This paper investigates transparent wavelength routed optical networks using three dif- ferent fiber types NZDSF, SMF and PSCF - and validates the effectiveness of Hybrid Raman/EDFA Fiber Amplification (HFA) with different pumping levels, up to the moderate 60% pumping regime. Nodes operate on the basis of flexible-grid elastic NyWDM transponders able to adapt the modulation format to the quality-of-transmission of the available lightpath, exploiting up to five 12.5 GHz spectral slots. Results consider a 37node Pan-European network for variable Raman pumping level, span length and average traffic per node. We show that HFA in moderate pumping regime reduces the power consumption and enhances spectral efficiency for all three fiber types with particular evidence in NZDSF. In essence to that, introduction of HFA is also beneficial to avoid blocking for higher traffic loads.
Lantiq/Intel Contributions to G.fast at Scientific ConferencesLantiq
Rainer Strobel (Lantiq - An Intel Company), Michael Joham and Wolfgang Utschick presented several articles in academic conferences together with the Technical University of Munich. A conference recently held (June 8 to 12) was the ICC (International Conference on Communications) in London.
Title: Achievable Rates with Implementation Limitations for G.fast-based Hybrid Copper/Fiber Networks
Abstract - Hybrid copper/fiber networks bridge the gap between the fiber link and the customer by using copper wires over the last meters. This solution combines energy efficiency and low cost of the copper access network with high data rates of a fiber connection. However, the fiber to the distribution point (FTTdp) network must prove its ability to convey data at fiber speed over copper wire bundles under the spectral constraints of the copper access network. This work investigates achievable data rates of the FTTdp network. It provides an analysis of the sources of performance loss in a system implementation due to complexity limitations. The results indicate that optimized linear methods perform well on shorter lines, while nonlinear methods have advantages for long lines.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Outage performance users located outside D2D coverage area in downlink cellul...journalBEEI
Device-to-device (D2D) communication has been proposed to employ the proximity between two devices to enhance the overall spectrum utilization of a crowded cellular network. With the help of geometric probability tools, this framework considers the performance of cellular users under spatial separation with the D2D pair is investigated. The measurement results and analytical expression of outage probability show that the proposed frameworks improve the outage performance at a high signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) at the base station. Results also interpret that the distances between nodes in the D2D-assisted network make slight impacts on the performance of the cellular user.
Lantiq/Intel Contributions to G.fast at Scientific ConferencesLantiq
Rainer Strobel (Lantiq - An Intel Company), Michael Joham and Wolfgang Utschick presented several articles in academic conferences together with the Technical University of Munich. A conference recently held (June 8 to 12) was the ICC (International Conference on Communications) in London.
Title: Achievable Rates with Implementation Limitations for G.fast-based Hybrid Copper/Fiber Networks
Abstract - Hybrid copper/fiber networks bridge the gap between the fiber link and the customer by using copper wires over the last meters. This solution combines energy efficiency and low cost of the copper access network with high data rates of a fiber connection. However, the fiber to the distribution point (FTTdp) network must prove its ability to convey data at fiber speed over copper wire bundles under the spectral constraints of the copper access network. This work investigates achievable data rates of the FTTdp network. It provides an analysis of the sources of performance loss in a system implementation due to complexity limitations. The results indicate that optimized linear methods perform well on shorter lines, while nonlinear methods have advantages for long lines.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Outage performance users located outside D2D coverage area in downlink cellul...journalBEEI
Device-to-device (D2D) communication has been proposed to employ the proximity between two devices to enhance the overall spectrum utilization of a crowded cellular network. With the help of geometric probability tools, this framework considers the performance of cellular users under spatial separation with the D2D pair is investigated. The measurement results and analytical expression of outage probability show that the proposed frameworks improve the outage performance at a high signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) at the base station. Results also interpret that the distances between nodes in the D2D-assisted network make slight impacts on the performance of the cellular user.
Performance analysis of beam divergence propagation through rainwater and sno...journalBEEI
In the present work the future communication requirements need to fulfill with high data rate, FSO (free space optic) with it is tremendous potential is the solution. This research observed the effectiveness analysis of FSO systems by modifying one of the most important FSO parameters beam divergence, under the most affected weather attenuating condition Rainwater and snow pack. The simulation is obtained and analyzed under single channels CSRZ-FSO (carrier-suppressed return-to-zero/free space optical) systems having capacity of 40 Gbps between two transceivers with variable distance. The connection is presently under 5 meteorological turbulences (light rain, medium rain, wet snow, heavy rain and dry snow). The results show the heavy rain and dry snow have a very high attenuation carried out in terms of Q-factor. this result led us to conclude that small divergence offers significant performance improvement for FSO link and this performance decrease every time the beam divergence increase, Therefore, to build inexpensive and reliable transmission media, we go with new method that still in the experiment area called hybrid RF/FSO (radio frequency/free space optical) that compatible with atmospherically status.
Circularly polarized antenna array based on hybrid couplers for 5G devicesjournalBEEI
This paper depicts a wideband circularly polarized (CP) antenna for 5G devices. The antenna array has a 3D structure including four simple printed dipole elements with directional radiations, high gain, and high efficiency. It achieves a CP by using the sequential rotation (SR) feeding based on 90°-3dB hybrid couplers in the proposed feeding network. The antenna array bandwidth is wide, 26.7%, with an operating frequency band from 3.35 GHz to 4.35 GHz. The antenna achieves a high peak gain of 10.73 dBi and high efficiency of 93.75%. Besides, the antenna gain is stable over the operating bandwidth (BW). At the centre operating frequency of 3.75 GHz, the angle of circular polarization is 51°. The antenna is designed and fabricated on the Rogers 4003 C substrate. The measured S11 is well matching with the simulation results. With the above characteristics, the proposed antenna can be a suitable candidate for 5G devices.
Capacity Enhancement of MIMO-OFDM System in Rayleigh Fading ChannelIOSR Journals
MIMO-OFDM system in Rayleigh Fading Channel is very popular technique for mobile
communication now a day’s for research. Here we want increase the capacity of MIMO-OFDM of system by
using adaptive modulation, Algebraic Space-Time Codes (ASTC) encoder for MIMO Systems are based on
quaternion algebras .we found that ergodic capacity has some limitation which reduce the system’s
performance to overcome this we use ASTC code . ASTC code are full rank, full rate and non vanishing constant
minimum determinant for increasing spectral efficiency and reducing Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) .
Analyses and performance of techniques papr reduction for stbc mimo ofdm syst...ijwmn
An OFDM system is combined with multiple-input mult
iple-output (MIMO) in order to increase the
diversity gain and system capacity over the time va
riant frequency-selective channels. However, a maj
or
drawback of MIMO-OFDM system is that the transmitte
d signals on different antennas might exhibit high
peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR).In this paper, w
e present a PAPR analysis reduction of space-time-
block-coded (STBC) MIMO-OFDM system for 4G wireless
networks. Several techniques have been used to
reduce the PAPR of the (STBC) MIMOOFDM system: clip
ping and filtering, partial transmit sequence
(PTS) and selected mapping (SLM). Simulation result
s show that clipping and filtering provides a bette
r
PAPR reduction than the others methods and only SLM
technique conserve the PAPR reduction in
reception part of signal.
