Beginning in the late 1400s, Spain built a vast American empire through conquest and colonization. Key events included Hernan Cortes' defeat of the Aztec Empire in Mexico in 1521 and Francisco Pizarro's conquest of the Inca Empire in Peru in the 1530s. Disease brought by Europeans devastated native populations. Spain imposed its culture and extracted wealth, particularly silver and gold, through the encomienda system which abused native laborers. By the mid-1500s Spain had established colonies across Latin America and parts of North America, becoming the richest and most powerful nation through its American territories.

1. 1400-1800
Chapter 3

2. Section 1

4. • Beginning in 1400’s, desire to explore called 3
G’s (Gold, God, Glory)
A. Other countries wanted trade controlled
by Italy and Arabs for three centuries
• Spices most valued item
• Quicker route to Asia meant they could take
out middleman (Arabs, Italians)
B. New technology – compass, faster ships,
astrolabe, better mapmaking skills made
traveling by ship easier, safer
• Most new technology came from Muslims and
Chinese
C. Sparked by Renaissance curiosity and
sense of adventure
D. Desire to spread Christianity
• Europeans saw this as their sacred duty to
convert others

5. Portugal Leads the Way
A. Leader in developing and applying new sailing technology
B. Had strong government support led by Prince Henry (Henry
the Navigator)
C. 1419 Henry established a sailing school for sailors, ship
makers, navigators to perfect their trade
• By 1460 Portugal was the first country to establish trading
outposts along the coast of Africa and push into the Indian
Ocean
• Traded Africans European goods for gold and ivory

6. • Portuguese needed to reach Asia
by sea and had to sail around the
southern tip of Africa
• 1488 Bartolomeu Dias reached
the Cape of Good Hope and
explored the southeast coast of
Africa
• 1497 Vasco da Gama sailed to
Calicut, India and returned to
Portugal with silk, spices and
gems that was worth 60 times
more than the cost of the voyage
• His voyage gave Portugal a
direct sea route to Asia

7. • Spain Also Makes Claims
• 1492 Spain sent Christopher Columbus to find a route to
Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic
• Columbus thought he reached the Indies, really opened
the way for European colonization of the Americas
• Immediate impact was that it increased tension between
Spain and Portugal

8. • 1494- Treaty of
Tordesillas Pope stepped
in to keep peace between
two countries
• Line drawn from North to
south across globe
dividing eastern and
western hemispheres
• Portugal gets everything
east of Line of
Demarcation
• Spain given all lands west
of Line of Demarcation

9. • Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean
• Portugal took control of the spice trade from Muslim
merchants after da Gama’s voyage
1. 1509 extended control over region by defeating Mughal
navy off the coast of India
2. 1510 Portuguese capture port city of Goa, India; it
became center of their trading empire
3. 1511 Portuguese seize control of Strait of Malacca,
gave them control of the spice Islands
• Portugal began to break the Muslim domination of
Eastern trade
• Brought back goods at 20% of the prices charged by
Arab and Italian traders
• More Europeans could afford items

10. • Success of Portugal attracted other European
countries
• 1521 Spain claimed Philippine Islands
Dutch Traders
• Around 1600 the Dutch and English became a
sea powers
• English and Dutch began to take away
Portuguese power
• Each country formed an East India Company
• Each company had power to print money, make
treaties and raise armies
• Dutch East India Company most powerful in
region
• 1619 Dutch establish trading post in Java and
took Straits of Malacca and Spice Islands from
Portugal
• Dutch began to expand across the region and
their capital in Europe, Amsterdam became a
leading commercial center
• By 1700 Dutch controlled most trade in Indian
Ocean

12. British and French Traders
• By 1700 English and French began to gain a foothold in
region
• English focused on India and developed a successful
business in the cloth trade (established British East India
Company)
• France tried to establish a foothold in India but was not
as successful
• European countries took control of port cities but
their influence did not extend beyond the ports
• Their influence was not felt by most people in Asia

