Civics Class 9 NCERT

1. WORKING OF
INSTITUTIONS
WORKING OF
INSTITUTIONS
CIVICS CHAPTER-4
CIVICS CHAPTER-4

2. INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
In a democracy the rulers have to follow some rules and
procedures.
They have to work with and within institutions.
The basic objective here is to understand how all the
institutions together carry on the work of government.
In this process we come across three institutions that play a
major role in taking decisions- legislature, executive and
judiciary.
In a democracy the rulers have to follow some rules and
procedures.
They have to work with and within institutions.
The basic objective here is to understand how all the
institutions together carry on the work of government.
In this process we come across three institutions that play a
major role in taking decisions- legislature, executive and
judiciary.

3. Governmen
t Order
Governmen
t Order
 On August 13, 1990, the Government
of India issued an order which was
called as Office Memorandum.
 It was a short page. But it was very
important and became a topic for
argument for many years.
 This Order announced a major policy
decision that 27% of the jobs in the
civil posts and services under the
Government are reserved for the
Socially and Educationally Backward Classes
(SEBC).
 Only the people belonging to SEBC can
get these jobs. Other caste people
cannot get these jobs.
 On August 13, 1990, the Government
of India issued an order which was
called as Office Memorandum.
 It was a short page. But it was very
important and became a topic for
argument for many years.
 This Order announced a major policy
decision that 27% of the jobs in the
civil posts and services under the
Government are reserved for the
Socially and Educationally Backward Classes
(SEBC).
 Only the people belonging to SEBC can
get these jobs. Other caste people
cannot get these jobs.

4. Government’s Order Sheet on 13.08.1990
Government’s Order Sheet on 13.08.1990

5. Decision Makers
Decision Makers
 The Government of India appointed Second Backward
Classes commission in 1979.
 It was headed by B.P Mandal and called as Mandal
commission.
 The commission gave its report in 1980 and gave many
recommendations like 27% of government jobs for SEBC.
 These recommendations were discussed in the parliament
and for several years many parliamentarians and parties
demanded for their implementation.
 Then Lok Sabha elections arrived in 1989.

6. Lok Sabha Election in 1989
Lok Sabha Election in 1989
 In the Lok Sabha election manifesto, the Janata Dal
promised to implement the recommendations of Mandal
Commissions only if it is in power.
 Leader of Janata Dal V.P Singh became the Prime Minister
after the Lok Sabha elections.
 The President of India announced to implement the
recommendations of Mandal commission.
 On 6 August 1990, the Union Cabinet took decision to
implement the recommendations.
 On 13 August 1990, this order was signed on behalf of
Union Government.

7. People’s Protests
People’s Protests
o Newspapers and magazines were full of different views and opinions on this
issue.
o This led to widespread protests and counter-protests which were violent.
o Some persons and associations opposed to this order and filed cases in the
Court. The people were thinking this order as invalid.
o The Supreme Court bunched these cases together. This case was known as
Indira Sawhney VS Union of India Cases.
o The Supreme Court judges in 1992 declared the order as valid. And the Supreme
Court asked the Government to modify the order.
o Newspapers and magazines were full of different views and opinions on this
issue.
o This led to widespread protests and counter-protests which were violent.
o Some persons and associations opposed to this order and filed cases in the
Court. The people were thinking this order as invalid.
o The Supreme Court bunched these cases together. This case was known as
Indira Sawhney VS Union of India Cases.
o The Supreme Court judges in 1992 declared the order as valid. And the Supreme
Court asked the Government to modify the order.

8. Modification of the Order
Modification of the Order
• The Supreme Court asked the Government to modify the order.
• It said that well-to-do persons among the SEBC should be excluded from
getting the benefit of the reservations.
• According to this, they have another Office Memorandum on 8 September
1993.
• The discussion came to an end and this policy has been followed since then.
• The Supreme Court asked the Government to modify the order.
• It said that well-to-do persons among the SEBC should be excluded from
getting the benefit of the reservations.
• According to this, they have another Office Memorandum on 8 September
1993.
• The discussion came to an end and this policy has been followed since then.