The effects of optical nonlinearities in optical fibers are ubiquitous. These effects can be deleterious, but
also have many useful applications, especially in the field of implementing all-optical functionalities in optical
networks. The paper is devoted to modeling the evolution of signal at 400 Gbps during non linear propagation for
DP 16-QAM modulation format in order to show the impact of optical launch power and fiber span transmission
on the propagation. This study is focused on the non linear propagation of fiber to obtain the relationship between
Optical Launch Power (OLP) and Error Vector Magnitude (EVM). It is found that the for the range of launch
power (-8dBm to 4dBm) , EVM is below 16%.
Keywords: DP, EVM, OLP, QAM.
Parallel Interference Cancellation in beyond 3G multi-user and multi-antenna ...David Sabater Dinter
In the present thesis, the concept for beyond 3G mobile radio systems is described. A service area concept is introduced in order to combat the performance limiting interferences present in the cellular mobile communication systems, with each service area consisting of a various simultaneously active mobile terminals, a number of fixed access points and a central unit per- forming signal processing. About uplink transmission, the main characteristic of this service area system is that with the aid of joint detection of the transmit signals from the mobile ter- minals performed at uplink transmission, all interferences between the simultaneously active mobile terminals using the same bandwidth is drastically reduced. Moreover the use of OFDM subcarrierwise in the described service area based system allows for intersymbol interference free communication and for simple equalization in the frequency domain.
Through this subcarrierwise equalization the service area based system is equivalent with a number of smaller parallel systems, a fact that affects in a reduced computational complexity in the case of optimum multiuser operating with the maximum likehood principle and subop- timum linear detector zero-forcing. In this thesis the parallel interference cancellation detector is introduced, according to which the multi access interference is iteratively reconstructed and subtracted from the received signal. Parallel interference cancellation detector is compared in terms of performance with suboptimum linear detector, due to the reduced computational com- plexity.
Using standardized COST 207 channel models, the performance of parallel interference can- cellation detector compared with suboptimum linear detector has been investigated for a frozen channel, with the same snapshot using the same parameters of the channel, as well as for a number of system loads. A fact that can be observed in simulations results is that parallel in- terference cancellation detectors could achieve the same performance with a reduction of the complexity as suboptimum linear detector zero-forcing in the case of no estimate refinement and with estimate refinement by hard quantization depending on the load system. With esti- mate refinement by soft quantization the performance of the parallel interference cancellation detector is improved, having better performance than zero-forcing detector in cases with nor- mal load. Moreover with the improvement raised in this thesis, in this normal system load, the performance is more improved. On the other hand in the case of full load system, the PIC detector can not substract all the multi access interference producing error flow, this thing is not too important taking in account that the fully loaded system case should not be never present.
SIMULATIVE INVESTIGATION OF SINGLE-TONE ROF SYSTEM USING VARIOUS DUOBINARY MO...optljjournal
In this paper, the performance of single-tone Radio over Fiber (RoF) system has been analyzed by employing different duobinary modulation formats. This single-tone RoF system has been modeled and analyzed using OptiSystem (14.0) software. To evaluate the transmission performance of RoF system, various performance metrics such as Q-factor, BER, and Eye Height are considered. Simulation results indicate that duobinary Hyperbolic-Secant pulse generator format with Single Drive Mach-Zehnder modulator provides better Q-factor and minimum BER as compared to existing modulation format in RoF system.
Design and analysis of microstrip antenna with zig-zag feeder for wireless co...journalBEEI
This paper is presented a microstrip antenna with a zig-zag feeder for wireless communication, it has a wideband frequency spectrum (2-14) GHz. The proposed antenna is designed with a zig zag feed line which gave a wideband frequency and acceptable gain (7.448-5.928) dB, this antenna has zig zag slots printed in the ground plane on a lower side of the dielectric substrate, a certain form tuning stub is used to increase the matching between the feeder in the top layer of the substrate and ground plane in the bottom, this stub has an elliptical slot to performance matching input impedance with the feed line. The feeding technique used to feed this antenna is a strip feed line of 50 Ω. Different types of techniques are used to enhance the bandwidth of this antenna to get a wideband suitable for the requirements of the UWB antenna such as adjust the feed point position of the feed line with a tuning stub. All the radiation properties of the presented antenna are tested such as bandwidth, radiation pattern, and, gain.
Optical Spatial Modulation OFDM using Micro LEDsBasil Jacob
An insight into the latest technology that could become the corner stone of Li-Fi technology. It mainly compares the OSM-OFDM with Optical Spatial Multiplexing OFDM based on the reference publications.
Deterministic MIMO Channel Capacity
• CSI is Known to the Transmitter Side
• CSI is Not Available at the Transmitter Side
Channel Capacity of Random MIMO Channels
525Optimization of Inter-satellite Link (ISL) in Hybrid OFDM-IsOWC Transmissi...idescitation
Inter-satellite optical wireless communication
system (IsOWC), one of the important applications of FSO
(Free Space Optics) technology, will be deployed in space in
the near future because of providing power efficient and high
bandwidth allocation facilities unlike present microwave
satellite systems. In this paper, we have deliberated a novel
model of OFDM-IsOWC system using OPTISYSTEM T M
simulator to optimize an inter-satellite link (ISL) between
satellites with acceptable SNR and BER, which is not reported
in previous investigated work.
An Efficient Data Communication Using Conventional CodesIJERA Editor
The BER performance of conventional FFT-OFDM system is compared with DWT-OFDM system and DCT-OFDM system in an AWGN environment and Saleh-Valenzuela (SV) channel model at 60 GHz. Several wavelets such as Haar, Daubechies, Symlet, biorthogonal are considered. The BER is calculated for signaling format BPSK and the performance is analyzed at 60 GHz. Simulation results show that DCT based scheme yields the lowest average bit error rate. While out of all wavelet mother used Haar and Daubechies wavelet based scheme yields lower BER than FFT-OFDM for an AWGN channel. But it may include the implementation of forward error correction techniques such as convolution codes. An efficient channel estimation algorithm may be included for performance evaluation of DCT-OFDM and DWT- OFDM working at 60 GHz band. We introduce the Interfacing Techniques for Accessing data transfer data delivery. By using our approach we are increasing the efficiency of the data communication.
analysis on design and implementation of 4×10 gb s wdm tdm pon with disparate...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This article presents a design of wavelength division multiplexing/ Time division Multiplexing (WDM-TDM) in passive optical network with a data rate of 10 Gbps. The implementation has been carried out for varying link distance from 40km to 100km for 4 different wavelengths with a maximum of 32 supporting users with two different receiver photodiodes. The parameters such as BER and the Q-factor for PON network is being analyzed with the link distance. The BER is decreased as the distance of the network is increased when using the APD receivers than PIN receiver. Optimal value of BER is obtained for a distance of 97 Km in APD and 96 Km in pin receiver.
