wireless network

1. Wireless Network
Technologies

2. Wireless Network
A wireless network is a type of computer network that uses
wireless data connections between network nodes. Instead of
relying on physical wired connections, wireless networks use radio
waves or infrared signals to transmit data between devices. This
allows devices to communicate with each other and access
resources without the need for physical cables.

3. Wireless Network
Wireless networks are commonly used in various environments,
including homes, offices, public spaces, and industrial settings.
They provide flexibility, mobility, and convenience, allowing users
to connect devices such as smartphones, laptops, tablets, and IoT
devices to the network without being tethered to a specific
location.

4. Types of Wireless Network
Wireless LAN
Wireless LAN (WLAN) technology provides internet access within a building
or a limited outdoor area.
Network Layout: A modem connects to the cable or fiber from a local service
provider. A wireless router is connected to the modem and receives the
signal from the modem. The router also serves as the wireless access point
(AP), which then broadcasts using a wireless protocol, such as the 802.11
standards.

5. Types of Wireless Network
Wireless LAN - Routers
Wireless router: A wireless router uses an Ethernet cable to
connect to a modem. It distributes data by converting packets
from binary code into radio signals, then wirelessly broadcasts
them using antennae. Wireless routers do not establish LANs;
instead, they create WLANs (wireless local area networks), which
connect multiple devices using wireless communication.

6. Types of Wireless Network
Wireless LAN - Routers
Wired router: Like a wireless router, a wired router also uses an
Ethernet cable to connect to a modem. It then uses separate
cables to connect to one or more devices within the network,
create a LAN, and link the devices within that network to the
Internet.

7. Types of Wireless Network
Wireless LAN – SSID
SSID stands for "service set identifier," and it is the technical term
for the name of the network that WLAN routers broadcast. SSIDs
enable users to find and connect to the wireless network
broadcast by the router (a properly secured router should require
password entry as well)

8. Types of Wireless Network
Wireless MAN
Wireless metropolitan area networks have been installed in cities
worldwide to provide access for people outside an office or home
network.
Network Design: APs are located on the sides of buildings or on
telephone poles throughout the covered area. APs are connected
to the internet via a wired network and broadcast a wireless
signal throughout the area.

9. Types of Wireless Network
Wireless PAN
Wireless personal area networks cover a very limited area --
typically a maximum of 100 meters for most applications -- using
protocols like Bluetooth and Zigbee.
Bluetooth enables hands-free phone calls, connects a phone to
earpieces or transmits signals between smart devices. Infrared
technology is limited to line of sight, such as connecting TV
remotes to televisions.

10. Types of Wireless Network
Wireless WAN
Wireless WANs use cellular technology to provide access outside
the range of a wireless LAN or metropolitan network. These
networks enable users to make phone calls to others. WANs can
support either speech or data transfer using the same
technology. Users can also connect to the internet to access
websites or server-based applications.

11. Types of Wireless Network
Wireless WAN
Network Design: Cell towers are located nearly
everywhere within the U.S. and most other countries. A
user connection is routed to the nearest cell tower, which,
in turn, is connected either to the wired internet or to
another tower connected to wired internet.

12. Wireless Network Technologies
Infrared (IR)
Infrared wireless technology uses light waves to transmit data
between devices. It was commonly used for short-range
communication between devices such as remote controls, early
wireless mice, and keyboards.

13. Wireless Network Technologies
Bluetooth
Bluetooth technology enables short-range wireless
communication between devices, typically within a range of 10
meters. It is widely used for connecting smartphones,
headphones, speakers, and other peripherals.

14. Wireless Network Technologies
Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n)
Wi-Fi technology provides wireless connectivity to devices within
a local area network (LAN). It operates in the 2.4GHz and 5GHz
frequency bands, offering data transmission speeds ranging from
a few Mbps to hundreds of Mbps.

15. Wireless Network Technologies
Zigbee
Zigbee is a low-power, short-range wireless communication
protocol designed for low-data-rate applications such as home
automation, sensor networks, and industrial control systems.
In contrast to Wi-Fi networks used to connect endpoints to high-
speed networks, Zigbee supports much lower data rates and uses
a mesh networking protocol to avoid hub devices and create a
self-healing architecture.

16. Wireless Network Technologies
WiMAX (IEEE 802.16)
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a
wireless broadband technology that provides high-speed internet
access over a wide area. It offers greater range and higher data
rates compared to Wi-Fi.

17. Wireless Network Technologies
WiMAX (IEEE 802.16)
WiMax is a standardized wireless version of Ethernet intended
primarily as an alternative to wire technologies (such as Cable
Modems, DSL and T1/E1 links) to provide broadband access to
customer premises.

18. Wireless Network Technologies
LTE (Long-Term Evolution)
LTE is a standard for wireless broadband communication in
mobile devices and data terminals. It provides high-speed data
transmission over cellular networks, enabling services such as
video streaming, online gaming, and VoIP.

19. Wireless Network Technologies
LTE (Long-Term Evolution) - VoIP
VoIP stands for Voice over Internet Protocol. It is a technology
that enables the transmission of voice communications and
multimedia sessions over the internet or other IP networks.
Instead of using traditional telephone lines, VoIP converts voice
signals into digital data packets, which are then transmitted over
the internet using IP-based networks.

20. Wireless Network Technologies
NFC (Near Field Communication)
NFC technology enables short-range communication between
devices when they are brought close together. It is commonly
used for contactless payments, ticketing, and data transfer
between smartphones.

21. Wireless Network Technologies
5G
5G is the fifth generation of cellular network technology, offering
significantly faster data speeds, lower latency, and higher capacity
compared to 4G LTE. It enables new applications and services
such as augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and Internet of
Things (IoT) devices.

22. Frequency and Bandwidth
Frequency is defined as the total number of wave cycles present
in each second of a waveform. It basically shows the occurrence
of overall complete wave cycles in the unit time.
Bandwidth is completely related to frequency but definitely,
bandwidth is not frequency. However, bandwidth is the range of
frequencies. Bandwidth is defined as the difference in the upper
and lower frequency components present in a signal. Thus, it
specifies the amount of data being transmitted per second.

23. Frequency and Bandwidth

24. Frequency and Bandwidth
Frequency defines the number of complete cycles in unit time -
cycles/sec.
Bandwidth defines the amount of data transmitted in unit time -
bits/sec.
Both frequency and bandwidth have a similar measuring unit i.e.,
hertz (Hz).

25. What is 802.11?
802.11 is a family of evolving specifications for wireless local area
networks (WLANs) developed and maintained by a working
group of IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers).
These standards define the specifications for wireless networking
protocols, including data transmission rates, frequency bands,
modulation techniques, and security protocols.

26. How does 802.11 work?
802.11 deploys six half-duplex, over-the-air modulation
techniques that share the same network protocol layer.
802.11 makes several radio frequencies that Wi-Fi devices use to
communicate, including the 900 megahertz, 2.4 GHz, 3.6 GHz, 4.9
GHz, 5 GHz, 5.9 GHz, 6 GHz and 60 GHz bands. Each frequency
can be subdivided into multiple channels

27. How does 802.11 work?
Wi-Fi uses a media access protocol known as the distributed
coordination function (DCF) to monitor signal traffic. If a client on
the receiving end doesn't acknowledge a transmission, DCF
presumes a collision has occurred and waits a given amount of
time before attempting to retransmit the wireless signal.