13. Section 2

14.  China was the dominant power in Asia and
Europeans wanted to trade with them
Ming Dynasty
 1368-1644 Ming Dynasty ruled China
 Korea and Southeast Asia paid tribute (payment
by one group to another to show submission) to
Ming emperors, China expected Europeans to do
the same
 Hongwu was the first Ming emperor after he
defeated the Mongols in 1368
A. Reformed agriculture by increasing rice
production, encouraged growing cash crops
(cotton, sugarcane) and encouraged fish farming
B. Encouraged a return to Confucian traditions and
moral standards
C. Improved government by returning to a merit
based government system
 When problems developed Hongwu became a
ruthless tyrant executing all of his enemies

15. • After death of Hongwu his son Yonglo
took over
• He moved royal court to Beijing (built the
Forbidden City)
• Also had a curiosity of the outside world
• 1405 began seven voyages of
exploration and trade under commander
Zeng He
• Expeditions traveled long distances,
many ships, many people and huge
ships
• Trips were used to show Chinese
superiority, because of voyages 16
countries sent tribute to China
• Chinese officials complained that
voyages wasted money and after 1433
China began a period of isolation

17. • Trade policies of 1500’s reflected isolation
• To keep influence of outsiders to a minimum
• Only the government could conduct trade
through 3 ports- Canton, Macao and Ningbo
• European demand for goods led to smuggling
• Helped improve economy of China- led to
increase in manufacturing of ceramics and silk
making
• Commerce and manufacturing seen as lower
class jobs and not held in high regard in
China, kept China from industrializing
• Government supported agriculture
• Taxes were low on agriculture and high on
manufacturing

18. Qing Dynasty
• By 1600 Ming rule began to weaken, government corruption, civil
strife, famine and high taxes led to rebellion
• 1644 Manchus from northeast China seized power and ruled until
1900
• People resisted rule by non-Chinese Manchus
1. Kept order by keeping traditional social structure and restoring
Chinese prosperity
2. Expanded China into Taiwan, Central Asia, Mongolia and Tibet
3. Lowered taxes and reduced government expenses
4. Welcomed Jesuits into royal court to learn about European life
5. Kept policy of isolation from foreign trade

19. • Foreign countries that wished to trade
with China had to trade only in special
ports and pay tribute
• The Dutch accepted the Chinese
restrictions and the Chinese accepted
the Dutch as trading partners
• The Dutch brought silks, porcelain,
and tea
• By 1800 tea made up 80% of
shipments from China to Europe
• The British refused to follow the
Chinese trade restrictions
• China rejected their offers by sending
a letter to the king of England that they
did not need the British

20. • 1600s and 1700s were a time of peace and
prosperity in China and the lives improved
for most Chinese people
Most Chinese were farmers and under the
Qing irrigation and the use of fertilizer
increased
Also new crops from the were introduced
by European traders (corn, sweet potatoes)
Food production increased and the
population exploded
• Chinese families favored sons over
daughters
• Sons were in charge of religious rituals, and
raised their own families in their parents
homes
• As their parents grew older they help them
farm
• Females were not as valued but they did
have the responsibilities of children’s
education and managing family finances

21. Section 3

22. • 1300’s Japanese unity was shattered by
warring shoguns
• By 1467 the country was separated into
hundreds of separate domains
• 1467-1568 known as period of “warring
states”
• Samurai took control of feudal states and
offered peasants protection for their
loyalty
• Warrior chieftains known as daimyo and
used samurai as warriors
• Emperor in Kyoto was just a figurehead
with no power
• Daimyo lived in fortresses and fought
each other for control of land

23. • Many daimyo tried to seize and control
power
• Oda Nobunga –was the first to use
soldiers with muskets to defeat rival
samurai (1575)
• Toyotomi Hideyoshi- took control and
tried to conquer Korea, when he died the
troops returned to Japan (1590)
• 1600 Tonkugawa Ieyasu takes control of
country by defeating his rivals and earning
the loyalty of other daimyo
• He moved the capital to Edo (Tokyo)
• Kept daimyo tamed and helped centralize
power in Japan
• To keep daimyo in check he made them
live in the capital every other year and
when they were gone they had to leave
their families behind as hostages, had
them help build his castle in Edo
• Founded Tokugawa Shogunate that held
power until 1867