A Compact Reconfigurable Dual Band-notched Ultra-wideband Antenna using Varac...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, a reconfigurable dual band-notched ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna is presented.
The antenna design consists of a circular shape with two pairs of the L-resonator. To realize the notch
characteristics in WLAN at 5.2 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands, the half wavelength of the L-resonator is
introduced in the design. The T-shaped notch is etched in the ground to enhance the bandwidth which
covers the UWB operating frequency range from 3.219–10.863 GHz. The proposed reconfigurable dual
band-notched UWB antenna shows good impedance matching for the simulated in the physical layout.
Furthermore, the proposed antenna has a compact size of 37.6x28 mm2. This proposed reconfigurable
design can provide an alternative solution for the wireless system in the designing of a band-notched
antenna with a good tuning capability.
Performance analysis of beam divergence propagation through rainwater and sno...journalBEEI
In the present work the future communication requirements need to fulfill with high data rate, FSO (free space optic) with it is tremendous potential is the solution. This research observed the effectiveness analysis of FSO systems by modifying one of the most important FSO parameters beam divergence, under the most affected weather attenuating condition Rainwater and snow pack. The simulation is obtained and analyzed under single channels CSRZ-FSO (carrier-suppressed return-to-zero/free space optical) systems having capacity of 40 Gbps between two transceivers with variable distance. The connection is presently under 5 meteorological turbulences (light rain, medium rain, wet snow, heavy rain and dry snow). The results show the heavy rain and dry snow have a very high attenuation carried out in terms of Q-factor. this result led us to conclude that small divergence offers significant performance improvement for FSO link and this performance decrease every time the beam divergence increase, Therefore, to build inexpensive and reliable transmission media, we go with new method that still in the experiment area called hybrid RF/FSO (radio frequency/free space optical) that compatible with atmospherically status.
Circularly polarized antenna array based on hybrid couplers for 5G devicesjournalBEEI
This paper depicts a wideband circularly polarized (CP) antenna for 5G devices. The antenna array has a 3D structure including four simple printed dipole elements with directional radiations, high gain, and high efficiency. It achieves a CP by using the sequential rotation (SR) feeding based on 90°-3dB hybrid couplers in the proposed feeding network. The antenna array bandwidth is wide, 26.7%, with an operating frequency band from 3.35 GHz to 4.35 GHz. The antenna achieves a high peak gain of 10.73 dBi and high efficiency of 93.75%. Besides, the antenna gain is stable over the operating bandwidth (BW). At the centre operating frequency of 3.75 GHz, the angle of circular polarization is 51°. The antenna is designed and fabricated on the Rogers 4003 C substrate. The measured S11 is well matching with the simulation results. With the above characteristics, the proposed antenna can be a suitable candidate for 5G devices.
Capacity Enhancement of MIMO-OFDM System in Rayleigh Fading ChannelIOSR Journals
MIMO-OFDM system in Rayleigh Fading Channel is very popular technique for mobile
communication now a day’s for research. Here we want increase the capacity of MIMO-OFDM of system by
using adaptive modulation, Algebraic Space-Time Codes (ASTC) encoder for MIMO Systems are based on
quaternion algebras .we found that ergodic capacity has some limitation which reduce the system’s
performance to overcome this we use ASTC code . ASTC code are full rank, full rate and non vanishing constant
minimum determinant for increasing spectral efficiency and reducing Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) .
Analyses and performance of techniques papr reduction for stbc mimo ofdm syst...ijwmn
An OFDM system is combined with multiple-input mult
iple-output (MIMO) in order to increase the
diversity gain and system capacity over the time va
riant frequency-selective channels. However, a maj
or
drawback of MIMO-OFDM system is that the transmitte
d signals on different antennas might exhibit high
peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR).In this paper, w
e present a PAPR analysis reduction of space-time-
block-coded (STBC) MIMO-OFDM system for 4G wireless
networks. Several techniques have been used to
reduce the PAPR of the (STBC) MIMOOFDM system: clip
ping and filtering, partial transmit sequence
(PTS) and selected mapping (SLM). Simulation result
s show that clipping and filtering provides a bette
r
PAPR reduction than the others methods and only SLM
technique conserve the PAPR reduction in
reception part of signal.
The effects of optical nonlinearities in optical fibers are ubiquitous. These effects can be deleterious, but
also have many useful applications, especially in the field of implementing all-optical functionalities in optical
networks. The paper is devoted to modeling the evolution of signal at 400 Gbps during non linear propagation for
DP 16-QAM modulation format in order to show the impact of optical launch power and fiber span transmission
on the propagation. This study is focused on the non linear propagation of fiber to obtain the relationship between
Optical Launch Power (OLP) and Error Vector Magnitude (EVM). It is found that the for the range of launch
power (-8dBm to 4dBm) , EVM is below 16%.
Keywords: DP, EVM, OLP, QAM.
Parallel Interference Cancellation in beyond 3G multi-user and multi-antenna ...David Sabater Dinter
In the present thesis, the concept for beyond 3G mobile radio systems is described. A service area concept is introduced in order to combat the performance limiting interferences present in the cellular mobile communication systems, with each service area consisting of a various simultaneously active mobile terminals, a number of fixed access points and a central unit per- forming signal processing. About uplink transmission, the main characteristic of this service area system is that with the aid of joint detection of the transmit signals from the mobile ter- minals performed at uplink transmission, all interferences between the simultaneously active mobile terminals using the same bandwidth is drastically reduced. Moreover the use of OFDM subcarrierwise in the described service area based system allows for intersymbol interference free communication and for simple equalization in the frequency domain.
Through this subcarrierwise equalization the service area based system is equivalent with a number of smaller parallel systems, a fact that affects in a reduced computational complexity in the case of optimum multiuser operating with the maximum likehood principle and subop- timum linear detector zero-forcing. In this thesis the parallel interference cancellation detector is introduced, according to which the multi access interference is iteratively reconstructed and subtracted from the received signal. Parallel interference cancellation detector is compared in terms of performance with suboptimum linear detector, due to the reduced computational com- plexity.
Using standardized COST 207 channel models, the performance of parallel interference can- cellation detector compared with suboptimum linear detector has been investigated for a frozen channel, with the same snapshot using the same parameters of the channel, as well as for a number of system loads. A fact that can be observed in simulations results is that parallel in- terference cancellation detectors could achieve the same performance with a reduction of the complexity as suboptimum linear detector zero-forcing in the case of no estimate refinement and with estimate refinement by hard quantization depending on the load system. With esti- mate refinement by soft quantization the performance of the parallel interference cancellation detector is improved, having better performance than zero-forcing detector in cases with nor- mal load. Moreover with the improvement raised in this thesis, in this normal system load, the performance is more improved. On the other hand in the case of full load system, the PIC detector can not substract all the multi access interference producing error flow, this thing is not too important taking in account that the fully loaded system case should not be never present.
