in ancient Mesopotamia. The fertile land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers gave rise to the world's first civilization, as the geography promoted agriculture but posed challenges that required social organization. This included the Sumerian civilization, known for its system of city-states, invention of writing in the form of cuneiform, and cultural achievements in areas like math, science, and architecture. Subsequent empires like those of Sargon and Hammurabi continued the cultural traditions of Sumer while expanding control over Mesopotamia.
World History Ch. 5 Section 2 Notes
The document summarizes key events and developments during the Classical Age of ancient Greece, including the rise of Athenian democracy, the Persian Wars, Athens' Golden Age under Pericles, and the Peloponnesian War. It describes how tensions grew between Athens and Sparta as Athens' power increased, eventually leading to the Peloponnesian War between the Delian League led by Athens and the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta from 431 to 404 BC.
World History Ch. 1 Section 3 Notes
1. Early farming villages grew in size and complexity due to advances in farming and changing economies, leading to the development of cities which served as centers of trade.
2. The first civilizations arose independently in fertile river valleys where surplus food could support large populations, and were characterized by specialized labor, social classes, record keeping, art, architecture, organized government, and formal religion.
3. Early civilizations continued to change over time due to environmental influences, the spread of people and ideas, and expansion through warfare and conflicts over resources.
WH Ch. 3 Section 1 Notes
1. The document describes the major periods in ancient Egyptian history, including the Old Kingdom when the pyramids and Egyptian bureaucracy developed, the Middle Kingdom which saw instability followed by a new dynasty that brought stability, and the New Kingdom when Egypt built a powerful military and empire through campaigns in Nubia and Asia.
2. It highlights key figures like Hatshepsut, the only female pharaoh, and Ramses the Great, who expanded Egypt's empire but eventually faced challenges that contributed to Egypt's decline and rule by foreign powers.
3. The geography of Egypt along the Nile River supported the rise of one of the ancient world's most stable civilizations through the fertile land and annual flooding
WH Ch. 3 Section 3 Notes
The document summarizes the history of the ancient Nubian civilization of Kush. It began along the Nile south of Egypt in the region of Nubia. As Egypt's power waned, Kush expanded to rule all of Nubia. Eventually Kush grew powerful enough to conquer Egypt, though Kushite rule there only lasted around a century before being pushed back by Assyria. Later, the Kushites moved their capital south from Napata to Meroë, where they developed their own writing system and culture increasingly distinct from Egypt, establishing an independent Kushite civilization at Meroë that lasted until its decline in the 300s AD.
World History Ch. 4 Section 1 Notes
The document provides information about early civilizations in India. It describes the Indus Valley Civilization which arose around 2500 BC in the Indus River valley and established well-planned cities like Harappa and Mohenjo Daro. This civilization declined around 2000 BC for unknown reasons. It then discusses the Vedic period in India after 2000 BC, when the Aryans gained control. Vedic society was divided into four social classes called varnas, with the Brahmins as priests at the top.
World History Ch. 6 Section 1 Notes
1. Rome began as a small town along the Tiber River in Italy. Its location provided protection and access to important trade routes by land and sea. Rome later became a republic with a system of checks and balances between patricians and plebeians.
2. During the Roman Republic, Rome was a thriving city centered around the Forum. It was both a political and social center.
3. Rome's expansion led to conflicts with Carthage known as the Punic Wars. After three wars, Rome defeated Carthage and destroyed the city.
World History Ch. 4 Section 2 Notes
Hinduism developed over thousands of years in India and gave rise to other religions like Jainism. Hindus believe in Brahman, the eternal creator, and reincarnation through the cycles of birth, death and rebirth. The ultimate goal is to achieve moksha or liberation from this cycle by fulfilling one's dharma. Sacred texts that shaped Hindu beliefs include the ancient Vedas as well as later writings like the Upanishads and epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata. Jainism broke away from Hinduism around 500 BC, emphasizing nonviolence and rejecting rituals to achieve moksha through controlling one's actions.
World History Ch. 5 Section 1 Notes
This document provides an overview of early Greek cultures including the Minoans and Mycenaeans. It discusses that the Minoans established the first civilization in Crete around 3000 BC and engaged in extensive trade. Their civilization declined after a possible volcanic eruption. The Mycenaeans then conquered Crete and established kingdoms on the Greek mainland in the 1400s BC. They developed the first written Greek language. Both cultures declined by 1100 BC and were replaced by independent Greek city-states. The document also summarizes the political systems and importance of mythology in early Greek society.
WH Ch. 3 Section 2 Notes
The document discusses various aspects of ancient Egyptian culture, including their religion, burial practices, and advances in art, writing and science. It describes how the Egyptians built elaborate temples to honor their many gods and how priests performed daily rituals. It also explains that the Egyptians developed an elaborate mummification process and buried the dead with possessions to help them in the afterlife. Finally, it outlines the Egyptians' contributions to art, including detailed paintings and large statues, as well as their early writing systems and knowledge of mathematics, geometry and medicine.
