This document provides an overview of key political institutions in India and how they function. It discusses that institutions take decisions, make rules and regulations to administer the government. Major policy decisions are taken by the prime minister and their cabinet and implemented by civil servants. If disputes arise, the supreme court settles them. The parliament, consisting of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, enacts laws, controls finances, and debates issues. The prime minister and council of ministers form the executive branch and administer policies, while the president supervises overall functions. The judiciary, led by the supreme court, interprets laws and settles disputes.

1. N A M E - A B H R A PA W A N S H A R M A C L A S S - 9 H
R O L L N O - 4
WORKING OF
INSTITUTIONS

2. WHAT ARE INSTITUTIONS
The arrangements which are made in modern
democracies to run the government.
Institutions take decisions and make rules and
regulations for proper administration.
The institution not only take decisions but they also
implement them to get the required purposes.
They provide an opportunity to wider set of people to be
consulted to reach at any decisions.

3. HOW IS A MAJOR POLICY DECISION
TAKEN
• The basic functions and powers of every institution are
laid down by the constitution of the country.
• The institutions which takes decision is the prime
minister and his cabinet.
• The decisions taken by them are implemented by civil
servants.
• If any disputes rises between government and people
then it is supreme court who finally settles this dispute.

4. WHY DO WE NEED POLITICAL
INSTITUTIONS
• To take decisions regarding the welfare of people.
• They formulate various policies and welfare schemes.
• To solve disputes between people and government.
• To collect tax and to maintain administration.

5. PARLIAMENT. WHAT IS PARLIAMENT?
• It is a national assembly of elected representatives of the
people.
• The parliament has the authority of enacting laws. It can
add new laws or change or abolish existing laws.
• National policies and important public issues are
discussed and debated in the parliament.
• It consists of office of the president of India.
• The parliament can have 802 members.

6. FUNCTIONS OF PARLIAMENT
• Parliament makes new laws, change the existing laws
also abolish some and make new one in place of them.
• Those who run the government can take decisions only
so long as they enjoy the support of parliament.
• Parliament controls all the money that government have.
• It is the highest forum of discussion and debate on public
issues and national policy in any country.

7. HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT
House of people( lok Sabha )
• Members of lok Sabha are
directly elected by voters
• The period of lok Sabha is 5
years.
• It has 552 members.
• It grants the money for
running the administration
of the country.
• It is more powerful than
rajya Sabha.
Council of states(Rajya Sabha)
• Members of rajya Sabha are
elected by the elected
members of state legislative
assembly.
• It is permanent body, one third
of its members retire every two
years
• It has 250 members
• It does not have much power
to exercise money bills
• It is less power full than lok
Sabha.

8. TYPES OF EXECUTIVES
Political executives
• The ministers are known as
political executives.
• They are elected by the
electorate as per the
mandate of the people.
• They serve for 5 years and
then again go for seeking
mandate
• The political executives are
directly accountable to the
people.
Permanent executives
• The civil servants are the
permanent executives.
• They are selected on the
basis of merit as per the
examination taken by
UPSC.
• They serve till their
retirement age
• They are not accountable
directly to people but to
political executives

9. PRIME MINISTER
• Prime minister is the most important political institution in
the country.
• President appoints prime minister.
• President appoints the leader of the major party or
coalition of parties that commands majority in lok Sabha
as prime minister.
• The prime minister does not have a fixed tenure, he
continues in power so long as he remains the leader of
the majority party or coalition.

10. COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
• Council of the ministers is the official name given to body
that includes all the ministers. It usually has 60 to 80
ministers of different ranks.
Cabinet ministers- They are usually the top level leaders
of the ruling party or parties who are in charge of major
ministries
Ministers of state with independent charge- they are in
charge of small ministries. They participate in cabinet
meetings only when invited.
Ministers of state- they are attached to and required to
assist cabinet ministers.

11. THE PRESIDENT
• The president is the head of the state.
• In our political system the head of state exercise only
nominal powers.
• In India the president supervises the overall functioning
of all the political institutions in the country.
• The president is not directly elected by the people.
• The elected members of parliament(MP’s) and elected
members of legislative assemblies (MLA’s) elect him.

12. THE JUDICIARY
• Judiciary is the branch of government which administers
justice according to the law.
• They are responsible for interpreting and applying a country
laws in particular cases.
• They also have the power to strike down laws that deems
unconstitutional.
• Judiciary system consists of judges and other magistrates.
They form the bench or the core of the judiciary system.
• Judicial system of India consists of
SUPREME COURT
HIGH COURT
DISTRICT COURT

13. THANKS