SIMULATIVE INVESTIGATION OF SINGLE-TONE ROF SYSTEM USING VARIOUS DUOBINARY MO...optljjournal
In this paper, the performance of single-tone Radio over Fiber (RoF) system has been analyzed by employing different duobinary modulation formats. This single-tone RoF system has been modeled and analyzed using OptiSystem (14.0) software. To evaluate the transmission performance of RoF system, various performance metrics such as Q-factor, BER, and Eye Height are considered. Simulation results indicate that duobinary Hyperbolic-Secant pulse generator format with Single Drive Mach-Zehnder modulator provides better Q-factor and minimum BER as compared to existing modulation format in RoF system.
Design and analysis of microstrip antenna with zig-zag feeder for wireless co...journalBEEI
This paper is presented a microstrip antenna with a zig-zag feeder for wireless communication, it has a wideband frequency spectrum (2-14) GHz. The proposed antenna is designed with a zig zag feed line which gave a wideband frequency and acceptable gain (7.448-5.928) dB, this antenna has zig zag slots printed in the ground plane on a lower side of the dielectric substrate, a certain form tuning stub is used to increase the matching between the feeder in the top layer of the substrate and ground plane in the bottom, this stub has an elliptical slot to performance matching input impedance with the feed line. The feeding technique used to feed this antenna is a strip feed line of 50 Ω. Different types of techniques are used to enhance the bandwidth of this antenna to get a wideband suitable for the requirements of the UWB antenna such as adjust the feed point position of the feed line with a tuning stub. All the radiation properties of the presented antenna are tested such as bandwidth, radiation pattern, and, gain.
Optical Spatial Modulation OFDM using Micro LEDsBasil Jacob
An insight into the latest technology that could become the corner stone of Li-Fi technology. It mainly compares the OSM-OFDM with Optical Spatial Multiplexing OFDM based on the reference publications.
Deterministic MIMO Channel Capacity
• CSI is Known to the Transmitter Side
• CSI is Not Available at the Transmitter Side
Channel Capacity of Random MIMO Channels
525Optimization of Inter-satellite Link (ISL) in Hybrid OFDM-IsOWC Transmissi...idescitation
Inter-satellite optical wireless communication
system (IsOWC), one of the important applications of FSO
(Free Space Optics) technology, will be deployed in space in
the near future because of providing power efficient and high
bandwidth allocation facilities unlike present microwave
satellite systems. In this paper, we have deliberated a novel
model of OFDM-IsOWC system using OPTISYSTEM T M
simulator to optimize an inter-satellite link (ISL) between
satellites with acceptable SNR and BER, which is not reported
in previous investigated work.
An Efficient Data Communication Using Conventional CodesIJERA Editor
The BER performance of conventional FFT-OFDM system is compared with DWT-OFDM system and DCT-OFDM system in an AWGN environment and Saleh-Valenzuela (SV) channel model at 60 GHz. Several wavelets such as Haar, Daubechies, Symlet, biorthogonal are considered. The BER is calculated for signaling format BPSK and the performance is analyzed at 60 GHz. Simulation results show that DCT based scheme yields the lowest average bit error rate. While out of all wavelet mother used Haar and Daubechies wavelet based scheme yields lower BER than FFT-OFDM for an AWGN channel. But it may include the implementation of forward error correction techniques such as convolution codes. An efficient channel estimation algorithm may be included for performance evaluation of DCT-OFDM and DWT- OFDM working at 60 GHz band. We introduce the Interfacing Techniques for Accessing data transfer data delivery. By using our approach we are increasing the efficiency of the data communication.
analysis on design and implementation of 4×10 gb s wdm tdm pon with disparate...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This article presents a design of wavelength division multiplexing/ Time division Multiplexing (WDM-TDM) in passive optical network with a data rate of 10 Gbps. The implementation has been carried out for varying link distance from 40km to 100km for 4 different wavelengths with a maximum of 32 supporting users with two different receiver photodiodes. The parameters such as BER and the Q-factor for PON network is being analyzed with the link distance. The BER is decreased as the distance of the network is increased when using the APD receivers than PIN receiver. Optimal value of BER is obtained for a distance of 97 Km in APD and 96 Km in pin receiver.
A Compact Reconfigurable Dual Band-notched Ultra-wideband Antenna using Varac...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, a reconfigurable dual band-notched ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna is presented.
The antenna design consists of a circular shape with two pairs of the L-resonator. To realize the notch
characteristics in WLAN at 5.2 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands, the half wavelength of the L-resonator is
introduced in the design. The T-shaped notch is etched in the ground to enhance the bandwidth which
covers the UWB operating frequency range from 3.219–10.863 GHz. The proposed reconfigurable dual
band-notched UWB antenna shows good impedance matching for the simulated in the physical layout.
Furthermore, the proposed antenna has a compact size of 37.6x28 mm2. This proposed reconfigurable
design can provide an alternative solution for the wireless system in the designing of a band-notched
antenna with a good tuning capability.
In this work, high-speed transmission over the long-haul optical channel using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) was investigated. Furthermore, we recommend mixing polarization division multiplexing (PDM) with coherent OFDM (CO-OFDM) and quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) to improve spectral efficiency (SE) while transmitting over a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system.
An 800 Gb/s WDM PDM-CO-OFDM-16QAM transmission system with various channel spacing of 100 GHz, 50 GHz, and 25 GHz is examined utilizing the OptiSystem (2021) version 18.0 software package over ten spans of 60 km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF). Different channel spacing WDM systems have been compared in terms of performance and SE. The results reveal that the WDM system with 100 GHz channel spacing has a longer transmission range and needs minimal optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) at the reception. The 25 GHz channel spacing WDM system exceeds the others in terms of SE. Further, the effect of ultra-low loss and large effective area fiber in lowering span loss and nonlinear effects for
25 GHz channel spacing WDM system is investigated. The findings show that the system performance with the new fiber outperforms the SSMF.
The acceptable bit error rate (BER) for this study is 0.033 (20% concatenated forward error correction (FEC) threshold).
A trade-off design of microstrip broadband power amplifier for UHF applications IJECEIAES
In this paper, the design of a Broadband Power Amplifier for UHF applications is presented. The proposed BPA is based on ATF13876 Agilent active device. The biasing and matching networks both are implemented by using microstrip transmission lines. The input and output matching circuits are designed by combining two broadband matching techniques: a binomial multi-section quarter wave impedance transformer and an approximate transformation of previously designed lumped elements. The proposed BPA shows excellent performances in terms of impedance matching, power gain and unconditionally stability over the operating bandwidth ranging from 1.2 GHz to 3.3 GHz. At 2.2 GHz, the large signal simulation shows a saturated output power of 18.875 dBm with an output 1-dB compression point of 6.5 dBm of input level and a maximum PAE of 36.26%.