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The document summarizes the early history of Russia, beginning with the Rus people who migrated from northern Europe and brought order to the Slavs in the region. Christianity then spread to Russia through the efforts of Byzantine monks Cyril and Methodius who developed the Cyrillic alphabet and Slavonic mass. Grand Duke Vladimir converted to Christianity in 988 and made it the state religion. Russia was later attacked by internal princes seeking more power, and then faced invasions by the Mongols in the 1200s and Swedes and Teutonic Knights in the 1240s, before emerging as the nation of Muscovy in the late 1400s after freeing itself from foreign domination.
World History Ch. 5 Section 4 Notes
Alexander the Great conquered a vast empire and spread Greek culture throughout Egypt and Asia. After his death, his empire broke apart as his generals fought for power, dividing it among themselves. This created the Hellenistic world, where Greek culture blended with local traditions. Society changed as women gained more rights and monarchy replaced democracy. The exchange of ideas led to advances in philosophy, science, technology, art and literature. Hellenistic scholars made discoveries in geometry, astronomy, mechanics and anatomy.
World History Ch. 6 Section 4 Notes
Christianity began as a sect of Judaism based on the teachings of Jesus Christ. It gradually spread throughout the Roman Empire due to the missionary work of the Apostles like Paul of Tarsus, who helped establish Christian churches. As Christianity grew, it developed rituals like baptism and communion, and priests trained to perform these ceremonies took on authority. The church structure expanded as well, with bishops overseeing local churches and the bishop of Rome becoming the Pope, head of the growing Christian Church.
World History Ch. 2 Section 4 Notes
The document summarizes key aspects of the Persian Empire including its growth under Cyrus the Great and Darius I, the religion of Zoroastrianism, and Persian achievements. It describes how Cyrus expanded the empire and freed Jews in Babylon, and how Darius further organized the empire using satraps and strengthened the military. It explains that Zoroastrianism, based on the teachings of Zoroaster, emerged during this time and taught of dualistic forces of good and evil. It notes the Persians built roads like the Royal Road for improved communication across the empire.
World History Ch. 6 Section 3 Notes
Roman society was stratified between the wealthy, who lived in large homes with amenities, and the poor, who lived in crowded apartment buildings. Entertainment like gladiator battles and chariot races were popular among all classes. Rome developed technologies like concrete and aqueducts, and architectural styles like arches and vaults that still influence buildings today. Roman influences also extended to areas like language, literature, science, and law, as civil law systems based on Roman code were adopted around the world.
World History Ch. 5 Section 3 Notes
The ancient Greeks made great achievements in philosophy, literature, art, and architecture. Their most influential philosophers were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. The Greeks excelled at writing epics, poetry, histories, and plays. Their architecture like the Parthenon was beautifully proportioned with graceful columns, and their sculptures depicted the ideal human form. Their art conveyed movement and depth through paintings on vessels and murals. Overall, the Greeks placed great value on beauty and influenced later cultures through their philosophical, literary and artistic works.
World History Ch. 9 Section 2 Notes
The document discusses the spread of Islam after Muhammad's death. It summarizes that Islam expanded rapidly under early caliphs, creating a large empire within 100 years. However, internal conflicts emerged, such as between the Sunnis and Shias. Over time, the caliphate lost power as smaller states broke away, ending the unified rule of the caliphate.
World History Ch. 4 Section 4 Notes
The document provides an overview of early Chinese civilizations including its geography, the Shang and Zhou dynasties, and new philosophies. It describes how China's rivers deposited rich soil and its isolation protected early civilizations. The Shang dynasty established the first Chinese dynasty around 1766 BC and developed writing, bronze work, and ancestor worship. The Zhou dynasty introduced iron technology, which led to population growth and the development of cities, roads, and canals. Conflict during the late Zhou period led to new philosophies like Confucianism, which focused on improving society through traditions, and Daoism, which emphasized retreating from laws and living in harmony with nature.
World History Ch. 13 Section 5 Notes
The document discusses the growth of power of the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages in Europe. It describes how various reforms strengthened the papacy's authority, such as Pope Leo IX's efforts in the 11th century to eliminate corruption among clergy. This brought the papacy into conflict with political rulers over the appointment of bishops. A key event was the dispute between Pope Gregory VII and Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV, where the pope excommunicated the emperor, asserting the church's independence. Monasticism also saw changes as new orders like the Cistercians embraced more austere lifestyles.
World History Ch. 6 Section 5 Notes
1) The Roman Empire weakened over the 3rd and 4th centuries due to weak emperors, civil wars, a struggling economy, and constant threats of invasion. Diocletian and Constantine attempted reforms, including dividing the empire administratively and establishing a new capital in Constantinople, but they could not solve the fundamental problems.
2) In the late 4th century, invasions by the Huns drove Germanic tribes like the Visigoths and Vandals into the Roman Empire. They sacked Rome itself in 410. Although Attila the Hun was turned back from Italy, the western empire continued to lose control of its provinces.
