Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research
Experimental Research Design - Meaning, Characteristics and ClassificationSundar B N
This ppt contains Experimental Research Design Which covers Meaning, Characteristics and Classification of Experimental Research Design.
Subscribe to Vision Academy
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjzpit_cXjdnzER_165mIiw
Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research
Experimental Research Design - Meaning, Characteristics and ClassificationSundar B N
This ppt contains Experimental Research Design Which covers Meaning, Characteristics and Classification of Experimental Research Design.
Subscribe to Vision Academy
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjzpit_cXjdnzER_165mIiw
Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict and control the observed phenomenon. Research involves inductive and deductive methods (Babbie, 1998). Inductive methods analyze the observed phenomenon and identify the general principles, structures, or processes underlying the phenomenon observed; deductive methods verify the hypothesized principles through observations. The purposes are different: one is to develop explanations, and the other is to test the validity of the explanations.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
MARUTI SUZUKI- A Successful Joint Venture in India.pptx
EX POST FACTO RESEARCH
1. EX POST FACTO RESEARCH
Presented By
Muhammad Shahzad Ashfaq
Ph.D Education Scholar
2. Introduction
• Ex post facto is a Latin phrase that essentially
means "retroactive," or affecting something
that's already happened.
• Ex post facto design is a quasi-experimental
study examining how an independent variable,
present prior to the study in the participants,
affects a dependent variable. A quasi-
experimental study simply means participants
are not randomly assigned.
3. PROCEDURES IN AN EX POST
FACTO INVESTIGATION
Stage One: Define the problem and survey the
literature.
Stage Two: State the hypotheses and the
assumptions or premises on which the
hypotheses and research procedures are based.
Stage Three: Select the subjects (sampling)
and identify the methods for collecting the data.
Stage Four: Identify the criteria and categories
for classifying the data to fit the purposes of the
study.
4. PROCEDURES IN AN EX POST FACTO
INVESTIGATION
Stage Five: Gather data on those factors which are
always present in which the given outcome occurs, and
discard the data in which those factors are not always
present.
Stage Six: Gather data on those factors which are
always present in which the given outcome does not
occur.
Stage Seven: Compare the two sets of data (i.e.
subtract the former (Stage Five) from the latter (Stage Six),
in order to infer the causes that are responsible for the
occurrence or non-occurrence of the outcome.
Stage Eight: Analyze, interpret and report findings.
5. APPROACHES TO EX POST FACTO
RESEARCH
1. One commences with subjects who differ on an
independent variable, for example their years
of study in mathematics, and then study how
they differ on the dependent variable, e.g. a
mathematics test.
2. One commences with subjects who differ on
the dependent variable (for example their
performance in a mathematics test) and
discover how they differ on a range of
independent variables, e.g. their years of study,
their liking for the subject, the amount of
homework they do in mathematics).
6. CHARACTERISTICS OF EX
POST FACTO RESEARCH
o In ex post facto research the
researcher takes the effect (or
dependent variable) and examines
the data retrospectively to establish
causes, relationships or
associations, and their meanings.
7. DIFFICULTIES IN EX POST FACTO
RESEARCH
Direction of causality difficult to establish: what
caused what.
Lack of control of the independent variable or
variables.
Impossible to isolate and control every possible
variable, or to know with absolute certainty which
are the most crucial variables.
Randomization impossible.
Can provide support for any number of different,
even contradictory, hypotheses.
Lack of control: the researcher cannot manipulate
the independent variable or randomize her subjects.
8. Investigate
Differing on the independent variable:
Presence of independent variable
Absence of independent variable
Degrees of independent variable
Effect on the dependent variable
Same on the independent variable(s)
Effect on the dependent variable
EX POST FACTO RESEARCH AND
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
Investigate
9. Differing on independent variables:
Presence of independent variables
Absence of independent variables
Degrees of independent variables
Same on the dependent variable
EX POST FACTO RESEARCH AND
DEPENDENT VARIABLES
Differing on the dependent variable
Investigate
Differing on independent variables:
Presence of independent variables
Absence of independent variables
Degrees of independent variables
Investigate
10. EX POST FACTO RESEARCH IS
USEFUL WHEN . . .
It is impossible, impractical, costly or
unethical to conduct an experiment.
It is not possible to select, control and
manipulate the factors necessary to
study cause-and-effect relationships
directly.
When the control of all variables
except a single independent variable
may be unrealistic and artificial.
Where the independent variable lies
outside the researcher’s control.
11. ADVANTAGES OF EX POST FACTO
RESEARCH
O Useful where the more rigorous experimental
approach is not possible.
O Useful to study what goes with what and under
what conditions.
O Useful where the setting up of the latter would
introduce a note of artificiality into research
proceedings.
O Useful where simple cause-and-effect
relationships are being explored.
O It can give a sense of direction and provide a
source of hypotheses that can subsequently be
tested by the more rigorous experimental
method.
12. DISADVANTAGES OF EX POST FACTO
RESEARCH
O One cannot know for certain whether the causative
factor has been included or even identified.
O It may be that no single factor is the cause.
O A particular outcome may result from different causes
on different occasions.
O It is not possible to disconfirm a hypothesis.
O Classifying into dichotomous groups can be problematic.
O As the researcher attempts to match groups on key
variables, this leads to shrinkage of sample.
O Conclusions may be based on too limited a sample or
number of occurrences.
O It may fail to single out the really significant factors.