Wolsey downfall
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Cardinal Wolsey, the powerful favorite of King Henry VIII, fell from power due to a combination of factors: - Wolsey's efforts to obtain an annulment of Henry's marriage to Katherine of Aragon in order to allow Henry to marry Anne Boleyn failed, angering Henry. - Wolsey had also made enemies among the nobility through his close relationship with the king and dominance of government. - When the opportunity arose for Wolsey's opponents, including the Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk and Anne Boleyn, to bring him down over the divorce issue, they seized upon it, weakening Wolsey's position and ultimately causing his arrest and death.
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1) Bruce showed strong leadership skills and boldness in crowning himself King of Scotland, which helped gain more support.
2) Bruce benefited from good luck, such as the death of the powerful English King Edward I.
3) The threat of war with France distracted and weakened English forces, giving the Scots advantages.
4) English overconfidence and poor military decisions, such as by the incompetent King Edward II, contributed to their failures against Bruce and the Scots.
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The Reformation occurred in the 16th century and resulted in the Christian Church splitting into Catholic and Protestant denominations. Martin Luther protested corrupt practices in the Catholic Church like selling indulgences and instead advocated justification by faith alone without good deeds. Luther posted his 95 Theses criticizing indulgences, and his ideas spread, leading other reformers like John Calvin and Henry VIII of England to establish new Protestant churches that rejected the Pope's authority. The split caused religious conflicts but eventually peace agreements divided Western Christianity between Catholic and Protestant branches.
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1) Henry VIII wanted an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he could marry Anne Boleyn since Catherine had only produced a daughter and no male heir. 2) The Pope refused to grant the annulment since it went against Catholic doctrine. 3) This led Henry to break with Rome and declare himself Supreme Head of the Church of England through the Acts of Supremacy and Succession of 1534.
King Henry VIII
King Henry VIII ruled England from 1509 to 1547. He had six wives and was obsessed with having a male heir. His first wife was Catherine of Aragon, who he divorced after she only gave birth to a daughter, Mary. His second wife Anne Boleyn also only had a daughter, Elizabeth I. His third wife Jane Seymour finally gave birth to a son, Edward VI, but she died soon after from complications. Henry's subsequent wives, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard and Catherine Parr, did not provide any children who survived to adulthood. Henry established himself as head of the Church of England to allow his divorce from Catherine. By the time of his death, Henry had significantly centralized power in England
Henry the VIII
Henry VIII had six wives over his lifetime as King of England. His first wife was Catherine of Aragon, who gave birth to only one surviving child, Mary. Henry sought to divorce Catherine to marry Anne Boleyn, leading to a split from the Catholic Church. Anne Boleyn was executed for treason after failing to produce a male heir. Henry went on to marry Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, and finally Catherine Parr, who outlived him. Through his six marriages Henry had three children who eventually ruled as monarchs - Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I.
Henry VIII
Henry VIII ruled England from 1509 to 1547. He married six times in order to have a male heir but only one of his marriages, to Jane Seymour, produced a son who survived infancy. Dissatisfied with his first marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which did not produce a living son, Henry broke with the Catholic Church to annul the marriage so he could remarry. This led him to establish himself as head of the new Church of England.
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Henry VIII ruled England from 1509 to 1547. He had six wives and broke with the Catholic Church in 1534 over his divorce from Catherine of Aragon. His son, Edward VI, became King at age 9 upon Henry's death in 1547. Edward's reign was marked by Protestant reforms but much of his rule was conducted through regents due to his young age. He attempted to exclude his Catholic half-sisters Mary and Elizabeth from the succession, instead naming Lady Jane Grey as his heir, but Mary assumed the throne after his death at age 15 in 1553.
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1) Henry VIII sought to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon because he wanted to marry Anne Boleyn and believed his marriage to Catherine was invalid as she had previously been married to his brother.
2) Henry had difficulties gaining an annulment through Rome because the Pope was under pressure from Emperor Charles V, who was Catherine's nephew.
3) The failure of Cardinal Wolsey to secure an annulment through the papal court led to his fall from power and replacement by reformers like Cromwell who pursued an "English" solution instead of going through Rome.