24. • Japan enjoyed over 250 years of stability under
Tokugawa shoguns
• Farmers produced more food and population rose,
even though they lived lives of misery
Society was very structured
a. Ruler was shogun and supreme military commander
b. Below him was the landholding daimyo who
controlled samurai warriors
c. Artisans and peasants were next with merchants at
the bottom
• 4/5 of society were peasants
• Merchants became more important as the economy
expanded
• Confucian ideas ruled society and the ideal citizen
depended on agriculture not commerce
• However the farmers paid the most in taxes, many
abandoned land and moved to cities for economic
opportunity
• Mid 1700’s Japan shifted from a rural to an urban
society
• Edo was the largest city in the world

25. • Contact Between Europe and Japan
• Europeans began to arrive in the 1500’s
• 1543 first Europeans were shipwrecked
Portuguese sailors and merchants soon
followed with clocks, tobacco, firearms
• Japanese welcomed traders and missionaries
1. Europeans introduced new technologies and
ideas
2. Japanese merchants eager to expand their
markets welcomed Europeans
3. Daimyo welcomed traders for their guns to
gain an advantage over their rivals
• Guns changed the tradition of the Japanese
warrior whose principal weapon was the sword
• Cannons changed the way castles were built
• Fortified castles attracted merchants and
artisans and caused the growth of towns
across Japan

26. • 1549 first missionaries came to Japan
• Catholic Jesuits, Franciscans and Dominican
missionaries came to convert the Japanese
• By 1600 they had converted over 300,000 Japanese
• Missionaries teachings went against traditional
Japanese beliefs and by 1612 Christianity was
banned and Tokugawa Shoguns focused on ridding
the country of them
• 1637 situation came to a head after rebellion led by
Christians
• All Christian missionaries were kicked out of China
and all Japanese had to demonstrate faithfulness to
some branch of Buddhism

27. • Persecution just one part of attempt to control foreign ideas
• Shoguns did not like the introduction of European ways, but they wanted
European trade
• 1639 Japan sealed the borders of the country except one port,
Nagasaki (a man made island in the harbor)
• Only Dutch and Chinese were allowed to trade there
• Tokugawa shogunate had a monopoly on all trade for over 200 years
• During this time Japan remain basically closed to outsiders and
Japanese were forbidden to leave
• During this time Japan developed a self-sufficient country free from
European intervention

28. Dejima

29. THE ATLANTIC WORLD
Chapter 4

30. Spain Builds and American
Empire
Section 1

31. Spain Builds and American
Empire
 1492- seeking an alternate trade route to Asia Christopher Columbus “discovers” America
and accidently brings together peoples of the Americas, Europe and Africa
 Spain’s rulers financed three more trips with more men and ships and began to found
colonies (lands controlled by another nation)
 1500 Pedro Alvares Cabral claimed modern day Brazil for Portugal
 By the early 1500’s Europeans had figured out that the land was not Asia but a new
continent
 1519 Ferdinand Magellan sailed around the southern end of South America and across the
Pacific (along the way claiming the Philippines for Spain)
 In 1522 when they returned to Spain only 18 men and one ship were left, first voyage to
circumnavigate the globe

32. Spain Builds an American
Empire
 Spanish were first European
explorers and settlers of the
Americas
 Made Spain a very wealthy country
and their culture influenced the
cultures of North and South America
that exists today
 Spanish explorers known as
conquistadors came to the
Americas to follow rumors of gold
and silver, they stayed and carved
out colonies in regions that would
become Mexico, South America and
the United States

33. Spain Builds an American
Empire
Spanish Conquests in Mexico
 1519 Hernando Cortes and 600 men landed in
Mexico
 They heard of wealthy Aztec empire and its
capital Tenochtitlan
 Cortes marched inland and was welcomed by
the Aztec emperor Montezuma, who thought
the Spaniards were gods
 Aztecs soon figured out the intentions of Cortes
and drove the Spaniards out of the capital
 1521 Cortes and the Spaniards defeated the
Aztecs even though they were greatly
outnumbered
 Reasons for Spanish victory
a) Made allies with groups that did not like
Aztecs
b) Spanish had superior weapons
c) Diseases like measles, smallpox, typhus; that
the Native Americans had no natural immunity