3) By the 5th century,
World History Ch. 1 Section 1 Notes
1. Scientific evidence suggests that modern humans originated in Africa and then migrated throughout the world over hundreds of thousands of years, adapting to new environments.
2. Early hominids like Australopithecus, Homo habilis, and Homo erectus developed over millions of years, with Homo sapiens emerging around 200,000 years ago.
3. During the Stone Age, humans lived as nomadic hunter-gatherers, making tools from stone to hunt, fish, and shelter themselves, and forming basic social structures and cultural practices.
World History Ch. 16 Section 3 Notes
1. Exploration led to the Columbian Exchange where crops, animals and diseases were shared between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia, changing global agriculture and devastating American indigenous populations.
2. Europeans developed the economic policy of mercantilism in the 1500s to build wealth through favorable trade balances and by establishing colonies to control trade.
3. Growing global trade between Europe and its colonies in the 1500s-1600s expanded capitalism as merchants profited and joint-stock companies financed riskier ventures, fueling increased business activity in Europe.
World History Ch. 6 Section 2 Notes
The document summarizes the transition of Rome from a republic to an empire. It describes the problems the late Roman Republic faced, including social unrest, rebellions, and civil war. This led to the rise of prominent military leaders who took control, like Julius Caesar and Augustus, ending the Republic. Under the emperors Rome experienced stability, expansion, and cultural growth during the Pax Romana period. The Roman government, legal system, and trade tied the vast empire together.
World History Ch. 12 Section 1 Notes
1. Justinian accomplished rebuilding Constantinople after the Nika Revolt, constructing the famous Hagia Sophia church. He also reformed Roman law.
2. The split between the eastern and western churches was caused by theological differences and disputes over icons and the authority of the Pope.
3. The Byzantine Empire declined due to invasions by Muslim forces and Seljuk Turks, as well as internal weaknesses like the divide between the military and government. The empire was finally conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
World History Ch. 14 Section 4 Notes
The document summarizes some of the major challenges faced in Europe during the late Middle Ages, including religious crises like the rise of heresies and disputes over the papacy, wars such as the Hundred Years' War between England and France over the French throne and the Wars of the Roses in England over that throne, and the devastating Black Death plague that killed around half of Europe's population and contributed to the collapse of the manorial system.
World History Ch. 18 Section 3 Notes
1) The document discusses how the relationship between the English monarchy and Parliament evolved over time, from the Tudors working with Parliament to the civil war that weakened the monarchy's power.
2) It then describes how the Stuarts struggled with Parliament's attempts to limit the monarch's absolute power, leading to the English Civil War and the execution of Charles I.
3) After the restoration of the monarchy, Parliament imposed further conditions that established England as a constitutional monarchy, with the monarch's power constrained by law.
World History Ch. 12 Section 3 Notes
The spread of Christianity helped unify Western Europe after the fall of Rome. The Anglo-Saxons and Franks established kingdoms in Britain and France, respectively, and their leaders Clovis and Alfred the Great helped convert their peoples to Christianity. Monks played a key role, establishing monasteries that served as centers of learning, preserving classical knowledge, and advising rulers. The pope also grew more powerful during this time.
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Period3 review
Here are some key comparisons to know for the exam:
- Japanese and European feudalism both involved decentralized political systems dominated by warrior elites (samurai and knights) who owed allegiance to lords in exchange for land. However, Japanese feudalism was more decentralized and based on personal loyalty rather than land ownership.
- Both eastern and western Europe saw the rise of centralized monarchies and nation-states, but eastern Europe faced more disruption from nomadic invasions like the Mongols while western Europe was influenced by the Catholic church.
- Major cities in societies like China, India, Middle East acted as centers of trade, administration, and culture. European cities were more commercial centers while Chinese cities emphasized bureaucracy
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World History Ch. 5 Section 4 Notes
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World History Ch. 6 Section 4 Notes
Christianity began as a sect of Judaism based on the teachings of Jesus Christ. It gradually spread throughout the Roman Empire due to the missionary work of the Apostles like Paul of Tarsus, who helped establish Christian churches. As Christianity grew, it developed rituals like baptism and communion, and priests trained to perform these ceremonies took on authority. The church structure expanded as well, with bishops overseeing local churches and the bishop of Rome becoming the Pope, head of the growing Christian Church.
World History Ch. 2 Section 4 Notes
The document summarizes key aspects of the Persian Empire including its growth under Cyrus the Great and Darius I, the religion of Zoroastrianism, and Persian achievements. It describes how Cyrus expanded the empire and freed Jews in Babylon, and how Darius further organized the empire using satraps and strengthened the military. It explains that Zoroastrianism, based on the teachings of Zoroaster, emerged during this time and taught of dualistic forces of good and evil. It notes the Persians built roads like the Royal Road for improved communication across the empire.
