This is the Topic 1 of Res1-Methods of Research for the undergraduate course in Bachelor of Science in Business Administration offered at Cagayan Valley Computer and Information Technology College, Santiago City Philippines. If this PowerPoint presentation can be of help to teachers in Research, they can download it for their use.
This is the Topic 1 of Res1-Methods of Research for the undergraduate course in Bachelor of Science in Business Administration offered at Cagayan Valley Computer and Information Technology College, Santiago City Philippines. If this PowerPoint presentation can be of help to teachers in Research, they can download it for their use.
This provide valuable and basic information regarding Research Methodology, how to conduct Research work, types of research, advantages and limitation of Research. Very helpful to Personnels associated with Research work.
Introduction and Literature Review. This must see webinar provides tips on writing the introduction and literature review sections of your dissertation. A step by step guide on using zotero (for bibliography and citation) is included, along with tips on searching, reading, organizing, and writing your literature review.
This provide valuable and basic information regarding Research Methodology, how to conduct Research work, types of research, advantages and limitation of Research. Very helpful to Personnels associated with Research work.
Introduction and Literature Review. This must see webinar provides tips on writing the introduction and literature review sections of your dissertation. A step by step guide on using zotero (for bibliography and citation) is included, along with tips on searching, reading, organizing, and writing your literature review.
Some studies require the use of both quantitative as well as qualitative methods. Some require only quantitative and vice versa. Depending upon the requirements of the research one should choose which method to choose.
Source:http://explainry.com/difference-between/qualitative-and-quantitative-research/
Introduction to quantitative and qualitative researchLiz FitzGerald
This presentation, delivered in an Open University CALRG Building Knowledge session, gives a preliminary introduction to both quantitative and qualitative research approaches. There has been widespread debate when considering the relative merits of quantitative and qualitative strategies for research. Positions taken by individual researchers vary considerably, from those who see the two strategies as entirely separate, polar opposites that are based upon alternative views of the world, to those who are happy to mix these strategies within their research projects. We consider the different strengths, weaknesses and suitability of different approaches and draw upon some examples to highlight their use within educational technology.
All the concepts related to research design are covered in this PPT Presentation.Research Design being an integral and crucial part of Research majorly deals with Parametric and non-parametric test, Type 1 and type 2 error, level of significance etc.It helps in ascertaining which research technique is used in which situation.
RESEARCH DESIGN , Sampling Designs , Dependent and Independent Variables, Extraneous Variables, Hypothesis, Exploratory Research Design, Descriptive and Diagnostic Research
An experimental research design helps researchers execute their research objectives with more clarity and transparency.Experimental research design is a framework of protocols and procedures created to conduct experimental research with a scientific approach using two sets of variables.The best example of experimental research methods is quantitative research.
Experimental research helps a researcher gather the necessary data for making better research decisions and determining the facts of a research study.
Business Research Method - Unit II, AKTU, Lucknow SyllabusKartikeya Singh
Business Research Methods, Unit II, AKTU, Lucknow Syllabus.
Research Methodology, Topics Covered - Research design: Concept, Features of a good research design, Use of a good research design; Qualitative and Quantitative research approaches, Comparison – Pros and Cons of both approaches.
Exploratory Research Design: Concept, Types: Qualitative techniques – Projective Techniques, Depth Interview, Experience Survey, Focus Groups, Observation.
Descriptive Research Designs: Concept, types and uses. Concept of Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Research
Experimental Design: Concept of Cause, Causal relationships, Concept of Independent & Dependent variables, concomitant variable, extraneous variable, Treatment, Control group.
A Lecture on Religion As a Group Phenomenon was delivered to students of Sociology in the class of Sociology of Religion supervised by Mr.Inam-ul-Haq Lecturer Sociology at UMT by M.USAMA MANSOOR
This presentation was presented to Dr.Vaqas Ali Assistant Professor of Sociology at UMT, Lahore by a Student in the class of Sociology of Social Movements.
This presentation was presented to Miss. Tayyaba Sohail Lecturer Sociology at UMT, Lahore in the class of Sociology of Human Rights during FALL 2014 Semester.