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Wolsey downfall
- 1. Why did the all-powerful Cardinal Wolsey fall from power?
- 2. • Traditional • Wolsey unpopular royal favourite manipulating Henry VIII • Wolsey fighting and plotting to maintain his position • Long term anti Wolsey conspiracy seized it opportunity • Divorce crisis 1528-9 • Revisionist • No deliberate antagonising of nobles • Short-term opportunist faction saw chance to get rid of him • Due to the King’s Great Matter • And boost their own careers at court • Led by dukes of Suffolk and Norfolk
- 3. • Henry VIII’s government increasingly unpopular 1527-29: Why? • Foreign policy • Wolsey’s alliance with France 1527 unpopular with nobility • Aims: break Habsburg control in northern Italy encourage HRE Charles V into negotiations over Henry VIII’s marriage • Charles V was Katherine of Aragon’s nephew • Soon after alliance, Charles V’s men sacked Rome • Henry VIII now in weak position • Over divorce • Trade with Low Countries disrupted • And an unpopular alliance
- 5. • What do you already know about Wolsey’s relationship with the nobility? • How did events of: • 1525 • 1526 • 1527 worsen it? • Court faction developed against Wolsey: • ‘Wolsey may have paid lip service to conciliar government, but his close relationship with the King created envy and no little resentment.’
- 6. • Wolsey hated by Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk BUT… • Long-term noble conspiracy unlikely • Pointless when Henry trusted Wolsey so much • Anne Boleyn: Henry besotted • Anne: reasons for revenge against Wolsey? • Previous engagement? Unlikely – better offer • Eltham Ordinances 1526? • Brother George Boleyn fell victim • Duke of Norfolk was Anne’s uncle • Anne: ideal way to gain influence with King at Wolsey’s expense once Great Matter went wrong
- 7. • Timeline: 1526-1529 • 1526: just after Amicable Grant and around time of Eltham Ordinances • Henry believed Wolsey’s high ecclesiastical rank would enable annulment of his marriage to Katherine of Aragon • But papal confirmation required • Wolsey decided to challenge Pope Julius II’s dispensation for Katherine of Aragon to marry Henry VIII on technicality • Challenge: marriage to Arthur consummated therefore in eyes of Church Henry and Katherine • Problem: Katherine of Aragon swore the marriage to Arthur never consummated and appealed to Rome
- 8. • May 1527: Wolsey hoped to use legatine power to annul marriage in England after receiving confirmation from Clement VII • But Charles V’s men sacked Rome • Effectively making Pope Clement the HRE’s prisoner • Wolsey’s plan to press ahead in Avignon without Pope failed • Especially after Pope released December 1527 • New plan: get Pope to agree Wolsey could settle matter in England • But Clement still unwilling to offend HRE Charles V • Tried to find compromise
- 9. • Clement VII sent Campeggio to England with necessary powers to annul marriage • Privately told him not to sue them and to delay proceedings • March 1529 court hearing annulment issue at Blackfriars • Katherine of Aragon swore marriage to Arthur never consummated and appealed directly to Pope • 23rd July Campeggio adjourned court • Clear case would never be heard / agreed in England • 9th October Wolsey charged with Praemunire • November 1529 Parliament called • Would become the Reformation Parliament
- 10. • Charge of Praemunire marked beginning of end • Arrested and died on 24th November 1530 at Leicester en route to prison to face charges of treason • Anne Boleyn believed Wolsey delaying on purpose • By end of 1528 clear she was very important to King • King increasingly anxious to divorce Katherine of Aragon • Parliament passed anti-clerical Acts • Designed to warn pope that England had independent traditions where Church concerned • Wolsey’s fall from power reinforced this • Although had been made cardinal at Henry’s request • Pope still wary of upsetting Charles V
- 11. • “Had I but served God as diligently as I have served the King, He would not have given me over in my grey hairs … For I assure you I have often kneeled before him in privy chamber on my knees the space of an hour or two to persuade him from his will and appetite; but I could never bring to pass to dissuade him therefrom. Therefore, Master Kingston, if it chance hereafter you to be one of his privy council, warn you to be well advised and assured what matter ye put in his head; for ye shall never pull it out again.”