Performance evaluation of dual backhaul links RF/FSO for small cells of 5G c...IJECEIAES
Radio frequency (RF) backhaul links between the wireless stations especially between small cells stations such as relay stations (RSs) are insufficient with high capacities and huge number of users for 5G cellular networks. An alternative solution is using free space optics (FSO) communications, however, there are limitations in this system. In this paper we proposed a mixed of RF link together with FSO link. Using hardselector between them and programmatically controlled according of quality of links to overcome the obstacles faced the transfer of high data. Based on the outage probability of each links an algorithm is proposed to select the optimal link and provide the power consumption with guaranteed high quality of the link. The analytical expressions for the outage probability and ergodic capacity are derived. The numerical results show the effectiveness of proposed model in terms of connectivity and capacity compared to other links.
Empirical analysis of polarization division multiplexing-dense wavelength di...IJECEIAES
This paper exemplifies dense wavelength division multiplexing combined with polarization division multiplexing with C-band frequency range-based single-mode fiber. In the proposed link, 32 independent channels with 16 individual wavelengths are multiplexed with two different angles of polarization. Each carrying 130 Gbps dual-polarization data with 200 GHz channel spacing claiming a net transmission rate of 4.16 Tbits/s with spectral efficiency of 69% with 20% side-mode-suppression-ratio (SMSR) and optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) 40.7. The performance of the proposed techniques has been analyzed using optimized system parameters securing a minimum bit error rate (BER) 10-9 at a transmission distance up to 50 km.
Radio over fiber system based on a hybrid link for next generation of optical...IJECEIAES
Radio over fiber technology will play an important role in solving problems facing wireless technology. Envisaging a global village, people could transmit and receive “anytime, anywhere, and anything”. In addition, the explosive growth in internet applications such as the World Wide Web, demonstrates the tremendous increase in bandwidth and low power that the coming world of multimedia interactive applications will require from future networks. ROF technology uses multicarrier modulation like orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), which provides an opportunity of having an increased in bandwidth together with an affordable cost and this idea has recently become a suitable topic for many research works. On the other hand, SAC-OCDMA (Spectral Amplitude Coding Optical Code Division Multiple Access) technique is able to enhance the data rate of system and increase the number of user. In this paper we introduce a ROF link using a hybrid OFDM/SAC-OCDMA technique.
This paper deals with the channel loss models of ultra-wideband radio wave propagation from 2 to 10 GHz application. IEEE 802.15.4a and Okumura channel loss reference models have been introduced and the estimation methods of channel transmission loss have been discussed with the environments of 2 to 10 GHz short range application. The channel transmission loss was measured in ZigBee circuit with 2 kinds of power, using IEEE 802.15.4a and Okumura channel model to estimate the theoretical channel loss, the theoretical value and the actual measured value were compared and analyzed. The analysis shows that the error between the calculated value and the actual measured value of the IEEE 802.15.4a reference model is small in the ultra-wideband ZigBee channel environment, and the error of the Okumura channel loss model is large. The results show that in the environments of 2 to 10 GHz short range application, IEEE 802.15.4a channel loss model is a high precision reference model for the ultra-wideband channel loss calculation.
Analysis of a framework implementation of the transceiver performances for in...IJECEIAES
The greatest advantages of optical fibers are the possibility of extending data rate transmission and propagation distances. Being a multicarrier technique, the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) can be applicable in hybrid optical-wireless systems design owing to its best spectral efficiency for the interferences of radio frequency (RF) and minor multipath distortion. An optical OFDM-RoF-based wireless local area network (W-LAN) system has been studied and evaluated in this work. The outline for integrating an optical technology and wireless in a single system was provided with the existence of OFDM-RoF technology and the microstrip patch antenna; these were applied in the Optisystem communication tool. The design of the proposed OFDM-RoF system is aimed at supporting mm-wave services and multi-standard operations. The proposed system can operate on different RF bands using different modulation schemes like 4.16 and 64QAM that may be associated to OFDM and multidata rates up to 5 Gbps. The results demonstrate the robustness of the integrated optical wireless link in propagating OFDM-RoF-based WLAN signals across optical fibers.
SIMULATIVE INVESTIGATION OF SINGLE-TONE ROF SYSTEM USING VARIOUS DUOBINARY MO...optljjournal
In this paper, the performance of single-tone Radio over Fiber (RoF) system has been analyzed by
employing different duobinary modulation formats. This single-tone RoF system has been modeled and
analyzed using OptiSystem (14.0) software. To evaluate the transmission performance of RoF system,
various performance metrics such as Q-factor, BER, and Eye Height are considered. Simulation results
indicate that duobinary Hyperbolic-Secant pulse generator format with Single Drive Mach-Zehnder
modulator provides better Q-factor and minimum BER as compared to existing modulation format in RoF
system.
Open Source SDR Frontend and Measurements for 60-GHz Wireless ExperimentationAndreaDriutti
Summary of Open Source SDR Frontend and Measurements for 60-GHz Wireless Experimentation
Tesi fast track, laurea triennale Ingegneria Elettronica e Informatica.
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Similar to Raman Pumping as an Energy Efficient Solution for NyWDM Flexible-grid Elastic Optical Networks (20)
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
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Fundamentals of Electric Drives and its applications.pptx
Raman Pumping as an Energy Efficient Solution for NyWDM Flexible-grid Elastic Optical Networks
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 7, No. 5, October 2017, pp. 2627 – 2634
ISSN: 2088-8708 2627
Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science
w w w . i a e s j o u r n a l . c o m
Raman Pumping as an Energy Efficient Solution for NyWDM
Flexible-grid Elastic Optical Networks
Arsalan Ahmad1
, Andrea Bianco2
, Vittorio Curri3
, Guido Marchetto4
, and Sarosh Tahir5
1
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST),
Islamabad, Pakistan
2,3
Department of Electronics and Telecommunications (DET), Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
4,5
Department of Control and Computer Engineering (DAUIN), Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
Article Info
Article history:
Received: Feb 23, 2017
Revised: Jun 7, 2017
Accepted: Jun 26, 2017
Keyword:
Fixed-grid
Flexible-grid
WDM
TDHMF
GN-Model
HFA
ABSTRACT
This paper investigates transparent wavelength routed optical networks using three dif-
ferent fiber types NZDSF, SMF and PSCF - and validates the effectiveness of Hybrid
Raman/EDFA Fiber Amplification (HFA) with different pumping levels, up to the mod-
erate 60% pumping regime. Nodes operate on the basis of flexible-grid elastic NyWDM
transponders able to adapt the modulation format to the quality-of-transmission of the
available lightpath, exploiting up to five 12.5 GHz spectral slots. Results consider a 37-
node Pan-European network for variable Raman pumping level, span length and average
traffic per node. We show that HFA in moderate pumping regime reduces the power con-
sumption and enhances spectral efficiency for all three fiber types with particular evidence
in NZDSF. In essence to that, introduction of HFA is also beneficial to avoid blocking for
higher traffic loads.
Copyright c 2017 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
Name: Sarosh Tahir
Affiliation: DAUIN, Politecnico di Torino
Address: Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
Email: sarosh.tahir@polito.it
1. INTRODUCTION
Worldwide IP traffic will undergo a significant increase of up to 23% in the years to come, as estimated
in [1]. Therefore, operators are keen to improve the capacity of currently deployed Dense Wavelength Division
Multiplexing (DWDM) infrastructure. A cost effective solution is to enhance the capacity without replacing the
installed equipment [2].