This Lecture is created to help the beginner understand how to review literature? Especially those carrying final year thesis at Bechlors and Masters Level in any university
This Lecture has been Prepared for the students of Sociology to help them diffrentiate how Tradition vs. Science. And what was the role of Isaac Newton, Emile Durkheim and James,etc.
This Lecture will help beginners to understand the basic difference between Sociology and Common Sense. I will not only help the beginners but also the professionals in the field of sociology to understand how a sociologist explore a problem and design the theory and accept and reject it.
This Slide will not explore only the defination of Sociology. But will also elaborate how Sociology differs from other social science such as, Psychology, Political Science and Economics. It will also enlighten how social sciences has emerged?
This presentation has been created to help those students who has recently chosen sociology their field. it will provide sound knowledge to the beginners about how sociology differs from science and knowledge about quantitative and qualitative sociology, Positivism VS Verstehen, Posivitism, Verstehen, Quantitative Sociology, Qualitative Sociology
This is second Lecture in which Students will be introduced why to imagine sociologically and what C.Wright Mills has described about Sociological Imagination along with this contribution of the earlier sociologists in this regard will also be discussed
In this lecture students will be introduced to Sociology, Types of Sociology, Micro Sociology, Macro Sociology, Traditional focus of Sociology, Approaches in Sociology
This Presentation was given by the student of BS Sociology UMT, Lahore to Mr.Wasif Ali Waseer Lecturer Sociology at UMT, Lahore in the class of Rural Sociology
This presentation was presented to Dr.Raza Ullah Khan lecturer Sociology University of the Punjab in the Class of Introduction of Sociology by the students of Social Sciences UMT,Lahore in the semester of 2011
This presentation was given to Mr. Wasif Ali Waseer lecturer Sociology at UMT,Lahore by the students of Sociology in the class of Environmental Sociology.Topic presented was Emile Durkheim As Environmental Sociologist
Case incident 2 era of the disposable workerM Usama Sehgal
This presentation Case Incident 2 Era of Disposable Worker was presented by a student of UMT,Lahore to Prof.Dr.Iftikhar Ahmad. It provide a brief description of the case. It also provides fruitful Answers of the Questions raised in the Case
This Presentation was presented to Mr.Wasif Ali Waseer Lecturer Sociology UMT,Lahore. Which describe the power, politics and health care system of Australia and Pakistan. It also provides few suggestions that can healp in improving health care system of Pakistan
This Presentation was given to Mr.Wasif Ali Waseer lecturer of Sociology at UMT,Lahore. In the class of Medical Sociology.The presentation covers the history about how Indigenous Health system emerged in the Pakistan. and what types of Indiginous treatments and treaters are available and followed by the people of Pakistan. And How they become victim of them
This PR Campaign was prepared by the students of University of Management and Technology Lahore as an assignment given by Amna Waheeda Ex Researcher Geo News. The assignment helped the students to learn how PR Campaigns are designed for different products, political parties, NGO Projects,etc.
2. • An experiment uses logic& symbol found in
Natural Sciences
• It is usually conducted in laboratories
• It usually involves less number of people
• It addresses well focused questions
3. • It is most effective for explanatory research
• The experimenter experiments a question
• The experimenter divides the population into
two groups
4. Before the upcoming elections ECP (Election
Commission of Pakistan)to check the new
system is fair or not used computerised system in
the by elections of two constituencies PP126 and
PP 143 and found that the system is fair.
9. • Experimental research is a research in which
we use logic & symbols found in natural
science
• An experiment means, “modifying something
in a situation, then comparing an outcome to
what existed without the modification”
10. • I try to start my car. To my surprise, it does not
start.
• I “experiment” by cleaning off the battery
connections, then try to start it again.
• I modified something(cleaned the connections)
and compared the outcome (weather the car
started) to previous situation (It didn’t start).
11. I drew the hypothesis
• Once the terminals is cleaned off the car will
start.
12. This illustrates three things researchers do in
experimental research:
• Begin with a hypothesis
• Modify something in a situation
• Compare outcomes with and without the
modification
14. • New researchers often asks which research
techniques best fits which problem
• It is difficult answer these questions because
there is no fixed match between problem and
technique
15. The answer is:
• Make an informed judgment.