World History Ch. 6 Section 3 Notes
Roman society was stratified between the wealthy, who lived in large homes with amenities, and the poor, who lived in crowded apartment buildings. Entertainment like gladiator battles and chariot races were popular among all classes. Rome developed technologies like concrete and aqueducts, and architectural styles like arches and vaults that still influence buildings today. Roman influences also extended to areas like language, literature, science, and law, as civil law systems based on Roman code were adopted around the world.
World History Ch. 5 Section 3 Notes
The ancient Greeks made great achievements in philosophy, literature, art, and architecture. Their most influential philosophers were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. The Greeks excelled at writing epics, poetry, histories, and plays. Their architecture like the Parthenon was beautifully proportioned with graceful columns, and their sculptures depicted the ideal human form. Their art conveyed movement and depth through paintings on vessels and murals. Overall, the Greeks placed great value on beauty and influenced later cultures through their philosophical, literary and artistic works.
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The document discusses the spread of Islam after Muhammad's death. It summarizes that Islam expanded rapidly under early caliphs, creating a large empire within 100 years. However, internal conflicts emerged, such as between the Sunnis and Shias. Over time, the caliphate lost power as smaller states broke away, ending the unified rule of the caliphate.
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The document provides an overview of early Chinese civilizations including its geography, the Shang and Zhou dynasties, and new philosophies. It describes how China's rivers deposited rich soil and its isolation protected early civilizations. The Shang dynasty established the first Chinese dynasty around 1766 BC and developed writing, bronze work, and ancestor worship. The Zhou dynasty introduced iron technology, which led to population growth and the development of cities, roads, and canals. Conflict during the late Zhou period led to new philosophies like Confucianism, which focused on improving society through traditions, and Daoism, which emphasized retreating from laws and living in harmony with nature.
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The document discusses the growth of power of the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages in Europe. It describes how various reforms strengthened the papacy's authority, such as Pope Leo IX's efforts in the 11th century to eliminate corruption among clergy. This brought the papacy into conflict with political rulers over the appointment of bishops. A key event was the dispute between Pope Gregory VII and Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV, where the pope excommunicated the emperor, asserting the church's independence. Monasticism also saw changes as new orders like the Cistercians embraced more austere lifestyles.
World History Ch. 6 Section 5 Notes
1) The Roman Empire weakened over the 3rd and 4th centuries due to weak emperors, civil wars, a struggling economy, and constant threats of invasion. Diocletian and Constantine attempted reforms, including dividing the empire administratively and establishing a new capital in Constantinople, but they could not solve the fundamental problems.
2) In the late 4th century, invasions by the Huns drove Germanic tribes like the Visigoths and Vandals into the Roman Empire. They sacked Rome itself in 410. Although Attila the Hun was turned back from Italy, the western empire continued to lose control of its provinces.
3) By the 5th century,
World History Ch. 1 Section 1 Notes
1. Scientific evidence suggests that modern humans originated in Africa and then migrated throughout the world over hundreds of thousands of years, adapting to new environments.
2. Early hominids like Australopithecus, Homo habilis, and Homo erectus developed over millions of years, with Homo sapiens emerging around 200,000 years ago.
3. During the Stone Age, humans lived as nomadic hunter-gatherers, making tools from stone to hunt, fish, and shelter themselves, and forming basic social structures and cultural practices.
World History Ch. 16 Section 3 Notes
1. Exploration led to the Columbian Exchange where crops, animals and diseases were shared between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia, changing global agriculture and devastating American indigenous populations.
2. Europeans developed the economic policy of mercantilism in the 1500s to build wealth through favorable trade balances and by establishing colonies to control trade.
3. Growing global trade between Europe and its colonies in the 1500s-1600s expanded capitalism as merchants profited and joint-stock companies financed riskier ventures, fueling increased business activity in Europe.
World History Ch. 6 Section 2 Notes
The document summarizes the transition of Rome from a republic to an empire. It describes the problems the late Roman Republic faced, including social unrest, rebellions, and civil war. This led to the rise of prominent military leaders who took control, like Julius Caesar and Augustus, ending the Republic. Under the emperors Rome experienced stability, expansion, and cultural growth during the Pax Romana period. The Roman government, legal system, and trade tied the vast empire together.
World History Ch. 12 Section 1 Notes
1. Justinian accomplished rebuilding Constantinople after the Nika Revolt, constructing the famous Hagia Sophia church. He also reformed Roman law.
2. The split between the eastern and western churches was caused by theological differences and disputes over icons and the authority of the Pope.
3. The Byzantine Empire declined due to invasions by Muslim forces and Seljuk Turks, as well as internal weaknesses like the divide between the military and government. The empire was finally conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
World History Ch. 14 Section 4 Notes
The document summarizes some of the major challenges faced in Europe during the late Middle Ages, including religious crises like the rise of heresies and disputes over the papacy, wars such as the Hundred Years' War between England and France over the French throne and the Wars of the Roses in England over that throne, and the devastating Black Death plague that killed around half of Europe's population and contributed to the collapse of the manorial system.