Numerous investigations reveal three promising solutions for capacity improvement: the achievement of
elasticity at the grid level [3], the use of advanced modulation formats [4] and the introduction of hybrid Ra-
man/EDFA fiber amplification (HFA) [5] to lower ASE noise figure [6] [7]. We investigate the merits of incorporat-
ing aforementioned techniques in the network design problem. Approaching the problem from a transmission-level
point-of-view [8], multilevel modulation formats with DSP-based Tx/Rx permit to maximize the spectral efficiency
(SE) enabling Nyquist-WDM (NyWDM) transmission [9]. Moreover, they enable the use of flexible transponders
to trade-off the bit-rate (Rb) with the lightpath quality-of-transmission (QoT).
A major current focus for transmission level is the improvement of the amplification quality. The seamless
solution in currently deployed networks turns out to be the use of HFA, i.e. adding Raman pumping to EDFAs. In-
deed, it has been shown in [5] that HFAs operated in moderate pumping regime are a feasible solution for upgrading
re-configurable point-to-point optical links. Using multilevel modulation formats, linear propagation impairments
such as chromatic dispersion and polarization mode dispersion (PMD) are fully recovered by the Rx DSP imple-
menting a blind equalizer compensating for lightpath degradations. Therefore, links are not tailored for a specific
transmission technique, and transponders may adapt the delivered (Rb) to the lightpath QoT, while nodes may per-
form transparent wavelength routing. As a consequence, the entire network can be configured on the basis of a
Journal Homepage: http://iaesjournal.com/online/index.php/IJECE
Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science
w w w . i a e s j o u r n a l . c o m
, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v7i5.pp2627-2634
2. 2628 ISSN: 2088-8708
Table 1. Parameters for the fiber types
Fiber Type Loss Dispersion Effective Area
αdB D Aeff
[dB/km] [ps/(nm · km)] [µm2
]
NZDSF 0.222 3.8 70
SMF 0.200 16.7 80
PSCF 0.167 21.0 135
Table 2. Pan-Eu Topology
Parameters Pan-Eu
mean min max
Fiber Distance (km) 648 218 1977
Node Degree 3.08 2 5
unique QoT parameter for physical level lightpath: the generalized optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR), includ-
ing both the ASE noise introduced by amplifiers and the non-linear interference (NLI) [10] generated by the Kerr
effect in fiber propagation. It has been shown that a network control plane, named LOGO (Local-Optimization
Global-Optimization), based on local OSNR maximization enhances lightpath QoT [11].
Much research in recent years has focused on approaching the network design problem with the intro-
duction of detailed physical layer modelling for both fixed and flexible-Grid Networks [12] [13] [14]. In [15], we
showed the advantages of using HFAs in fixed-grid networks. We extend such analysis to the flexible-grid scenario
in [16] to show how HFA in moderate pumping regime reduces the spectral occupancy. In this work we perform
a sensitivity study by changing i) physical layer characteristics like fiber type, Raman pumping level (RPL) and
span length, and ii) network parameters such as average traffic per node (Rb,N ). Results are analysed in terms of
performance matrices like spectral efficiency, power consumption and number of blocked requests.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Sec. 2., introduces the transmission layer model. Sec.
3., provides details on network layer model used. Sec. 4., shows the simulation scenarios and results obtained.
Finally, sec. 5. gives a conclusion and highlights the possible future work.
2. TRANSMISSION LAYER MODEL
We consider a uniform, uncompensated and amplified network topology, and suppose the distance between
the amplifiers - the fiber span Ls - is the same for all network links as well as the amplifiers gain GdB = αdB . Ls
and noise figure FdB. We assume the network is operating in C-Band exploiting flex-grid transponders based on
variable symbol rate RSG. On this transmission scenario we may apply a detailed model for the evaluation of the
lighpaths QoT. It uses the incoherent Gaussian noise model (IGN) [10] to evaluate the amount of NLI on each
lighpath that together with the ASE noise determines the related OSNR. Consequently, the generalized OSNR for
a lightpath directly connecting no intermediate nodes node i to node j, with Ns amplified spans is:
SNRi,j =
Pch
Ns [PASE + ηNLIP3
ch]
(1)
where ηNLI and Pch are the NLI efficiency and optimal LOGO-defined power per channel [11], respectively. Both
values refer to the worst-case scenario represented by the full spectral load, that in general is close to be realistic in
any case thanks to the weak dependence of NLI generation on the spectral occupation [17]. For the optimal power,
we considered a hard-limit of 20 dBm given by the maximum power that the amplifier may deliver on the entire
C-band, but the LOGO value never induced to exceed such a limit. PASE is the ASE noise generated by a single
amplifier EDFA or HFA whose expression is:
PASE = h · f0 · F · (G − 1) · RSG (2)
where h is the Planks constant, f0 is the C-band center frequency. G and F are the gain and noise figure in
linear units. For pure EDFA amplification we suppose FdB = 5 dB, while introducing some Raman pumping FdB
decreases as shown in [5]. As we are focusing on a dynamic network scenario, we limit Raman amplification to the
moderate pumping scenario, roughly corresponding to up to 60% of fiber loss recovered by Raman gain. Hence,
according to [5], the related HFA behaviour is practically independent of the channel add/drop and does not modify
the NLI impairments with respect to the ones given by the use of pure EDFA, and the only effect of Raman is the
beneficial noise figure reduction.
We analyze the possible use of three typical fiber types: Single Mode Fiber (SMF), Pure-Silica Core
Fiber (PSCF) and Non-zero Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (NZDSF). The main fiber parameters are shown in table 1.We
IJECE Vol. 7, No. 5, October 2017: 2627 – 2634
3. IJECE ISSN: 2088-8708 2629
Table 3. Physical layer details for flexible-grid
Modulation Format OSNRmin,m (dB) Rb (GBpS)
BpS↓ No. of Slots → 1 2 3 4 5
PM-BPSK 4.323 2 20 40 60 80 100
PM-QPSK 7.334 4 40 80 120 160 200
PM-16QAM 13.887 8 80 160 240 320 400
PM-64QAM 19.709 12 120 240 360 480 600
assume to operate with Nyquist-WDM (NyWDM) transponders, implementing a spectrally sliceable technology,
attainable using variable symbol-rate (Rs) DSP. According to [18], Bslot=12.5 GHz and laser sources must be
tunable on a Bslot/2 grid. Transponders are assumed to be able to occupy up to 5 slots. Thus, the RSG , the
lightpath spectral occupation, may vary from 12.5 up to 62.5 Gbaud. Assuming a typical 25% protocol and coding
overhead (OH), the net symbol rate Rs is tunable from 10 to 50 Gbaud, step 10 Gbaud. The full optical C-band
(Bopt = 4 THz) is assumed to be available. Therefore, each point-to-point link has 320 spectral slots available.
