Mary I, aka Bloody Mary, and her queenship. Marriage to Philipnof Spain. The start of joint stock companies and their role in international trade and exploration.

1. ReignofMary (1553-58)
Anthonis Mor
1554, Prado
After Mor
Royal Coll.

2. La Peregrina- The “pilgrim” or “wanderer”
(African slave to English Queen to African Queen (Cleopatra))
• Found by an African slave in Panama
• Given by Philip to Mary in anticipation of his
marriage.
• Returned to Spain.
• Taken by Joseph Bonaparte to France.
• Came to future Napoleon III.
• Sold in England.
• Auctioned by Sotheby’s and bought by Richard
Burton for Elizabeth Taylor.
• Auctioned by Christies for $11.8 million

3. Job of a Queen
• Male successor
• Reestablish the Church
• Foreign policy and domestic economy

4. Evaluation of the Reign
• “Bloody” deserved?
• Over obedient to foreign husband?
• Accomplishments?

5. Education of a Queen or Queen Consort
Designed by Vives at the behest of Catherine
State and society: Erasmus Institutio Christiani
Principis, Plato’s Dialogues and Thomas More’s
Utopia
History: Plutarch, Justinus and Valerius Maximus
Collect stories and phrases for conversation
Marriage: Erasmus Christani matrimonii Instituti

6. Education of “Princess of Wales”
1525 Giles Duwes French grammar with
examples of forming of alliances and signing
peace treaties
1527 Isolation
from court
Ludlow Castle, Shropshire

7. Palace of Beaulieu

8. Palace of Beaulieu
1491 Granted to earl of Ormond as New Hall
1516 Sold by Thomas Boleyn to Henry VIII for
£1,000
Palace rebuilt at cost of £17,000
1533 taken from Mary to give to George Boleyn
1537 use given to Mary; willed to her in 1547
Site of negotiations with the HRE ambassador
for marriage with Philip

9. Framlingham Castle, Acquiring the throne
Tudor Brickwork

10. 1551 Delegation of Edw. VI to Mary
Order: Give up the Catholic mass
Mary: She will ever bee his Majesty’s most
humble and most obedient subject
Rather than give up the mass she
would lay her head on a bloake and suffer death

11. When the King’s Majesty shall come to such
yeares that he maybe able to judge these things
himself, his Majesty will finde me ready to obey
his orders.
You should show more favour to me for my
father’s sake which made the most part of you
almost of noething.

12. Monarchy
...Be it declared...that the lawe of thys realme is,
and ever hath bene...that the kingely or regal offyce
of the realme ... being invested eyther in male or
female, are, and be, and ought to be, as fullye,
wholye, absolutelye and enteerlye demed, iudged,
accepted, invested and taken in thone as in thother
Parliament 1554
• Privy Council
• Household government - Privy Chamber
– Presents petitions
– Controls access

13. Monarchy – Privy Chamber
Henry VII – Privy Chamber for private life of the
monarch, drawn from low-born servants
Henry VIII – Privy Chamber drawn from high-
born jousting companions and other favorites
Edward VI – Privy Chamber controlled by the
Protector and then by protestants chosen by
Northumberland
Mary – Inner circle went beyond the Privy
Chamber to include loyal male favorites

14. Mary’s Inner Circle
• Catholic
• Active in organizing popular support for Mary
– Robert Rochester became Comptroller
– Edward Waldegrave, Master of the Wardrobe
– Henry Jerningham, Vice-Chamberlain
– Edward Hastings, Master of the Horse,
• Imprisoned for continuing Catholic rites in
Mary’s household during Edward’s reign
– Francis Englefield, Master of the Wards

15. Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary
To Philip of Spain; 1554

16. Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary
To Philip of Spain; 1554
Philip will have the title of King
 'all the benefits and offices, lands, revenues,
and fruits' of the realm were to remain in
Mary's hands and to be granted only to native
Englishmen.
May not remove Mary from England without
her consent or bring their children out
Neither he nor his other children would
succeed if Mary died first

17. Foreign Circle
• Simon Renard, ambassador
from Charles V
• Direct contacts by Mary
to restore relationship
with the pope
• Support for Philip in war
with Spain against advice
of household and Council

18. Heresy Laws
• 282 burnt as a
consequence
– 232 in the dioceses of
London, Canterbury,
Norwich, and Chichester
– About half these in London

19. Censorship
• Forbid printing seditious rumors, “plying of
interludes and false fond books, ballads,
rhymes and other lewd treatises”
• Henry’s English Bible remained permissible
reading with emphasis on liturgy
• In practice Protestant works remain

20. Parliament
• Restraint of trade
– Retail Trades Act (1554) protects merchants
operating in cities from outside competition
– Woollen Cloth Act (1557) protects manufacturers
operating under city or guild rules
• Confiscation of estates of exiled protestants –
rejected (1555)

21. Company of Merchant Adventurers
to New Lands
• Chartered 1551
• Founders Richard Chancellor, Hugh
Willoughby and Sebastian Cabot
• Seeks Northeast Passage

22. 1553 Merchant Adventurers Northeast Passage
• Willoughby becomes
frozen in the ice in
Lapland and crew die
• Chancellor reaches
Moscow overland from
White Sea
• Chancellor was
drowned in a later
voyage in 1556

23. Muscovy Company
Charter 1555
Export: woolens
Import: wax, whale oil,
furs, felt, yarn

24. Wheat Prices
Famines, Disease
Fisher, F. J. "Influenza and inflation in
Tudor England." The Economic history
review 18.1 (1965): 120-129.

25. Forced Loans for War
• Final account 1558 £109.269.
• £2,123 for the expenses of the operation
• £42,100 on repaying a previous loan,
• £65,000 was paid either into the Exchequer or
into the Queen’s own hands

26. Will
I Marye by the Grace of God Quene of Englond, Spayne,
France, both Sicelles, Jerusalem and Ireland, Defender of
the Faythe, Archduchesse of Austriche, Duchesse of
Burgundy, Millayne and Brabant, Countesse of Hapsburg,
Flanders and Tyroll, and lawful wife to the most noble
and virtuous Prince Philippe, . . .. Thinking myself to be
with child in lawful marriage . . . otherwise in good
helthe, yet foreseeing the great danger which by Godd's
ordynance remaine to all whomen in ther travel of
children, have thought good, both for discharge of my
conscience and continewance of good order within my
Realmes and domynions to declare my last will and
testament.

27. Codicil October, 1558
[Recognizing that there is no heir of her body she
recognizes that her dominions] must remayne,
descend, and goo unto my next heyre and
Successour, accordyng to the Lawes and Statuts of
this Realme
I praye that yt may please his Majesty to shew
hymself as a Father in his care, as a Brother or
member of this Realme in his love and favour, and
as a most assured and undowted frend in his powre
and strengthe to my said heire and Successour, and
to this my Country and the Subjects of the same,

28. Mary the Queen
• Foreign marriage increased English
xenophobia
• Worked well with a divided Council and
Parliament
• Faced bad weather and harvest
• Continued upkeep of navy and improvement
of the militia

29. Mary the Queen
• New customs rates stabilized income
• Reduced household expenses and kept grants
level
– Further disbursement of former Church lands
• Kept Church revenues for the Church over
parliamentary demands

30. Funeral
• Catholic mass
• “A queen and by the same title a king also. She
was a syster to her that by the like title and
wryght is both king and quene at this present
of this realme”
John White, bishop of Winchester

31. Mary in Death
Consorts in realm and tomb, here we sleep, Elizabeth
and Mary, sisters, in hope of resurrection.