World History Ch. 18 Section 3 Notes
1) The document discusses how the relationship between the English monarchy and Parliament evolved over time, from the Tudors working with Parliament to the civil war that weakened the monarchy's power.
2) It then describes how the Stuarts struggled with Parliament's attempts to limit the monarch's absolute power, leading to the English Civil War and the execution of Charles I.
3) After the restoration of the monarchy, Parliament imposed further conditions that established England as a constitutional monarchy, with the monarch's power constrained by law.
World History Ch. 12 Section 3 Notes
The spread of Christianity helped unify Western Europe after the fall of Rome. The Anglo-Saxons and Franks established kingdoms in Britain and France, respectively, and their leaders Clovis and Alfred the Great helped convert their peoples to Christianity. Monks played a key role, establishing monasteries that served as centers of learning, preserving classical knowledge, and advising rulers. The pope also grew more powerful during this time.
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This document provides an overview of world history from 8000 BCE to 600 CE. It outlines the major periods, including the Paleolithic, Neolithic, and the rise of early civilizations. Eight key elements that define civilizations are identified, including writing systems, organized belief systems, cities, and specialized jobs. Major early civilizations discussed include those in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China, and the Mediterranean. The document also summarizes major belief systems such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Judaism that emerged during this time period.
The Phoenician Civilization
Phoenicia was an ancient civilization in Canaan which covered most of the western, coastal part of the fertile Crescent. Several major Phoenician cities were built on the coastline of the Mediterranean. It was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean from 1550 BCE to 300 BCE.
History 17 a online lecture 1
The document summarizes the peopling of the Americas through multiple migrations from Asia across land bridges and water passages. It describes the major pre-Columbian cultures that developed in Mesoamerica and South America, including the Olmecs, Mayas, Toltecs, Aztecs, and Incas. It also outlines the tribal cultures of North America and the Mississippian culture. The document then shifts to discussing the factors in Europe that led to the Age of Exploration, including trade, technology, and competition between European powers. It provides an overview of major European voyages and conquests in the Americas, including those led by Columbus, Cortes, Pizarro, and others.
Mckaych10africanempires 141031172433-conversion-gate01
This document provides an overview of African societies and kingdoms from 1000 BCE to 1500 CE. It describes how geography shaped diverse cultures across Africa and discusses the Bantu migrations. Major topics covered include the trans-Saharan trade's influence on West Africa, the significant kingdoms of Ghana and Mali, the Christian kingdom of Axum in Ethiopia, East African city-states like Kilwa, and the ancient city of Great Zimbabwe in Southern Africa. The document aims to provide context on the rise of powerful states and empires across the African continent during this time period.
Columbus's World 1942
This document summarizes Columbus's view of the world in 1492, including:
1) Columbus believed he had handed the Western Hemisphere over to Spain and that Muslims and Jews had no place in the lands he discovered.
2) Because of the Catholic Church's influence, Spain expelled its Jewish population and those unwilling to convert ended up in Turkey.
3) The main civilizations and regions discussed include China, India, Southeast Asia, Africa, Europe, the Americas, and their religious, cultural and technological characteristics.
Final exam chapters 10-18 review
This document contains a study guide reviewing chapters 10-18 and geography questions. It provides questions and short answers about the Crusades, West Africa's kingdoms and trade routes, the spread of Islam, dynasties in China, important explorations and technological advances, and the basic geography of regions discussed. Key events, people, and concepts are tested including the reasons for the Crusades, Ghana's control of trade, advances in iron tools and food production in West Africa, the spread of Islam in Africa, China's civil service system, and maritime technologies.
1311 Earliest societies, Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Persia
This document provides an outline and overview of topics to be covered in a lesson on early civilizations, including: discussing key terms of early civilizations in Southwest Asia and the Nile Valley such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Hebrews, Phoenicians, Assyrians, and Persians; looking at migration patterns and the major societies that developed; and previewing the upcoming lessons on ancient India and China. It also includes a brief overview of the Stone Age periods and the transition to early agricultural civilizations in the Neolithic Age along the major river valleys.
1311 Chapters 1 and 2
This document provides an outline and overview of topics to be covered in a lesson on early civilizations, including the earliest civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, the Hebrews and Phoenicians, Assyrians and Persians. It discusses the key developments and societies within these early civilizations, from the emergence of cities and writing in Sumer to the expansion of powerful empires like Assyria and Persia. It also previews upcoming lessons on ancient India and China.
Chapter 6 Powerpoint notes for Strayer Chapter 6 - Commonalities & Variations...
The Mayan Temple of the Great Jaguar in Tikal, Guatemala was built in the 8th century AD to serve as the tomb for ruler Chan K'awill. The 144 foot tall temple has a steep pyramid shape with nine large steps and hundreds of small steps, topped by a temple with a roof featuring carvings. While its explicit purpose was as a tomb, it also served to accentuate the ruler's power and status by widening the physical distance between those at the top and bottom of the structure.