We assume transponders are able to tune the delivered bit-per-symbol (BpS) switching modulation formats
as shown in Table 3. In particular, we assume to use polarization- division multiplexed (PM) multilevel modulation
formats in the following set of square constellations with coherent receivers: Binary Phase-Shift Keying (PM-
BPSK), Quadrature Phase- Shift Keying (PM-QPSK), 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (PM-16QAM) and
64-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (PM-64QAM). Hence, the net bit-rate Rb per lightpath may vary from 20
to 600 Gbps. The parameter enabling the use of a specific modulation format is the lightpath OSNR that must
exceeds the value required by each format, as display in Table 3, second column.Considering possible transparent
wavelength routing in nodes, the OSNR for a given lightpath crossing NNodes is:
SNR =
1
Nnodes−1
i=1
1
OSNRi,i+1
(3)
Furthermore, table 3 depicts information about multilevel modulation formats used with their minimum required
SNR SNRmin,m, the number of Bits-per-Symbol (BpS) and the bit rate Cm. The OSNRmin,m is derived from
the target BER defined by the forward error correction (FEC) code as follows:
SNRmin,m = φ−1
m (BERtarget) (4)
where φm is the function giving the BER for modulation format m. In the paper, we assume BER = 10−2
.
3. NETWORK LAYER MODEL
We consider an IP network over an optical WDM infrastructure with a flexible distribution of the spectrum
grid [19]. The physical topology of the network can be represented as a directed graph in which vertices representing
nodes are connected with edges representing physical links existing in the network. We assumed to have an IP router
and an Optical Cross Connect (OXC) installed at each node in the network.
Each physical link from i to j is characterized by a physical length Dij, expressed in km and such that
Dij = Dji.
The traffic demands are transmitted from the source to the destination node using lightpaths, which are
optical logical channels that can span over one or more physical links. A traffic demand can use one or more
consecutive lightpaths to reach the final destination. In this case, the IP router electronically switches the demand
between two consecutive lightpaths.
The set of all the established lightpaths forms the logical topology (LT). Each lightpath is generated at the
source node and terminated at the destination node by dedicated flexible transponders. A flexible transponder can
use any modulation format among the available ones and it is characterized by a maximum transmitting capacity
CMax equal to 300 Gbps. At intermediate nodes the lightpath is transparently switched by the flexible-grid OXC.
Since optical switching devices working in a gridless fashion are not yet available, the spectrum is usually divided
in spectrum slots with a much finer granularity than the coarse ITU grid. The optical spectrum on each link is
divided in slot of size 12.5 GHz [18], which results in 320 slots per link by dividing the C-band (4 THz) by the slot
HFA: an Energy Efficient Solution for Flexible Optical Networks (Sarosh Tahir)
4. 2630 ISSN: 2088-8708
size. It is also assumed that two empty slots are left as guard-band between two lightpaths so that the OXC can
correctly switch the lightpaths.
A given modulation format and a given number of spectrum slots are associated to each lightpath. Each
modulation format m is characterized by a maximum bandwidth capacity Cm of a single spectrum slot and by
a maximum optical reach in km. The modulation formats considered in this work, their transmission rate and
their optical reach are listed in Table 3. Depending on the modulation chosen, it is thus possible to create either
lightpaths for long distances operating at low bit rate or lightpaths for short distances characterized by very high
bit rate. The maximum among the optical reach distances of the available modulation formats corresponds to the
maximum reach of the flexible transponder. The maximum number of slots that can be associated to a lightpath
with modulation format m is equal to CMax/Cm .
The network design initially defines the set of lightpaths that can satisfy the traffic demands, i.e., the
design of the LT, while optimizing a given design target. When deciding which lightpaths have to be established, it
is required to choose for each lightpath the most suitable modulation and the correct number of slots according to
the distance that the lightpath has to cover and the amount of traffic that it has to carry. Finally, slots in the spectrum
are assigned to each lightpath, with the constraints that the same set of consecutive slots is assigned to a lightpath
over all the physical links that the lightpath is flowing on. Obviously, each slot on a physical link can be assigned
only to one lightpath.
3.1. Design of Flexible-Grid Networks Under a Detailed Transmission Layer Model
We face the problem of designing a logical topology and mapping it to a physical infrastructure, the
classical Logical Topology Design-Routing and Spectrum Assignment (LTD-RSA). This family of problems is
defined by an integer linear program (ILP), which is NP complete. Because of the complexity of the problem the
use of heuristic algorithms is justified and it is a common approach to solve it. Thus, we use a very simple greedy
heuristic, named Direct Lightpath Heuristic (DLH), to define a set of lightpaths satisfying the traffic matrix [19].
We choose a simple heuristic because the focus of the work is to discuss the influence of physical layer parameters
like the use of HFA and different fiber types on network performance metrics, with no major emphasis on resource
allocation policies. A brief summary of the DLH heuristic is provided, whereas a more detailed description can
be found in [19]. DLH satisfies node-to-node traffic requests beginning from the largest one. Each node-to-node
traffic request is transported on the number of lightpaths depending on the ratio between traffic request and lightpath
capacity. Differently from [19], we include a detailed physical layer model performing the computation of the SNR
values to better define the transmission reach for different modulation formats for each lightpath.
The algorithm works as follow on each traffic request. Initially, the shortest path from source to destination
is analysed. The path is feasible if its physical length is less than the maximum admissible optical reach of the
transmitter using the lowest modulation format, i.e. BPSK, based on the OSNR. If feasible, the heuristic selects the
highest modulation format among the available ones that can be supported on the path, to use as few as possible
spectrum slots. The availability of the spectrum slots on the selected path is verified. If sufficient slots are available,
the lightpath is established and the traffic request is allocated to the lightpath. Otherwise, the same operations
are repeated for the next feasible shortest path from source to destination, until the request is satisfied. When the
request is satisfied, the heuristic moves to the next traffic request repeating the same procedure, until all requests are
satisfied, providing a set of lightpaths and spectrum slot allocation. When all traffic demands have been assigned,
spectrum slots are associated with each lightpath. If a slot assignment is possible, the solution is validated, otherwise
it is rejected.
4. RESULTS
4.1. Network Simulation Scenarios
In this section, we present the results of using HFA with different fiber types. In a previous contribution
[16] only one performance metric was considered for simplicity: the spectral occupancy (SO) defined as the total
number of used spectral slots divided by the total number of available slots. Obviously, a decrease in SO reflects a
better efficiency in spectrum utilization. Differently from [16], here we analysed the performance against the ma-
trices like power consumption, number of blocked requests and spectral efficiency. We use the following expression
IJECE Vol. 7, No. 5, October 2017: 2627 – 2634
5. IJECE ISSN: 2088-8708 2631
Figure 1. [Pan-EU Topology]
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
SpectralEfficiency
Raman Pumping [%]
NZDSF
PSCF
SMF
Figure 2. Spectral efficiency vs. Raman pumping
level for different fiber types (traffic = 1500 Gbps,
number of nodes = 37, span length = 100km and
average connectivity = 3.08)
for the spectral efficiency SE:
SE = BpS ∗
Rs
Bch
[
bit/s
Hz
] (5)
Several traffic matrices are generated, for variable average generated traffic per node. Traffic loads are analysed
into two regimes: low load regime and high load regime. In the low load regime we mainly use the SE along with
power consumption as a performance index, in the high load regime we focus on the number of blocked requests
along with SE. We consider real topology of the Pan-European (Pan-Eu) network shown in Fig. 1, with the distance
between nodes,calculated using Eq. 1 in [20], ranging from 218km to 1977km. The average node degree is 3.08.