34. Effects of Old World Disease
 Native Americans had no
natural resistance to diseases
that were common in Europe
Asia and Africa
 Killed up to 90% of Native
American population across
North and South America
within the first 100 years of
European contact
 Made it easier for Europeans to
conquer the Americas because
Native American did not have
the numbers to resist
 Caused fear and confusion
among native groups
 When many European
explorers reached new areas
they found empty villages and
towns

35. Spain Builds an American
Empire
Spanish Conquest in Peru
 1532- Francisco Pizarro
takes army of 200 into the
heart of the huge Incan empire
in South America
 They kidnap their ruler
Atahualpa and demand a
ransom of gold (even though
the Inca had an army of
30,000), after they received
their gold they strangled the
Inca king
 This demoralized the Inca
people and the Spaniards
quickly seized control of their
empire

36. Spain Builds an American
Empire
 By the middle of the 1500’s Spain had
created a huge American empire
 Drew from techniques learned during the
reconquista (when the Spanish drove the
Muslims from Spain)
 Spanish imposed their culture on the people
they conquered in the Americas
 Most Spanish settlers were men so they
had relationships with native women
 Result of relationships was the creation of a
mestizo (mixed Spanish and American)
population
 Spanish also forced native population to
work for them
 System called encomendia where the
Indians farmed, ranched and mined for their
Spanish landlords, often they were abused
or mistreated

37. Portuguese Empire in America
 One area that remained outside of
European influence was Brazil
 Region was given to Portugal because of
Treaty of Tordesillas and claimed by Brazil
in 1500
 Colonists settled coastal areas and built
huge sugar plantations
 The demand for sugar was great in
Europe and made huge profits for
Portugal

38. Spain Builds an American
Empire
 Spain’s American colonies made it the richest
and most powerful nation in the world during
the 1500’s
 Spain built a powerful navy and army to control
and protect their empire
 By the end of the 1500’s Spain pushed into
what is now the US
 1540-1541 Francisco Coronado explored the
Southwest in search of a city of gold, did not
find any
 Catholic priests followed the conquistadors to
convert natives
 Priests used to explore and colonize North
America
 Catholic priests set up missions across the
Southwest and California where towns grew up
around them (Santa Fe, San Diego, San
Francisco)

39. Spain Builds an American
Empire
Opposition to Spanish Rule
 Spanish priests pushed for better treatment of
Native Americans
 Criticized harsh treatment of native Americans
under the encomendia system
 1542 Spanish government ended encomendia
system and began to use African slaves for
labor
 Native Americans began to resist Spanish
colonizers as well
 Spanish burned sacred Native American
objects, banned Indian religious practices and
built Catholic churches on top of Indian
religious centers
 1680 Pope, a Native American ruler led a
rebellion against Spanish rule and pushed
them back into New Spain
 It took the Spanish 12 years to take the area

40. Europeans Settle North
America
Section 2

41. Europeans Settle North
America
 Other European nations
wanted to obtain valuable
colonies in the Americas
 By the early 1500’s England,
the Dutch and French began
to obtain colonies in North
America
 Wanted to find a more direct
route to Asia through fabled
“Northwest Passage”
 Countries did not find route
but stayed and established

42. Europeans Settle North
America
New France
 French explorers discover what
is today New York harbor, St.
Lawrence River
 1608- Samuel de Champlain
took colonists and established
Quebec the base of France’s
New World empire, known as
New France
 1673 French explorers
Marquette (priest) and Joliet
(fur trade and trapper) explored
the Great Lakes and the
Mississippi River
 1683 LaSalle another
Frenchman claimed the entire

43. Europeans Settle North
America
 By the early 1700’s New France covered much
of what is now the Midwestern US and eastern
Canada
 Empire was immense but sparsely populated
 Catholic priests came to convert Native
Americans
 The main economic activity was the fur trade not
settlement and occupying territory