• You can develop the judgment by:
• reading research reports
• understanding the strengths & weakness of different techniques
• Assisting more experiences researches with their research training
• Practical Experience
17. • Random assignment is a method for assigning cases (e.g.,
individuals, organizations, etc.) to groups for the purpose of
making comparisons.
• It is a way to divide a collection of cases into two or more
groups in order to increase ones confidence that the groups do
not differ in a systematic way.
• It is a mechanical method; the assignment is automatic, and
the researchers cannot assignments on the basis of personnel
preference or the features of specific cases.
18. • Random assignment is random in statistical or
mathematical sense.
• Random selection lets researcher calculate the
odds that a specific case will be sorted into one
group over another.
• For example, A researcher wants to research the
IQ level between the ages 20, 30,50. he randomly
makes the group of 50 each
20. The names of participants in experimental
research
Cases and people used in research project and on
whom variables are measured
21. Dependent
Variable
Random Pretest
Assignment
Treatment or
Independent
variable
Control
Group Posttest
Experimental
Group
Parts of Experiments
22. There are seven Parts of Experiments
• Treatment or Independent variable
• Dependent variable
• Pretest
• Posttest
• Experimental group
• Control group
• Random Assignment
24. • Treatment (stimulus or manipulation) is what a
researcher modifies.
• In most experiments, a researcher creates a
situation and then modifies it.
• The term originated from the discipline of
medicine in which a physician treats a patient.
25. • On such pattern a researcher develops a
measuring instrument or indicator
• Example; (Survey questions),then apply it to a
person or a case.
• In experiment researcher “measure” independent
variable by creating a situation
26. • For example; the independent variable is
degree of fear or anxiety”, the levels are high
fear and low fear.
• Instead of asking subject weather they are
fearful the experimenters puts subjects into
high fear or low fear.
• They measure the independent variable by
manipulating conditions so that some subjects
feels lots of fear and others feel little
28. • Dependent variable or outcomes in
experimental research are the physical
conditions, social behaviors, attitudes, feeling,
or beliefs of subjects that change in response to
a treatment.
• Dependents variables can be measured by
paper-and-pencil indicators, observations,
interviews, or physiological responses(e.g.,
heart attack and spreading pain)
32. • The posttest is the measurement of the
dependent variable after treatment has been
introduced into experimental group (e.g.,
children of divorcee’s have high rate of
angriness while children of married couples
have low rate of angriness)
• Mostly experimental researchers divides
subjects into two groups
34. • The group that receives the treatment or in
which treatment is present.(e.g.,
questionnaires) is a treatment usually used as
indicator and usually applied to a group in a
certain condition.
36. • The group that does not receive the treatment
is called the control group.
• When the independent variable takes on
many different values, more than one group
38. • Begin with a straightforward hypothesis that is
appropriate for experimental research
• Decide on an experimental design that will
test the hypothesis within practical limitations
• Decide how to introduce a treatment or create
a situation that induces the independent
variable
39. • Develop a valid and reliable measure of the
dependent variable.
• Set up an experimental setting and conduct a
pilot test of the treatment and dependent
variable measures.
• Locate appropriate subjects or cases.
40. • Randomly assign subjects to groups (if random
assignment is used in the chosen research
design) and give careful instructions.
• Gather data for the pretest measure of the
dependent variable for all groups (if a pretest is
used in the chosen design)
41. • Introduce the treatment to the experimental
group only (or to relevant groups if there are
multiple experimental groups) and moniter all
groups
• Gather data for posttest measure of the
dependent variable
42. • Debrief the subjects by informing them of the
true purpose and reasons for the experiments.
Ask subjects what they thought was occuring.
Debriefing is crucial when subjects have been
deceived about some aspect of the experiment.
43. • Examine data collected and make comparisons
between different groups. Where appropriate,
use statistics and graphs to determine wether
the hypothesis is supported
45. • Classical Experimental Design
• Pre experimental design
• One-Shot Case-Study Design
• One Group Pretest-Posttest Design
• Static Group Comparison
• Qausi-Experimental and Special Designs
46. • Two-Group Posttest-Only Design
• Interrupted Time Series
• Equivalent Time Series
• Latin Square Designs
• Solomon Four-Group Design
• Factorial Designs
49. • An experimental design that has random
assignment, a control group, an experimental
group, and a pretest and posttest for each
group.