Detailed network characteristics are reported in Tab.2. We consider the non-linear interference (NLI)transmission
model, introduced in Sec. 2. The design heuristic is investigated over : the fiber type, among SMF, PSCF and
NZDSF, as in [15], Raman pumping level (RPL), span length Ls and traffic load Rb,N .
4.2. Effect due to change in Raman Pumping Level RPL
Fig. 2 shows the spectral efficiency respectively vs. RPL, for traffic load Rb,N = 1500 Gbps, Ls = 100
km, Nnum = 37 nodes and NConn. = 3.08 and three different fiber types. It is evident that SE increases with the
increase in RPL. This is because the amplifier noise figure decreases with the increase in RPL. PSCF shows the
highest SE due to its physical properties which help it to cater the non-linearities more efficiently. while increasing
RPL from 0-6 (i.e. from pure EDFA upto 60% Raman pumping) NZDSF shows an SE improvement of upto 12%.
This improvement is 9% and 7% for SMF and PSCF respectively.
Fig. 3a shows the power consumption vs. RPL, for traffic load Rb,N =, 1500 Gbps, Ls = 100 km,
Nnum = 37 nodes and NConn. = 3.08 and three different fiber types. The power consumption decreases as the
RPL increases due to the low power consumption of IP routers the Raman improvement varies fiber by fiber. Out
of three finer types, here NZDSF enjoys the maximum benefit due to the used of HFA with respect to other two
fiber types. PSCF, already being energy efficient, takes the least advantage of the phenomena.
For the remaining investigations, two RPLs are used: EDFA only, RPL=0% (RA0) and RPL=60% (RA60).
4.3. Effect due to change in the span length Ls
Fig. 3b shows the spectral efficiency vs. the Ls at Rb,N = 1000 Gbps, Nnum = 37 nodes NConn. = 3.08
and three different fiber types. As the the span length increases from 80km to 120 km, we notice a decrease in the
spectral efficiency. This is because of the increase in physical distance between the amplifiers which adds more
linear and non linear impurities to the system. Since higher order modulation formats are used for shorter distances
which transforms into the use of lower order modulation formats by increasing the distance. Therefore as the
HFA: an Energy Efficient Solution for Flexible Optical Networks (Sarosh Tahir)
6. 2632 ISSN: 2088-8708
91.6
91.8
92
92.2
92.4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Power[MW]
Raman Pumping Level
NZDSF
PSCF
SMF
(a) Power consumption vs. Raman pumping level for differ-
ent fiber types (traffic = 1500 Gbps, number of nodes = 37,
span length = 100km and average connectivity = 3.08)
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
80 90 100 110 120
SpectralEfficiency
Span Lenght [km]
NZDSF EDFA
PSCF EDFA
SMF EDFA
NZDSF Raman
PSCF Raman
SMF Raman
(b) Spectral efficiency vs. Span Length for different fiber
types (traffic = 1000 Gbps, number of nodes = 37 and average
connectivity = 3.08)
89.9
90
90.1
90.2
90.3
90.4
90.5
90.6
80 90 100 110 120
Power[MW]
Span Lenght [km]
NZDSF EDFA
PSCF EDFA
SMF EDFA
NZDSF Raman
PSCF Raman
SMF Raman
(c) Power Consumption vs. Span Length for different fiber
types (traffic = 1000 Gbps, number of nodes = 37 and average
connectivity = 3.08)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
NumberofBlockedRequests
Traffic [Gb/s]
NZDSF EDFA
PSCF EDFA
SMF EDFA
NZDSF Raman
PSCF Raman
SMF Raman
(d) Number of blocked requests vs. Traffic for different fiber
types (number of nodes = 37, span length = 100km and aver-
age connectivity = 3)
Figure 3
distance increases OSNR decreases due to the use of lower order modulation formats. Resulting in the decrease of
spectral efficiency.This decrease in SE is well addressed by increasing RPL especially for NZDSF. The explanation
for this behaviour is related to the comments to results of Fig. 2. We are observing improvement in SE enabled by
RPL, the fiber hierarchy already observed in Fig. 2.
Fig. 3c reports the power consumption vs.the Ls at Rb,N = 1000 Gbps, Nnum = 37 nodes NConn. =
3.08 and three different fiber types to discuss the effect due to physical distance Ls between in-line amplifiers.
Except for NZDSF, it is evident that power consumption reduces with the increase in span length. Which is due
to involvement of lesser electronic equipment, especially in-line amplifiers. The variation shown by each fiber is
different as the Ls increases from 80 km to 120 km. In particular, NZDSF displays a much larger advantage as
compared other two fibers. Since we notice an over all decrease in the power consumption of a system even for the
longer spans. Therefore introduction of HFA is also beneficial in reducing the energy requirements of a network.
4.4. Effect due to change in Load Level
Number of blocked requests depicted in Figs. 3d explains the network performance under heavy traffic
loads for Ls = 100 km, Nnum = 37 nodes and NConn. = 3.08 and three different fiber types. In the provided static
solution, spectrum resources can not allocated due to to unavailability slots in one or more than one fiber in a link.
Which results in blocking of traffic requests. It is evident that the the number increases with the increase in traffic
load. In case of NZDSF for pure EDFA, we face blocking starting from 2000 Gbps that increases upto the count
of 548 i.e 41% of total requests generated. (Total number of requests = Nnum * Nnum - Nnum). This implies that
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7. IJECE ISSN: 2088-8708 2633
network with pure EDFA may not carry heavy traffic loads using NZDSF. But the same network with the same fiber
can be improved upto the one using SMF by introducing HFA. This is an improvement of almost 20%. in case of
SMF and PSCF the reduction in the number of blocked requests is 8% and 2% respectively.
5. CONCLUSIONS
Prior work has documented the effectiveness of detailed physical layer modelling for both fixed and
flexible-Grid Network. However a proposed solution to reduce spectral occupancy has to be the use of Hybrid
Raman/EDFA Fiber Amplification. In this study we tested the impact of different fiber types and moderate Ra-
man pumping as a complement to EDFA in flexible grid optical networks. We considered three typical fiber types
NZDSF, SMF and PSCF and evaluated the benefit of Raman pumping against traffic load and span length. we found
that the maximum considered percentage of Raman amplification - 60% of the span loss in dB - permits to increase
SE and reduces power consumption. In addition, the improvement noted in our study is a significant decrease in
number of blocked request as a result of HFA introduction. Furthermore,as observed for fixed-grid networks [15],
the fiber experiencing the largest benefit from Raman pumping is the one experiencing the largest transmission
impairments, i.e., the NZDSF in our case.
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