44. Europeans Settle North
America
English Arrive in North
America
 1607 first permanent English
settlement in Jamestown,
Virginia
 They came looking for gold
 Life was hard 6 out of 10
colonists died of disease,
hunger or Indian attack in the
first few years
 Outlook improved greatly after
the “discovery” of tobacco as
a cash crop

45. Europeans Settle North
America
 1620 group known as Pilgrims settle a second
English colony in Plymouth, Mass.
 1630’s Puritans a second English group
settled in Mass.
 Both groups came for the religious freedom
the colonies would provide
 Both colonies grew rapidly because of the
number of families that came to the colonies,
unlike Jamestown that was settled by a mostly
single, male population

46. Europeans Settle North
America
The Dutch found New Netherland
 Dutch founded colonies in region
along the Hudson River and
Manhattan Island (now known as
New York)
 Built trading posts and formed the
Dutch West India Company
 Colony in North America known as
New Netherland
 Opened to a variety of settlers
Germans, French, Scandinavians
Colonizing the Caribbean
 On the islands of the Caribbean
European countries built huge sugar
and cotton plantations
 Used African slaves for labor on
plantations

47. Europeans Settle North
America
The Struggle for North America
 French, English and Dutch wanted to expand their
colonies in North America and they battled each
other for colonial supremacy
 New Netherland separated England's colonies in
North America
 1664 drove the Dutch out and renamed colony New
York
England battles France
 English wanted to push further west into continent
and they were blocked by the French
 1754 dispute over land claims in the Ohio Valley
region led to a war between the two countries
 Known in North America as the French and Indian
War
 It was part of a larger conflict called the Seven
Year’s War that involved fighting in Europe, North
America, the West Indies and India
 1763 the British defeat the French and the French
gave up their holdings in North America
 Britain became the supreme power in North
America

48. Europeans Settle North
America
 European colonization brought disaster to Native Americans
 French and Dutch had a cooperative relationship with Native
Americans
 Helped with fur trapping and traded furs for European items like
guns, hatchets, mirrors, beads
 English wanted to populate colonies and they clashed with Native
Americans over issues of land and religion
 Land: Wanted to push natives off their lands to build towns and
grow crops
 Religion: English considered natives as heathens and as a threat to
their “godly” society

49. Europeans Settle North
America
 Native American and English hostility grew
 1622 Colonists in Jamestown and the Powhatan tribe
fought
 1675- One of the bloodiest colonial conflicts was
known as King Philipp's War
 Chief Metacom (King Philipp) tried to unite Native
Americans against English settlers
 After a year the colonists defeated the Indians and put
an end to Native American resistance in the English
colonies
 More destructive than European guns was disease
that devastated the population
 One effect of the loss was a severe labor shortage
across the colonies, so the colonists turned to another

50. The Atlantic Slave Trade
Section 3

51. The Atlantic Slave Trade
The Causes of African Slavery
 Slavery had existed in Africa for
centuries
 Muslim societies took prisoners of war
and made them slaves
 In Muslim culture slaves had legal rights
and could move up in society
 Europeans needed a cheap labor source
to replace Native Americans in their New
World colonies, they turned to African
slaves
1. Many had been exposed to Old World
diseases and had developed an
immunity
2. Africans had experience in farming
Less likely to escape and easier to find

52. The Atlantic Slave Trade
 Atlantic Slave Trade developed over the next three
centuries , turned into a massive enterprise
 Over that time 9.5 million Africans had been sent to the
Americas
 Spanish imported Africans to their plantations and gold and
silver mines
 Portuguese imported over 40% of the slaves to the Americas
 Used on their Brazilian sugar plantations

53. The Atlantic Slave Trade
 As Europeans established colonies their
demand for cheap labor grew
 From the late 1600’s to 1807 the English
were the largest carriers of slaves to the
New World
 400,000 slaves were brought to Britain's
North American colonies
 African rulers cooperated with European
slave traders
 European traders waited in ports on the
coast of Africa and waited for Africans to
bring enslaved peoples to them
 They were exchanged for gold, silver,
guns and other manufactured goods
 Some African rulers were opposed to
this slave trade