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This document summarizes world history from 1450-1750, highlighting major themes of the period including absolutism, global trade, the rise of Europe, and religious rivalry. Key developments discussed include the Ming dynasty in China, the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan, the Ottoman, Mughal, and various European empires, and the influx of commodities, slaves, and diseases to the Americas following European exploration and conquest. Overall the document outlines the political, economic, and cultural changes taking place globally during this pivotal time.
Unit 3 review
This document summarizes world history from 1450-1750, highlighting major themes of the period including absolutism, global trade, the rise of Europe, and religious rivalry. Key developments discussed include the Ming dynasty in China, the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan, the Ottoman, Mughal, and various European empires, and the influx of commodities, slaves, and diseases to the Americas following European exploration and conquest. Overall the document outlines the political, economic, and cultural changes taking place globally during this pivotal time.
Southwest-Asia-civilization.Ancient History.ppt
1. The earliest civilizations arose around 3000 BC in the Fertile Crescent region of Mesopotamia, between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The Sumerians established the first cities and developed writing, specialized jobs, government, and other traits that define civilization.
2. The Babylonian king Hammurabi established one of the first written legal codes around 1750 BC to help govern his expanding empire.
3. Later empires that rose in the region include the Phoenicians, who developed the first alphabet, the Assyrians, who utilized new iron weapons and military tactics, and the Persians, who built a large tolerant empire connected by an extensive royal road
Chapter 2.2 2.4
Native cultures across North America shared some common traits, such as a deep respect for nature and belief in maintaining balance. They were also diverse, with different environments and livelihoods. For example, the Anasazi built houses out of adobe in the dry Southwest, while the Iroquois formed a political alliance in the woodlands of New York. Trade networks also connected cultures across Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Europe during this time period. The rise of Islam spread religion and language along trade routes like the Silk Road. In Europe, Greeks developed democracy while the Roman Empire spread through law and a common Latin language. The Crusades and later explorers like da Gama opened new trade opportunities between Europe and Asia
Similar to World History Ch. 2 Section 2 Notes (20)
Mckaych10africanempires 141031172433-conversion-gate01
Mckaych10africanempires 141031172433-conversion-gate01
1311 Earliest societies, Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Persia
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Final review
The document appears to be a review guide for a US History class from 1965 to 2015. It contains multiple choice and short answer questions about various topics covered during that time period, including the Nixon and Reagan presidencies, the 1970s divorce rate, the Camp David Accords, the Mariel boatlift, the Taliban being removed from power in Afghanistan after the US invasion, and trends in modern immigration to the US. The review guide is intended to help students prepare for a final exam on US History from 1965 to 2015.
Final review
The document provides definitions for key terms related to events and people in US history from 1965 to 2015. It includes one to two sentence explanations of terms like stagflation, Helsinki Accords, affirmative action, Watergate, AIDS, supply-side economics, NAFTA, Patriot Act, and biotechnology.
Ush ch. 24 section 5 notes
As the document begins, it notes that at the turn of the 21st century, American society was changing and facing new challenges compared to the previous century. Immigration policies were relaxed through laws like the Immigration Act of 1990, leading to a large influx of over 1 million new immigrants annually, most from Latin America and Asia. This changing demographic landscape was increasingly diverse but also debated issues like bilingual education and illegal immigration. Additionally, factors like divorce becoming more common, women increasingly working, and debates around topics like affirmative action, standardized testing in schools, and reforms to Social Security showed how American society was being transformed at the century's start.
Ush ch. 24 section 4 notes
George W. Bush narrowly won the 2000 presidential election over Al Gore after a Supreme Court decision on contested ballots in Florida. As president, Bush pursued a conservative domestic agenda including tax cuts and education reform but his presidency was shaped by the terrorist attacks on 9/11. Bush launched a "war on terror" including the invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq, though the latter conflict became increasingly unpopular as no weapons of mass destruction were found and sectarian violence rose in Iraq.
Ush ch. 24 section 3 notes
The document summarizes the United States' role in global politics and economics following the end of the Cold War under President Clinton. It discusses how the US supported free trade agreements like NAFTA and signed many trade deals through the WTO to promote globalization and economic growth. It also describes Clinton's foreign policy goals of intervening in conflicts in Somalia, Haiti, and the Balkans through NATO bombings. Additionally, it outlines increasing tensions in the Middle East between Israel and Palestine and the emergence of terrorist threats to the US from groups like al Qaeda.
Ush ch. 24 section 2 notes
Bill Clinton was elected president in 1992, defeating incumbent George H.W. Bush. As a moderate "New Democrat," Clinton passed some domestic reforms but failed to enact health care reform. Republicans led by Newt Gingrich capitalized on dissatisfaction with Clinton and won control of Congress in 1994 on a platform opposing Clinton and big government. Clinton's presidency was marred by personal scandals that led to his impeachment, though he remained popular and was reelected in 1996 due to strong economic growth.