9. Government’s Order Sheet on 08.09.1993
Government’s Order Sheet on 08.09.1993

10. Institutions
Institutions
 The arrangements which are made in modern democracies to
run the government are known as Institutions.
 A democracy works well when the institutions perform
functions assigned to them.
 The Constitution of a country lays down rules on the power
and functions of each institutions.
 Institution involves rules and regulations. They involve
meetings and committees also.
 This often leads to delays and complications.
 Institutions make it difficult to have a good decision.

11. Examples of Institutions
Examples of Institutions

12. Parliament
Parliament
• A Parliament is a national assembly of elected representatives.
• At the state level it is known as Legislature.
• It exercises political authority on behalf of the people.
• Parliament is the final authority for making laws.
• Parliaments all over the world can make new laws and change the existing laws.
• Parliaments exercise some control over those who run the Government and it
also controls the government’s money.
• Parliament is the highest assembly of discussion and debate on public issues.
• A Parliament is a national assembly of elected representatives.
• At the state level it is known as Legislature.
• It exercises political authority on behalf of the people.
• Parliament is the final authority for making laws.
• Parliaments all over the world can make new laws and change the existing laws.
• Parliaments exercise some control over those who run the Government and it
also controls the government’s money.
• Parliament is the highest assembly of discussion and debate on public issues.

13. Houses of Parliament
Houses of Parliament
Parliament
Rajya
Sabha
Lok
Sabha

14. Which is Powerful ?
Which is Powerful ?
 Our Constitution gives Rajya Sabha some special powers
over the states. But mostly, the Lok Sabha exercises supreme
power.
 An ordinary law needs to be passed by both the houses but
if it doesn’t happen, they need to take final decision in a
joint session where Lok Sabha have more domination due
to its members.
 Lok Sabha exercises more powers in money matters and
Rajya Sabha cannot reject its laws on budget matters.
 Rajya Sabha can only delay it by 14 days.
 Lok Sabha controls council of ministers.

15. No Confidence Motion
No Confidence Motion
o A No-Confidence Motion is a parliamentary floor
test that demonstrates to the ruling government
that the elected parliament no longer has
confidence in them.
o Every member of Lok Sabha have right to move a
no confidence motion.
o First ever no confidence motion was moved in the
year 1963.
o Indira Gandhi govt had faced maximum number of
no confidence motion.

16. Difference Between Lok Sabha &
Rajya Sabha
Difference Between Lok Sabha &
Rajya Sabha
Lok Sabha
Lok Sabha
• Lower House of the Parliament
• Maximum strength is 552 members
• Prime Minister is the leader of Lok Sabha
• Lok Sabha operates for 5 years
• To become a member of Lok Sabha, The
qualifying age is 25
• Lok Sabha can exercise money bills
• Lok Sabha can pass NO Confidence motion
against the Government
• Lower House of the Parliament
• Maximum strength is 552 members
• Prime Minister is the leader of Lok Sabha
• Lok Sabha operates for 5 years
• To become a member of Lok Sabha, The
qualifying age is 25
• Lok Sabha can exercise money bills
• Lok Sabha can pass NO Confidence motion
against the Government
Rajya Sabha
Rajya Sabha
• Upper House of the Parliament
• Maximum strength is 250 members
• Vice President is the chairman of Rajya Sabha
• Rajya Sabha is a permanent body
• To become a member of Rajya Sabha, The
qualifying age is 30
• Rajya Sabha cannot exercise the money bills
• Rajya Sabha can’t pass NO Confidence motion
against the Government
• Upper House of the Parliament
• Maximum strength is 250 members
• Vice President is the chairman of Rajya Sabha
• Rajya Sabha is a permanent body
• To become a member of Rajya Sabha, The
qualifying age is 30
• Rajya Sabha cannot exercise the money bills
• Rajya Sabha can’t pass NO Confidence motion
against the Government

17. Classification of Institutions
Classification of Institutions
Institutions
Legislatur
e
Executive Judiciary

18. Legislature
Legislature
• An assembly of people’s
representatives with power to enact
laws for a country is known as
Legislature.
• There is a Legislative Assembly for
every state.
• Legislatures also have authority to raise
taxes and adopt the budget and other
money bills.

