this is the presentation of the topic working of institutions from class 9 civics.

1. Class 9 Civics Working of
Institution

2. Democracy is an form of government in
which rulers ae elected by government.
Rulers too have some limitations. These
limitations are mentioned in
constitution.

3. A Government Order
• In 13th 1990 August an
office memorandum was
issued. Office
Memorandum is an official
order.
• Like all government orders
it too had a date “O.M.
No.36012/31.90 – Est (SCT)
dated as 13.8.1990
• The joint secretary
signature bright inside the

4. • According to this order, the
Civil jobs was 27%
reserved for Socially and
Economically backward
Classes (SEBC).
• Already there was special
reservation for SC and ST.
• Some peoples agreed while
some rejected and started
protesting across the
country.
WHAT WAS IN THE ORDER?

5. Who are those decision makers?
President :
• President is the head of the state. President is
the highest formal authority of the country.
Prime Minister:
• Prime minister is head of the government. All
the major decisions are taken in the name of
him.
Parliament:
• Parliament contains two houses Lok sabha and
Rajya Sabha.

6. • Government of India appointed Second Backward Classes
Commission on 1979 headed by B.P Mandal.
• Popularly called as Mandal’s commission. Their job was to find the
backward classes and recommend some steps to advancement in
their livelihood.
• They submitted the report on 1980 with 27% quota.

7. • Many Parties kept demanding the
Mandal’s recommendation.
• In 1989 Lok Sabha election came up.
Janta Dal party headed by V.P Singh
told that if they came as winners
they will implement.
• V.P Singh won and become Prime
minister.

8. On August 6 1990, the Union government took
steps to implement the recommendation.
• The next day the Prime minister informed about
implementation to both houses in the form of
statement.
• For the next few months this was the hot theme
to debate.

9. • Some people felt that
inequalities can be cleared
by job reservations.
• Others felt that the jobs will
not be received for the
normal people.

10. Who resolved this Dispute?
• Supreme court and high courts treats
with disputes raised against
government.
• People and organization felt wrong
cased 1000’s of files in court.
Supreme court filed it into 1 file and
named it as “ Indira Sawney VS union
government”
• Judges heard argument from both the
sides and approved the quota in 1992
but demanded some changes in quota

11. Need for political Institutions:-
 Government ensure
security of citizens.
 It collected taxes.
 Implements several
welfare schemes.

12. Role of Institutions:-
• Working with
institutions is not easy
• Involves several rules.
• It involves meetings,
committees, routine
• One might think that
one can take decisions
• Make delays.

13. Parliament of India

14. 1. Parliament is the final
authority for making laws.
2. Control over government .
3. Controls money that
government have.
4. Highest forum of discussion
and public issues and
national policy.

15. TWO HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT:-
• Our parliament contains two
houses called as Rajya sabha and
Lok sabha.

16. LOK SABHA VS RAJYA SABHA

17. POLITICAL EXECUTIVE
• There are two types of
executive Political and
permeant executive.
• People who work for long
term appointment basis is
called as permeant executive
• People who work for certain
time is called as political
executive..

18. PRIME MINISTER AND COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
• Prime minister is the most
powerful political institution.
• Prime minister is been
elected by president as per
the majority of Lok Sabha.
• He continues his tenure as
far as he remains as leader
of majority party.

19. 1)Cabinet Ministers:-
• Cabinets ministers are people usually top ministers of ruling
party. It comprises about 25 ministers.
2) Ministers of States with Independent Charge:-
• Usually charge of smaller ministries. Participate in cabinet
meetings when they are specially invited.
3) Ministers of State

20. Powers of Prime minister:
He chairs cabinet meetings.
He coordinates work of different
ministries.
His decisions are final if any disputes
raised between ministries.
General supervision.
Power to dismiss ministers.
When PM quits entire ministry quits

21. COALTION POLITICS
• Ministers of coalition government
cannot take decisions on his own.
• He has to discuss with the factions and
parts of his party.

22. THE PRESIDENT
• President is the head of the state.
• Functions of a president are ceremonial.
• Supervises all the political institutions in
India.
• All major appointment are made in the
name of him.
• All international treaties and agreements ae
made in name him

23. • A bill becomes a law
after the signature of
president.
• If no party gets
majority in Lok Sabha
he can exercise his
power.

24. THE JUDICIARY
• All the courts in the country
are put together and called as
Judiciary.
• India has an integrated
judiciary.

25. • Judiciary solves disputes
between
Citizens and country
Between citizens and
government.
Between two or more states.
Between government on
union level and state level.

26. • Judges do not act according to
the direction of government.
• Judges of supreme court and high
court are appointed by president.
• Senior most judges of supreme
court are appointed by chief
justice.