50. • For Example; The experimenter gives 40
newly hired wait staff an identical two-hour
training session and instructs them to follow a
script in which they are not to introduce
themselves by first name and not to return
during the meal to check on the customers.
51. • The experimenter divides them into two equal
groups of 20 randomly.
• The experimenter records the amount of tips of
all the subjects for a month (pretest).
• The experimenter retains the group 1 at
resturant 1 (experimental Group)
• The experimenters asks them to introduce
themselves by first name for 8mins (treatment)
52. • The group 2 continue their work without an
introduction or checking during the
meal(control group)
• Over the second month the amount of tips for
both groups is recorded (posttest)
54. • Experimental design that that lack randonm
assignment or use shortcuts and are much
weaker than the classical experimental design.
They are be substituted in situations in which
an experimenter cannot use all the features of a
classical experimental design, but have weaker
internal validity
60. • Experimental designs that are stronger than pre
experimental designs. They are variations on
the classical experimental design and are used
in special situations or when an experimenter
has limited control over independent variable
62. • This is identical to the static group
comparison, with one exception: The groups
are randomly assigned. It has all the parts of
the classical design except a pretest. The
random assignment reduces the chance that the
groups differed before the treatment, but
without a pretest, a researcher cannot be as
certain that the groups began the same an the
independent variable.
64. • An experimental design in which the
dependent variable is measured periodically
across many time points, and the treatment
occurs in the midest of such measures, often
only once.
e.g.: anxiety and depression test over an anxiety
patient and its treatment.
66. • An experimental design in which there are
several repeated pretests, posttests, and
treatments for one group often over a period of
time.
• Example; the experimenter experiments that
the people who do not wear helmets can have
swear head injury. The bill was passed on 1975
repelled in 1981 and reinstated in 1998.
68. • An experimental design used to examne
whether the order or sequence in which
subjects receive multiple versions of the
treatment has an effect
• Example; A geography teacher has three units
to teach students: map reading, using a
compass, LL system (longitudinal and
latitudinal system )
69. • In one class he used one method and in second
class he used in another class and in class three
he used both system in the end he took end test
to check weather the learning environment
improved or not.
71. • An experimental design in which subjects are
randomly assigned to two control groups and
two experimental groups. Only one
experimental group and one control group
receive a pretest. All four Groups receive a
posttest.
72. • Example; A mental health worker want to
determine whether a new training method
improves clients’ copying skills. the worker
measures coping skills with a 20 minutes test
of reactions to stressful evens. Because the
clients might learn coping skills from taking
the test itself, a Solomon four-group design is
used.
73. • The mental health worker divides the clients
into four groups.
• Two groups receive pretest. One of them gets
new training method an the other gets old
training method. Another two groups receive
no pretest.
• All four groups are given the same posttest and
posttest results are compared.
77. • An effect of two independent variables
operating simultaneously and in combination
on a dependent variable. It is a larger effect
than occurs from the sum of each independent
variable working separately
79. Internal Validity
• The ability of experimenters to strengthen the
logical rigor f a casual explanation by
eliminating potential alternative explanations
for an association between the treatment and
dependent variable through an experimental
design
• Variables other than the treatment that effects
the dependent variable are threats to internal
validity.
82. • A field experiment applies the scientific method to experimentally
examine an intervention in the real world (or as many
experimentalists like to say, naturally occurring environments)
rather than in the laboratory. Field experiments, like lab
experiments, generally randomize subjects (or other sampling units)
into treatment and control groups and compare outcomes between
these groups.
• Examples include:
• Clinical trials of pharmaceuticals are one example of field
experiments.
• Economists have used field experiments to analyze discrimination,
health care programs, charitable fundraising, education, information
aggregation in markets, and microfinance programs.
• Engineers often conduct field tests of prototype products to validate
earlier laboratory tests and to obtain broader feedback.