19. Executive
Executive
• A body of persons having authority to initiate major policies,
make decisions and implement them on the basis of the
Constitution and laws of country is known as Executive.
• The Executive executes and enforces laws which is written by
Legislature.
• In a democratic country, two categories make up the Executive.
They are : Political Executive & Permanent Executive.
• A body of persons having authority to initiate major policies,
make decisions and implement them on the basis of the
Constitution and laws of country is known as Executive.
• The Executive executes and enforces laws which is written by
Legislature.
• In a democratic country, two categories make up the Executive.
They are : Political Executive & Permanent Executive.

20. Dif f
erences Between Political Executive &
Permanent Executive
Dif f
erences Between Political Executive &
Permanent Executive
Political Executive
Political Executive
• Executives who are elected by the people for a
specific period are called Political Executives
• They remain in the office only so long as they
command the confidence of the majority
members of the parliament
• They are answerable to people for all the effects
of their decisions
• They are more powerful. They take all the final
decisions
• Example : Political leaders like the Prime
Minister, Council of Ministers
• Executives who are elected by the people for a
specific period are called Political Executives
• They remain in the office only so long as they
command the confidence of the majority
members of the parliament
• They are answerable to people for all the effects
of their decisions
• They are more powerful. They take all the final
decisions
• Example : Political leaders like the Prime
Minister, Council of Ministers
Permanent Executive
Permanent Executive
• The Permanent Executives are salaried with civil
servants who are appointed on a long term
• They remain in the office even when the ruling
party changes. Their tenure of the office is fixed
• They are not answerable to the people
• They are less powerful. They do not take
decisions. Instead, they assist political executives
in carrying out day - to – day administration
• Persons working in civil services Example : IAS,
IPS & IFS
• The Permanent Executives are salaried with civil
servants who are appointed on a long term
• They remain in the office even when the ruling
party changes. Their tenure of the office is fixed
• They are not answerable to the people
• They are less powerful. They do not take
decisions. Instead, they assist political executives
in carrying out day - to – day administration
• Persons working in civil services Example : IAS,
IPS & IFS

21. Prime Minister of India
Prime Minister of India
 Prime Minister is the most important political executive in the
country.
 The President appoints the Prime Minister.
 The Prime Minister does not have a fixed tenure. A Prime
Minister has wide ranging powers.
 The Prime Minister chairs Cabinet meetings and coordinates
the work of different Departments.
 The Prime Minister exercises general supervision of different
ministries.
 The Prime Minister also has the power to dismiss the ministers.
 When the Prime Minister quits, the entire ministry quits.

22. Council of Ministers
Council of Ministers
Council of Ministers is the official name for the body that includes
all the Ministers. It has 60 to 80 ministers of different ranks.
 Cabinet Ministers are usually top level of the ruling party.
Cabinet is the inner ring of the council of ministers. It
comprises of 25 members.
 Ministers of State with independent charge are usually in
charge of smaller ministries. They enter into cabinet meetings
only when specially invited.
 Ministers of State are attached to and required to assist Cabinet
Ministers.

23. President
President
The President is the head of the state.
The President is not elected directly by the
people.
The elected MPs & MLAs elect the President.
All governmental activities take place in the name
of the President.
All major appointments are made in the name of
President.
President is the supreme commander of the
defence forces of India.

24. Judiciary
Judiciary
• All the courts at different levels in a country put together are called
the Judiciary.
• The judiciary consists of a Supreme Court for the entire nation, High
Court in the state, District Courts and the courts at local level.
• The supreme court controls the judicial administration in the
country.
• Independence of judiciary means that is not under the control of
legislature and executive.
• All the courts at different levels in a country put together are called
the Judiciary.
• The judiciary consists of a Supreme Court for the entire nation, High
Court in the state, District Courts and the courts at local level.
• The supreme court controls the judicial administration in the
country.
• Independence of judiciary means that is not under the control of
legislature and executive.

25. THANK YOU