Ush ch. 24 section 1 notes
The document discusses how technological changes and globalization transformed the American economy in the late 20th century. It describes how the development of computers and new technologies like satellites and the internet revolutionized communication, business, and daily life. As a result, many jobs shifted to the service sector, multinational corporations emerged, and the global economy became more interconnected. Overall, technology and globalization brought both new opportunities and challenges to the U.S. economy and society.
Ush ch. 23 section 4 notes
George H.W. Bush faced several foreign policy challenges as the first president after the Cold War. He sent troops to invade Panama and remove dictator Manuel Noriega. He also authorized Operation Desert Storm to expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait after Saddam Hussein invaded. This military operation involved five weeks of aerial bombardment followed by a ground invasion that forced Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait within 100 hours and agree to a UN ceasefire. Bush was reluctant to intervene in conflicts in China and Yugoslavia but sent troops to Somalia to deliver humanitarian aid.
Ush ch. 23 section 3 notes
Ronald Reagan challenged communism through military buildup and supporting anti-communist groups. Mikhail Gorbachev later implemented reforms in the Soviet Union through glasnost and perestroika. This led Eastern European nations to abandon communism in 1989, symbolized by the fall of the Berlin Wall, ending the Cold War. However, the US continued facing challenges in the Middle East and a foreign policy scandal known as the Iran-Contra affair damaged Reagan's reputation.
Ush ch. 23 section 2 notes
Ronald Reagan was elected president in 1980 on a platform of conservative economic policies known as Reaganomics or the Reagan Revolution. Reagan advocated for supply-side economics, deregulation of industries, and tax cuts to spur economic growth. While the recession ended in 1983 and the economy rebounded, the policies led to rising budget deficits and national debt. The Savings and Loan crisis of 1989 saw the failure of over 1000 banks and cost over $200 billion. Reagan appointed conservative justices and supported religious groups in schools. Despite economic problems, Reagan was popular and strengthened the conservative movement.
Ush ch. 23 section 1 notes
After losing political power in the 1960s, the conservative movement in the United States rebuilt its organization and promoted its goals and values vigorously. By the late 1970s, conservatives criticized liberal policies and the size of the federal government. Ronald Reagan successfully tapped into public dissatisfaction and was elected president in 1980, representing the rise of the modern conservative movement that reshaped national policies for decades.
Ush ch. 22 section 3 notes
Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter had differing foreign policies toward the Soviet Union and developing world. Ford continued détente and signed SALT II and Helsinki Accords. Carter initially continued this approach but imposed sanctions on the Soviet Union after its invasion of Afghanistan. Carter shifted US policy to focus on human rights, stopping aid to countries violating them and returning the Panama Canal. Carter achieved the Camp David Accords but failed to secure hostage release from Iran, demonstrating foreign policy challenges beyond the Soviet Union.
Ush ch. 22 section 2 notes
This document provides an overview of the presidencies of Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter in the 1970s. It discusses Ford taking over after Nixon's resignation and facing economic struggles. It then examines Carter presenting himself as an outsider in 1976, appealing to Christian fundamentalists, but struggling with crises and inflation during his term. The document also analyzes how American society changed in the 1970s, with demographic shifts and cultural changes reflected in television shows like All in the Family.
Ush ch. 22 section 1 notes
The document summarizes the Watergate scandal that led to Richard Nixon's resignation. It describes how Nixon was reelected in 1972 using a "southern strategy" but his administration was plagued by economic issues like stagflation. In 1972, Nixon's reelection campaign orchestrated a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters, known as the Watergate scandal. Investigations by journalists and a Supreme Court ruling forcing Nixon to release secret tapes revealed his involvement, leading to impeachment and Nixon becoming the only US President to resign from office in 1974.
Ch. 18 21 review game
- The document contains questions and answers about key events and people from US history chapters 18-21, covering the 1950s-1970s. Topics include the civil rights movement, Vietnam War, Great Society programs, and counterculture era.
- Sample questions and answers address Brown v. Board of Education, the Montgomery bus boycott, the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, and the domino theory justification for US involvement in Vietnam.
- The document appears to be from a class activity dividing students into teams to answer factual questions from their US history textbook chapters.
US History Ch. 21 Section 4 Notes
The environmental movement arose in the 1960s and 1970s in response to growing public awareness about issues like air and water pollution. Rachel Carson's 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness about the dangers of pesticides, while the 1969 Cuyahoga River fire in Ohio highlighted water pollution issues. Twenty million Americans participated in the first Earth Day in 1970, bringing environmental concerns into the mainstream political debate. Major legislation in the 1970s established the Environmental Protection Agency and enacted the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, and Endangered Species Act. However, the movement also faced opposition from those concerned about property rights and regulatory effects on business.
US History Ch. 21 Section 3 Notes
The rights of diverse groups expanded in the 1960s and 1970s. Latinos and Native Americans organized for civil rights. Cesar Chavez formed the United Farm Workers union to advocate for migrant farmworkers who faced poor conditions. The Chicano movement promoted Latino culture and political representation. The American Indian Movement occupied Wounded Knee to protest treaty violations, gaining legal victories. Consumer advocates and laws improved workplace safety. People with disabilities gained equal access to education through new laws.