54. The Atlantic Slave Trade
Triangular Trade Network
 Africans slaves were part of
a trade network that:
A. Europeans transported
manufactured goods to the
African coast
B. Africans were transported
across the Atlantic to the
Caribbean Islands, South
America or the English
colonies
C. Merchants purchased
goods (sugar, rice, tobacco,
rum, coffee)for slaves and
took them back to Europe
to be sold

55. The Atlantic Slave Trade
 Voyage that brought
slaves to the New
World called the
“middle passage”
 Cruelty, sickness and
death characterized
journey
 Slave traders packed
Africans into ships
 Almost 20% died on the
trip across the ocean

56. The Atlantic Slave Trade
Slavery in the Americas
 Slaves auctioned off to the
highest bidder
 Worked long days and
sometimes suffered brutal
treatment
 Developed a way of life
based on cultural heritage,
kept alive music, stories and
religion of ancestors
 Slaves found ways to resist,
did not work as hard or ran
away or revolted

57. The Atlantic Slave Trade
 Had a profound impact on Americas and Africa
Africa
1. Many African culture lost generations of their fittest
members (young and able) to the slave trade
2. Families were torn apart
3. The slave trade introduced guns to the continent of Africa
The Americas/ New World
1. Slave contributed to the growth of the Americas through
their labor and their expertise in agriculture
2. They brought their culture (music, art, food, religion) and it
became mixed with the cultures of the New World
3. Many nations today have mixed race populations and
significant African- American populations

58. The Columbian Exchange and Global
Trade
Section4

59. The Columbian Exchange and Global
Trade
 Colonization of the Americas caused voluntary and involuntary
migration of people and the introduction of goods from each
continent
 Exchange resulted in new business and trade practices in Europe
 Columbian Exchange- global transfer of foods, plants and
animals during the colonization of the Americas
 Ships brought back items to Europe never seen before, many
became food sources for the Europeans
 Two most important were potatoes and corn
 Both were inexpensive to grow and supplied nutrition
 Both played a significant role in boosting the world’s population
 Europeans introduced: livestock animals to the Americas (cows,
sheep, pigs, horses), foods from Africa were introduced (bananas,
peas, yams), grains from Europe (wheat, rice)
 Disease was part of the Columbian exchange

61. The Columbian Exchange and Global
Trade
Global Trade
 Europe opened up the Atlantic world and caused a
blending of three distinct cultures
 New wealth and overseas trade led to new business
practices
 Growth of capitalism (an economic system based on
private ownership and owned to make a profit)
 No longer were governments the sole owners of great wealth
 Many merchants gained wealth and used money to invest in
other enterprises and businesses flourished
 Increase in gold and silver from New World led to an increase
in the money supply and things began to cost more for
average Europeans

62. The Columbian Exchange and Global
Trade
 Another type of business venture was the joint stock
company
 Investors purchased shares of stock in a company to
combine wealth for a common purpose
 During 1500 and 1600’s common purpose was to colonize
the Americas
 Took large amounts of money to establish and build colonies
 Colonies were risky investments and if many people invested
they only risked a small loss
 A joint stock company was responsible for establishing
Jamestown

63. The Columbian Exchange and Global
Trade
The Growth of Mercantilism
 Mercantilism was a new economic policy adopted by
European countries at this time
 Countries power depended on its wealth, allowed
countries to purchase goods and develop strong
navies for trade
 Goal was to attain as much wealth as possible
 Nation could increase its wealth in two ways:
 Obtain as much gold and silver as possible
 Establish a favorable balance of trade by selling more that
they purchased
 Ultimate goal was to not depend on other countries for
goods so they had to establish colonies to provide
what they did not have
 Colonies also provided a market for good to be sold

64. The Columbian Exchange and Global
Trade
Economic Revolution Changes European
Society
1. Spurred the growth of towns
2. Led to the rise of a merchant class who
controlled great wealth
3. Led to the creation of nations and helped
expand the power of European monarchs
4. Majority of Europeans remained poor