US History Ch. 21 Section 2 Notes
The women's rights movement arose in the 1960s as women examined their roles and sought greater equality. Led by Betty Friedan's book The Feminine Mystique, the movement sought to end discrimination against women through the National Organization for Women and passage of the Equal Rights Amendment. While the ERA failed, the movement succeeded in legalizing abortion with Roe v. Wade and banning sex discrimination in education and the workplace. By the 1970s, these efforts led to more legal rights and opportunities for women, though pay gaps remained, and the movement continued to transform American society.
US History Ch. 21 Section 1 Notes
The counterculture movement of the 1960s rebelled against social norms through rock music, drug use, sexual freedom, and alternative spiritual beliefs. Young people rejected their parents' values, creating a generation gap. The movement challenged authority and materialism but also contributed to rising drug problems. While it promoted equality, its shallowness and violence undermined its message of peace.
Ch. 20 Review
This document contains a list of terms related to the Vietnam War era, including key people, events, policies, and military operations. Some of the terms defined are Henry Kissinger, who was Nixon's national security advisor; the Tet Offensive, a major communist assault on South Vietnamese cities in 1968; and the Pentagon Papers, a classified history of US involvement in Vietnam leaked to the press.
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World History Ch. 2 Section 2 Notes
- 1. The Ancient Near East Section 2 Fertile Crescent Empires Preview • Main Idea / Reading Focus • The Hittites • Maps: Conquering the Fertile Crescent • The Assyrians and the Chaldeans • Faces of History: Nebuchadnezzar II • The Phoenicians • Map: Phoenician Trade • Quick Facts: Alphabet
- 2. The Ancient Near East Section 2 Fertile Crescent Empires Main Idea 1. Indo-European invaders introduced new technologies to the Fertile Crescent while adapting earlier technologies developed by the civilizations they encountered there. Reading Focus • What military advantages helped the Hittites establish an empire in Asia Minor? • What events led to the rise and fall of the Assyrian and Chaldean empires? • What were the main achievements of the Phoenicians?
- 3. The Ancient Near East Section 2 The Hittites Decline of Babylonian Empire • Nomadic tribes moved into the region, drawn by wealth • Included Indo-Europeans • Steppes: arid grasslands north of the Black Sea 2. Hittite Military Might • Hittites: warlike Indo-European tribe • Built strong empire in Asia Minor (now Turkey) • Horse-drawn war chariot and new techniques Hittite Culture • Blended their culture with cultures around them • First to make objects out of iron • Rule reached peak in 1300s BC
- 4. The Ancient Near East Section 2
- 5. The Ancient Near East Section 2 Summarize How were the Hittites able to build an empire in Asia Minor? Answer(s): With their military advantages, they were able to conquer people in surrounding areas.
- 6. The Ancient Near East Section 2 The Assyrians and the Chaldeans 3. After the Hittite empire fell, other peoples fought for dominance in western Asia. In time, the Assyrians became the supreme power in the region; later the Chaldeans formed their own empire. The Assyrians • From Northern Mesopotamia • Barley, cattle • Adopted Sumerian culture • New empire in 900 BC • Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, Egypt War Machine • Fierce warrior society • War chariots, foot soldiers, cavalry • Masters of siege warfare • Terror Assyrian Rule • Efficient system • Local leaders • System of roads • Brutal with opposition • Cultural achievements, library
- 7. The Ancient Near East Section 2 The Chaldeans As Assyria began to decline, the Chaldeans swooped in. • Babylon, capital of their new empire • Nebuchadnezzar II – Warrior and builder – Hanging Gardens of Babylon • Chaldean culture – Admired ancient Sumerian culture – Developed calendar; advances in astronomy
- 8. The Ancient Near East Section 2
- 9. The Ancient Near East Section 2 Compare and Contrast How were the Hittite, Assyrian, and Chaldean empires similar and different? Answer(s): All made cultural and technological advances. Hittites—known for military power, efficient government; Chaldeans—developed calendar, Hanging Gardens of Babylon, short-lived empire; Phoenicians—not an empire, built wealthy trading society, developed alphabet.
- 10. The Ancient Near East Section 2 The Phoenicians In an area of western Asia called Phoenicia, city-states emerged as trading centers, and Phoenicians built a wealthy trading society. Trading Society • Western end of Fertile Crescent • Farming difficult • Trade and sea for livelihood • Expert sailors • Founded colonies on routes • Trade brought great wealth • Invented glassblowing • Exports: ivory, silver, slaves Alphabet • Greatest achievement • Invented by traders to record activities • Adopted by many, including the Greeks • Ancestor of the English language alphabet
- 11. The Ancient Near East Section 2
- 12. The Ancient Near East Section 2
- 13. The Ancient Near East Section 2 Find the Main Idea What were the Phoenicians’ most significant achievements? Answer(s): purple dye, glassblowing, alphabet